REVIEWER FOR THE 1ST SUMMATIVE EXAMINATION FOR ENGLISH 1: ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT

LESSON 1: Definition and Nature of Communication

Communication
- derived from two Latin terms COMMUNIS (COMMONNESS) that means “common opinion or general point of view”
and COMMUNIKARE (TO SHARE).
- means the “Transmission and reception of information between a human source (encoder) and receiver (decoder) using a
signaling system.”
- according to Patricia Comeaux (1996), communication is “a transaction in which participants are mutually engaged in
the process of creating meaning.”
- For Hill Watson’s perspective (1997) “The communication process begins when a message is conceived by a sender. It is
then encode-translated to a signal or a sequence of signals and transmitted by a particular medium or channel to a receiver
who then decodes it and interprets the message, returning a signal in some way that the message has or has not been
understood.”
- Harvest Missions International (2002) states that “Communication is a process where audience understanding is created
when a message is sent by a communicator through an appropriate channel or medium.”

LESSON 2: Elements of Communication

1. SENDER
- origin of the message
- conveys messages by converting his or her thoughts into symbols or observable signals such as words
(codification/ encoding)
2. MESSAGE
- the ideas and thoughts that are transmitted from sender to receiver.
- this is the result of the interpretation of symbols when meaning is derived from observable signals.
3. CHANNEL
- it refers to the medium through which the message is sent and the location where the message goes/pass through.
- they connect the sender and the receiver.
- the quality of the channel depends on how free it is of NOISE.

NOISE
- something that can distort the sending and receiving of messages. This can block effective communication
processes.

• External Noise- sounds produced by the environment where the communication takes
place e.g. someone shouting inside the classroom, birds chirping, car horns on the street
• Internal Noise- pertains to mental disturbances e.g. thoughts inside your head when you
do not feel well, hungry, bored, etc.
4. RECEIVER
- receives the signals and converts the symbols into his or her thoughts (decoding/interpretation).
5. FEEDBACK
- it refers to the message transmitted by the receiver in response of the message of the speaker
- feedbacks enable the sender to make adjustments to the signals he or she sent

LESSON 3: Process of Communication

The Process of Communication is reciprocal nature. It is a dynamic and ongoing activity.

LESSON 4: The Importance of Communication
1. By nature, man badly needs a language and communication skills to share his experiences, emotions, feelings, points of view
or knowledge to start up a conversation.
2. Communication is an indispensable thing because it is our primary weapon in so many things. Through the use of oral and
written media, man can be able to see and hear all the happenings in his surroundings or maybe around the world.
3.With the help of communication technologies and inventions are distributed and introduced to all parts of the world.
4. Communication plays a vital role in various fields: lawyers talk and defend his client in court trial, medical practitioners
working with their patients to identify health problems, teacher faces students, and social worker counsels.
5. Relationships are built by communication.
6. Communication evaluates your success because whatever occupation or profession you have it basically starts with having
a good communication.

LESSON 5: BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION

Communication barrier is anything that prevents us from receiving and understanding the messages others use to convey their
information, ideas and thoughts. These barriers could prevent communication processes by distorting, blocking, or altering
information.

Psychological Barriers- due to the emotional character and mental limitations of human beings. This is any psychological state
can affect your ability to send and receive a message.
1.) Emotional Barriers
- a mental block that influences how you perceive others' actions and prevents you from clearly communicating your
feelings.
2.) Lack of Confidence
- Lacking confidence can be a major barrier to effective communication. Shyness, difficulty being assertive, or low
self-worth can hinder your ability to make your needs and opinions known.

Semantic Barriers- refers to the misunderstanding between the sender and receiver arising due to the different meanings of
words, and other symbols used in the communication.
1.) Jargons
- Jargon is the language of specialized terms used by a group or profession. Overuse of jargon can mean people
disconnect from your message, feel isolated and ultimately lead to miscommunication.
2.) Language Barriers
- Languages and dialects are another example of a language barrier. People can technically speak the same language
and still face misunderstandings and gaps in communication due to dialectical differences.

Psychosocial Barriers- these are obstacles that people face while communicating with one another because of differences in
social or psychological factors such as race, background, status, habits, etc.
1.) Cultural Issues
- Different cultures have a different meaning for several basic values of society. Dress, Religions, food, drinks, pets,
and the general behavior will change drastically from one culture to another.
2.) Biases and Interests
- Being interested and biased on to something will keep our eyes on it. The more you are not interested, the less you
give attention.

LESSON 6: The Features to Effective Communication

Communication is effective when the message delivered is understood by the receiver and he gives the expected feedback. The
effectiveness of communication depends on the communication skills that the speakers have.

Speaking Skills

In 2014, Bruce Woodcock said that "Effective spoken communication requires being able to express your ideas and views
clearly, confidently and concisely in speech, tailoring your content and style to the audience and promoting free-flowing
communication." When speaking, you must consider the following:

1. Be clear and concise

2. Vary your tone, pace, and volume
3. Use gestures and body language
4. Apply persuading and negotiating terms
5. Encourage questions
6. Be interesting
 Listening Skills

Listening to what you said, getting the message, and understanding the speaker's emotions. A conversation becomes
beneficial if both communicators are attentively listening. Woodcock assumes that attentive listening builds a rapport and
understanding with each other while the poor listening might lead into misconception of ideas.

1. Listen attentively
2. Be sensitive to other's body language (eye contact and gestures) and speech (appropriate humor and analogies)
3. Make effective use of body language. Use appropriate body language yourself. Face the person with an open, attentive
posture. Maintain good eye contact by looking at the speaker most of the time, but not staring at him/her. Smile and
appropriately nod your head from time to time.
4. Be aware of any prejudices or misconceptions you or the speaker may have (like differences of view on religion, social
issues, global issues). Avoid giving your own judgment and criticisms.
5. Provide feedback. Express your agreement or disagreement tactfully.
6. Use active listening.
a. Clarify understanding by paraphrasing and repeating key points.
b. Allow the speaker to confirm or correct your feedback.
c. Encourage the speaker to elaborate by asking questions.

Features to Effective Communication (7Cs)

1. Completeness - Complete information is essential to the quality of communication in general.

2. Clearness - Clearness in communication implies the use of simple and specific words to express ideas.
3. Consideration - To be effective, the speaker should always consider relevant information about his or her receiver such
as mood, race, preference, education, status, needs, among others.
4. Concreteness - Effective communication happens when the message is concrete and supported by facts, symbols, real-life
examples and situations.
5. Correctness - Correctness in grammar eliminates negative impact on the audience and increases the credibility and
effectiveness of the message
6. Conciseness - The message should be direct or straight to the point.
7. Courtesy - The speaker shows courtesy in communication by respecting the culture, values, and beliefs of his or her
receivers.

LESSON 7: The Different Types of Communication (Types of Communication According to Audience, Form, and
Direction of the Message)
Types of Communication According to Audience (Types of Speech Context)

Speech Context
- Speech context is about is the environment where the communication happens, how and to whom the
message is relayed during the process.
Intrapersonal Communication
- This is the type of communication that you use to communicate with yourself.
- This is also the type of communication wherein you explain to yourself your own motives,
decisions, and actions whether they are against your values and it allows yourself to make
adjustments to your behavior based on what you think is best.
These are two out of many ways you communicate to yourself:
1. Deliberation- You think about your possible decisions or courses of action.
2. Meditation- You think about your life and what is involved in it.
Interpersonal Communication
- This is the type of communication that you use to talk to one person (DYAD) or a limited number
(SMALL GROUP).
- This is a type of communication in which you are building relationships through communicating
with someone you are familiar or related with.
Impersonal Communication
- This is the type of communication used by people who are not related or familiar with each
other (either through DYAD or SMALL GROUP).
- This is a type of communication in which people are not acquainted with each other and
conversation is general, direct, and less expressive.
 Public Speaking
- This is the type of communication used by people communicating to a wide (big) group of people
with varied traits, background, interests, and persuasions.
- This type refers to communication that requires you to deliver or send the message before or in
front of a group.
Mass Communication
- This is the type of communication used by people to communicate to a vast number of audiences
from different places.
- This refers to communication that takes place through television, radio, newspapers, magazines,
books, internet, and other types of media.
Intercultural Communication
- Intercultural communication is something that occurs between people of different cultures
including different religious groups or people of different national origins.
- This is the type of communication used by people communicating with another person or a group
of people who may not share the same assumptions, values, allegiance as that of yours.
- The aim of Intercultural communication is to promote culture and cultural diversity.

Culture - relating to the ideas, customs, and social behavior of a society

Cultural diversity - the existence of a variety of cultural or ethnic groups within a society.

Types of Communication According to Form or Method

- The types of communication according to their forms are the different ways used to communicate messages to other
people.

Verbal Forms
- This is the form used whenever people communicate through the usage of words.
- either through ORAL (SPOKEN) COMMUNICATION or WRITTEN COMMUNICATION

Non-verbal Forms
- This is the form used whenever people communicate through the usage of gestures, body
movements, facial expressions, etc.

1. Kinesics- body language or body movements, facial expressions, gestures, posture, touch (tactile),
etc.
Types of Gestures:
1. ADAPTORS
- An adaptor is a body motion used by people to adapt or adjust to a
communication process that is occurring. These are also movements that satisfy personal needs and
help you adapt to your environment. Adaptors may also be behaviors or objects that are manipulated
for purpose.
Ex:
- A person who bites his/her nails when stressed
- One who taps his/her foot when nervous
- Someone yawning when bored
2. EMBLEMS
- Emblems are nonverbal signals with a verbal equivalent or direct verbal
translation. They are deliberate movements of the body that are consciously sent and easily
translated into speech.
Ex:
- A person who waves his/her to mean “hello/goodbye”
- A “thumbs-up” gesture to mean “okay”
3. ILLUSTRATORS
- Illustrators are the most common type of gesture and are used to illustrate the
verbal message they accompany. Unlike emblems, illustrators do not typically have meaning on
their own and are used more subconsciously than emblems.
Ex:
- Making use of hand gestures to indicate or describe a certain shape or size.
 2. Proxemics- the distance set by the sender; distance between the sender and the receiver
Proxemic Zones:
a.) Intimate Zone - direct contract to 18 inches
b.) Personal Zone – area of 0.5 to 1.5 m (1.5 to 4 ft.)
c.) Social Zone – area of 4 ft. to 11 ft.
d.) Public Zone –area of 12 to 25 ft or farther.

3. Chronemics- study of the usage of time

4. Oculesics- study or usage of Eyes (Eye Contact)
5. Olfactics- communicative functions associated with the sense of smell, such as body
odors, use of perfumes, etc.
6. Chromatics- communication through colors
7. Gustorics- communication through taste (pleasure/displeasure)
8. Paralinguistics/Vocalics- refers to the non-verbal sounds accompanying oral language.
TONE- The vocal quality/distinct sound of one’s voice.
SPEED- refers to how slow/fast a person speaks
PITCH- refers to the highness/lowness of voice
VOLUME- refers to the loudness or softness of voice

Audiovisual Forms
- This is the form used whenever people communicate through sound and visual components such
as films, pictures, lighting, videos, television programs, charts, graphs, objects, recordings, etc.

Types of Communication According to the Direction of the Message

1. One-Way Communication
- The simplest process of communication wherein the sender sends a message and will then be received by the
receiver. This type of communication is the simplest type because it only shows a simple conversation. It is called
one-way because it doesn’t show feedback so it is unknown if the receiver understands the message.

2. Two-Way Communication
- This type shows that the sender sends the information and the receiver responded by giving his feedback.

3. Transactional Communication
- This type shows a more realistic illustration of the two-way communication because as we talk to others, we
encounter communication barriers that hinder our conversation. The transactional model also shows an active
style of two-way communication because the communicators take place the role of each other. Because of
exchanging of thoughts on a certain topic, the first sender becomes the receiver and vice versa.

LESSON 8: Functions of Communication

- The main purpose of communication is to promote free-flowing communication. However, there are still different
purposes of communication:
1. Regulation/Control
- Communication can control the behavior of human beings or regulate the nature/ number of activities humans engage in.
e.g. If you want someone to grab a chair for you, you could command a person and tell him, “Please get a chair for me.”
2. Social Interaction
- Communication is used to develop and maintain bonds, intimacy, associations, and relationships.
3. Motivation
- Communication can motivate/ encourage people to live better. Also, it used to express desire, wants, needs, choices, etc.
4. Information Dissemination
- Communication can be used to give, spread, share, and receive information/data to and from people.
5. Emotional Expression
- Communication is used to express/ show human emotions or feelings through verbal and non-verbal means.
LESSON 9: Communication Models
1. Shannon-Weaver Model (1948)
- known as the “Mother of All Communication Models”
- Initially called as the “Mathematician Theory” then later called “Information Theory”.
- Depicts communication as a linear or one-way process consisting of five main elements:
- Source (Sender)
- Transmitter: Encoder (could be an equipment/machine used to encode the message of the source e.g., telephone)
- Channel (could be the actual device used or where the message pass through e.g., telephone wire)
- Receiver: Decoder (could be an equipment/machine used by the receiver to decode messages e.g., telephone)
- Destination (where the message arrives/ the receiver himself or herself)

- This model has been criticized for missing one essential element in communication and that is FEEDBACK.

2. Berlo’s SMCR Model of Communication

- It’s called SMCR because of its 4 main components namely your SOURCE, MESSAGE, CHANNEL, and RECEIVER.
A. Source and Receiver
- The encoding and decoding of the message are influenced by the following:
1. communication skills - ability to speak, read, write, and listen
2. attitude towards, audience, environment, information, and himself
3. knowledge regarding on the information or the subject
4. social system beliefs, religious beliefs, values, laws
5. culture - cultural diversities
B. Message
- The message can be informed through: (either audio, text, video, voice)
1. Content - details of the message
2. Elements - gestures, body language, language
3. Treatment - the manner how the speaker passes his message to the receiver
4. Structure - shows how the message is being arranged
5. Code - tells how the message is sent (trough verbal or non-verbal)
C. Channel
- The Channel in Berlo's model talks about the five senses of the human such as hearing, sight, touch,
smell, and taste.

3. Laswell’s Model of Communication

- This model shows five important components- communicator, message, medium, receiver, and effect. This model focuses
on the effect after the message sent using a certain channel.
- communication can be described by answering the questions in the model.
- This model can work really well when providing effective communication by answering all five questions.
4. White’s Model of Communication
- Eugene White’s model recognizes feedback as a part of the communication process. He described the process as
sequential and cyclical, following the eight stages of oral communication:
1. Thinking - feeling, desire, or an emotion.
2. Symbolizing - before the speaker speaks, he has to know the code of oral language with which symbolize his
ideas to make selection.
3. Expressing - the speaker uses his vocal ability to produce sounds and associated by facial expressions, body
stance, and gestures.
4. Transmitting - this stage is wherein the sound waves are spreading at 1,000 feet per second and waves of light
travelling at a speed of 186, 000 miles per second.
5. Receiving -when the sound waves touched the listener's ears it reaches the brain via auditory nerve.
6. Decoding - during this stage, the listener interprets the message based on his understanding.
7. Feedbacking - the way how the receiver responds to the message
8. Monitoring - while the speaker watches for signs of reception or understanding of his message among his
listeners

5. Aristotle’s Model of Communication

- This model basically focuses on the SPEAKER and HIS SPEECH. This is evident during public speaking and the
diagram shows a one - way communication process. The sender and the message are the main focus of this model because
the sender has to effectively deliver the message to large number of audiences.
- Aristotle is the proponent of the “3 Methods of Persuasion” or the “Rhetorical Triangle” in which largely used in public
speaking which is the main focus of this model.

1. ETHOS
- Also known as appeal using character, credibility, and ethics (moral principle).
- Appeal to credibility, character, ethics
- Ethos consists of convincing your audience that you have good character and you are credible therefore your
words can be trusted. Ethos must be established from the start of your talk or the audience will not accept what
you say.
- Ethos is also a method of convincing other people that makes use of the credibility and character of a certain
person to persuade.
- According to Aristotle, to become a credible speaker he must possess competence, empathy, and good intention.
 2. PATHOS
- Also known as appeal using emotions
- Appeal to emotions or pity
- Pathos is to persuade by appealing to the audience's emotions. As the speaker, you want the audience to feel the
same emotions you feel about something, you want to emotionally connect with them and influence them.
- You target the emotions of the people in order to convince or persuade your audience.

3. LOGOS
- Also known as appeal using logic, facts, data, studies, and reasoning
- Appeal to logic
- This refers to the effort to convince your audience by using logic and reason. Effective arguments should include
testimonials, surveys, and other supporting details to back up your message.
- When using logos to persuade, you need to ensure that you have found facts, data, and information that ‘matter’
to your audience and that you will present them in a way that makes sense.
- An effective speaker knows how to present the truth to his audience. Proofs include logical reasoning.
Reasoning can be inductive or deductive.

Inductive reasoning takes you from the specific to the general, while in deductive reasoning, you make
inferences by going from general premises to specific conclusions.

As you prepare to conquer the exams, remember that you've already done the hard work. Your dedication, late-night study
sessions, and determination have led you to this moment. Now, it's time to showcase your knowledge and shine brightly. Believe
in yourself, stay focused, and trust in your abilities. Best of luck and may success be yours always!

- Sir Francis ♥