Fundamentals of Communication
Communicate feelings, attitudes and
Communication
- Process of sharing and conveying messages or
information from one person to another within
and across channel, context, media, and
cultures.
Importance
- Essential to human life.
- Oral communication.
- It includes language.
- Helps us become more competent.
Nature of Communication
- Communication is a process.
- Communication occurs between two or more
people.
- Communication can be express through words
or action.
Elements of Communication
Speaker – The source of information.
Message – The information, ideas, or thoughts.
Encoding – The process of converting the message.
Channel – The medium of communication.
Decoding – The process of interpreting the encoded
message.
Receiver – The recipient of the message.
Feedback – The reaction and response.
Context – The environment.
Barrier – Threat.
Models of Communication
Shannon-Weaver Model
- Created by Claude Elwood Shannon and
Warren Weaver in 1948.
- Mother of all communication models.
- A linear or one-way process.
- Missing one essential element in
communication process: FEEDBACK
- Source, Transmitter, Channel, Receiver,
Destination.
Transaction Model
- Two way process of communication. 2.
- More interactive perception without you saying a word.
- There is a collaborative exchange of messages 3. It can sustain the attention of listeners and
communicators with the aim of understanding keep them engaged in the speech
each other. 4. It gives the audience a preview to the type of
- Dean C. Barnlund. speaker you are.
Functions of Communication 5. Makes you appear more dynamic and
1. Control animated in your delivery.
2. Social Interaction 6. Serves as a channel to release tension and
3. Motivation nervousness.
4. Emotional expression 7. Help to make your speech more dramatic
5. Information Dissemination 8. Build connection with listeners.
9. Makes you a credible speaker.
Functions of an Effective Communication 10. Helps you vary your speaking style and avoid
7Cs of Effective Communication monotonous delivery
By Prof. Broom, Cutlip, and Center (2012)
1. Completeness Intercultural Communication
2. Conciseness Ting-Toomey (1999)
3. Consideration - Intercultural communication occurs when
4. Concreteness individuals interact, negotiate, and create
5. Courtesy meanings while bringing in their varied cultural
6. Correctness backgrounds.
Barriers to Communication Gudykunst (2003)
1. Emotional Barrier - Intercultural communication as communication
2. Use of jargons among people from different nationalities.
3. Lack of confidence The Developmental Model of Intercultural
4. Noisy environment Sensitivity
Verbal and Nonverbal Communication Stage 1: Denial
Verbal Communication – Refers to an interaction - The individual does not recognize cultural
which words are used to relay a message. differences.
1. Appropriateness Stage 2: Defense
2. Brevity - The individual acknowledge that the
3. Clarity differences are there and take one of two
4. Ethics directions with views.
5. Vividness Stage 3: Minimization
Nonverbal Communication – Refers to an - Although individuals see cultural differences,
interaction where behavior or gesture is used to they bank more on the universality of ideas
portray meaning. Stares, Smile, Personality, Gesture. rather than on cultural differences.
1. Emphasizes and Enhances speech
Stage 4: Acceptance
- The individuals begin to appreciate important
cultural differences in behaviors and eventually
in values.
Stage 5: Adaptation
- The individual is very open to world views
when accepting news perspectives.
Stage 6: Integration
- Individuals start to go beyond their own
cultures and see themselves and their actions
based on multifarious cultural viewpoints.
Characteristics of Competent Intercultural
Communicators – World Bank (2010)
1. Flexibility and the ability to tolerate high levels
of uncertainty.
2. Reflectiveness or mindfulness.
3. Open-mindedness.
4. Sensitivity.
5. Adaptability.
6. Ability to engage in divergent thinking how
each one in a system influences each other.
7. Politeness.
Tips from refraining from being bias:
1. Avoid stereotypes i.e., generalizations about a
certain group.
2. Challenge gender norms.
3. Do not talk down on younger people and the
elderly.
4. Be sensitive to the religious practices of others.
5. Be polite at all times; do not belittle people you
perceive to be on a lower social class than you.
Speech Context
Intrapersonal – Refers to the communication that
centers on one person where the speaker acts both
as the center and the receiver of message.
Intrapersonal – Refers to the communication
between and among people and establishes personal
relationship between and among them.
Interpersonal Context
Dyadic Communication – Communication that
occurs between two people.
Small Group - This refers to
communication that involves at least
three but not more than twelve people.
Public – This type refers to communication
that requires you to deliver or send the
message before or in front of a group.
Mass Communication - This refers to
communication that takes place through
television, radio, newspapers, magazines,
books, billboards, internet, and other types
of media.
Speech Styles
Intimate – This style is private, which occurs between
or among close family members or
individuals. The language used in this style may not
be shared in public.
Casual – This style is common among peers and
friends. Jargon, slang, or the vernacular
language are used.
Consultative – This style is the standard one.
Professional or mutually acceptable language
is a must in this style.
Formal – This style is used in formal settings. Unlike
the consultative style, this is one-way.
Frozen – This style is “frozen” in time and remains
unchanged. It mostly occurs in ceremonies.
Speech Act
- A speech act is an utterance that a speaker
makes to achieve an intended effect.
Types of speech act
Locutionary Act
- is the actual act of uttering.
Illocutionary Act
- is the social function of what is said.
Types of Illocutionary Act
Permatives
- Done by someone in authority or position to
make something true by saying it.
- Example: “I pronounce you husband and wife.”
Constantive
- Doing something by just saying it.
- Example: “You are invited to an evening with
the president.”
Perlocutionary Act
- is the resulting act of what is said.
Searle’s Classifications of Speech Act (1979)
Assertive
- a type of illocutionary act in which the speaker
expresses belief about the truth of a
proposition.
Directive
- a type of illocutionary act in which the speaker
tries to make the addressee perform an action.
Commissive
- a type of illocutionary act which commits the
speaker to doing something in the future.
Expressive
- a type of illocutionary act in which the speaker
expresses his/her feelings or emotional
reactions.
Declaration
- a type of illocutionary act which brings a
change in the external situation.