PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION

LECTURE | PRELIMS

ARISTOTLE’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

Topic Outline:
1.1 Nature and Process of Communication
1.2 Types of Communication
1.3 Principles of Communication
1.4 Ethics of Communication
2. Communication and Globalization
3.1 Language in the Whole Gamut of Communication
3.2 Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity

1.1 NATURE AND PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION LASWELL’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

- “You cannot not communicate”

PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION
- It is an intentional type of communication that
happens within the bound of a specific context. It
involves tailoring the communication process to
achieve a particular purpose.
- Refers to the interrelated conditions of
communication.
- It consists of such factors:
BERLO’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
CONTEXT
• Physical milieu
• Social milieu
• Psychological milieu
• Cultural milieu
• Historical milieu

WHY IS CONTEXT VITAL?

- It affects the process of sending and receiving of
messages; semantics or meanings; choice of
channels, words, and methods of delivery.
SHANNON-WEAVER’S MODEL OF
- Communication must be suitable to the specific
context hence should be intentional or purposive. COMMUNICATION

MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
- A model is an abstract representation of a reality. A
good model comes as close to reality as possible, and
it discusses and explains the reality as clearly as
possible.

WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO KNOW THE

COMMUNICATION MODELS?

- show the structure of communication process OSGOOD-SCHRAMM MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

- arrows depict the transmission of messages
- explain the different component of communication
and the role each part plays in the total process
understand how a communication works

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 JAKOBSON’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
(Schema Theory)
FUCTIONS OF VERBAL COMMUNICATION (Roman
Jakobson)
Ø Referential Function
- The use of language to convey facts, information, or
knowledge about the world.
Ø Emotive Function
- The expression of emotions, feelings, and attitudes
through language.
Ø Conative Function
- Employing language to influence or persuade others,
often used in commands and requests.
Ø Phatic Function
- Maintaining social relationships by using language for
small talk and everyday interactions.
Ø Metalingual Function
- Using language to discuss or explain the use of
language itself.
Ø Poetic Function
- The use of language for artistic and creative
purposes, such as poetry, storytelling, or wordplay.
COMMUNICATION BARRIER
Ø Noise - refers to any interference that disrupts the
transmission of message between the sender and
receiver.
1. Language
- Differences in language, vocabulary, or dialects can
lead to misunderstandings. This barrier can be
particularly challenging in multicultural or international
setting
2. Semantic
- Words or phrases may have different meanings for
different people.
- Misinterpretations can arise when words are
understood differently by the sender and receiver.
3. Cultural
- cultural norms, values, and expectations can impact
communication.
- Behaviors or gestures that are acceptable in one
culture might be interpreted differently or offensively
in another.
- Example: For Arabians, the nodding of the head
signifies disagreement while for the Filipinos, it
signifies an approval.
4. Physical Noise
- refers to the everyday environmental noise that
disrupts the messages such as low telephone
volume, a distracting seatmate, or the sound of
vehicles.
5. Psychological Noise
- Personal emotions, biases, and attitudes can affect
how a message is perceived.
- Preconceived notions or biases may lead to
misunderstandings.
6. Perceptual
- Individuals may have different perceptions or
interpretations of the same message due to their
personal experiences and viewpoints.
7. Organizational
- Hierarchical structures, excessive rules, and rigid
communication channels within organizations can
slow down the flow of information and hinder open
communication.
8. Interpersonal
- Personal conflicts, lack of trust, and poor listening
skills can negatively impact communication among
individuals.
9. Technological
- Technical issues or unfamiliarity with communication
tools can hinder effective communication, especially
in digital or virtual settings.
10. Physiological
- refer to obstacles that arise due to physical conditions
or limitations that hinder the effective exchange of
information.
1.2 TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
Ø DEFINITIONS OF COMMUNICATION
1. Communication is a process by which we assign and
convey meaning in an attempt to create shared
understanding. This process requires a vast
repertoire of skills:
2. It can be seen as processes of information
transmission governed by three levels of semiotic
rules:
3. Communication is derived from the Latin word
communis, ‘which means, ― “Belonging to many” or
“equally” and “communico” – to confer with others. It
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 is the mutual exchange of information, ideas, and
most of the time is culturally
understanding by any effective means (Ballesterros,
specific that can create or
2003).
reinforce a national stereotype
4. Communication refers to the process of human
Visual communication, on the
beings responding to the symbolic behavior of other
other hand, is the type of
persons (Adler and Rodman, 1997).
communication that uses visuals
to convey information and/or
messages. Some examples are
Visual
signs, symbol, imagery, maps,
Communication
graphs, charts, diagrams,
pictograms, photos, drawings or
OTHER CONCEPTS OF COMMUNICATION illustrations, and even various
forms of electronic
communication.
Ø Allen Louis – Communication is the sum of all things
(telling, listening, and understanding). It is a
systematic activity under any given circumstances. ACCORDING TO PURPOSE AND STYLE
Ø Henry Kuntz – Communication is the transferring of
information from one person to another whether or
not he/she elicits that confidence. employs formal language delivered
Ø George Terry – Communication is the exchange of FORMAL orally or in written form such as lectures,
ideals, feelings, and emotions between two or more research proposals, reports, etc.
persons.
Ø Keith Davis – The purpose of passing information does not employ formal language and
and understanding between two persons… without involves a personal and ordinary
INFORMAL
the bridge of communication no one can cross the conversations with friends, family
river of understanding members about anything under the sun.

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING TO CONTEXT

Ø According to mode
Ø According to context intra means inside or within
Ø According to purpose and style
Intrapersonal means talking to oneself: inner
monologues, inner dialogue, inner
ACCORDING TO MODE talk

This form of communication takes

It involves preferred language
place between two individuals and
and dialects,
is thus a one-on-one conversation.
contextual use of the language,
Verbal preferred Interpersonal
Here, the two individuals involved
Communication greetings, voice volume and
will swap their roles of sender and
tone, health literacy, and the
receiver in order to communicate in
need for interpretation and
a clearer manner.
translation.
involves the use of electronic
describes the way people send
media. It includes tele, audio,
and receive information to each
phone conferencing, video
other beyond words. Extended
conferencing, Skype call, and
other
may be intentional or
technological means.
Nonverbal unintentional that communication
Communication is always influenced by factors The focus is on the role that
such as time, topic, and communication plays in
circumstances as well as one’s Organizational
organizational contexts.
cultural background (Jandt,
1998, 27).

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Organizations comprise
individuals who work for the
company.
Communication between or among
people coming
Intercultural from different linguistic, religious,
ethnic, social, and professional
backgrounds.
TWO TYPES OF ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
a. Informal
- comes from unofficial channels of message flow.
- Also known as ‘grapevine’ messages coming from the
different levels of the organization are transmitted.
- This occurs due to the dissatisfaction of some
employees accompanied by uncertainty, such as
company rules and regulations.
- Some employees even resort to baseless gossips
and rumours which they spread like wildfire.
b. Formal
- allows communication to take place via designated
channels of message flow between positions in the
organization.
FOUR APPROACHES
Ø Downward - flows from upper to lower positions
Ø Upward - bottom-up in which subordinates send
communication to their superiors/bosses bearing their
views/feedback on organizational policies, issues
related to their jobs, and the like.
Ø Horizontal - is lateral in approach as it takes place
among people belonging to the same level but
coming from different departments or units to facilitate
performance task through proper coordination.
Ø Crosswise - is diagonal in nature as employees from
different units or departments working at various
levels to communicate with each other.
- Organization culture refers to a system of shared
values, beliefs, and assumptions that employees
have.
NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
- accent the meaning of verbal messages (such as
pointing while stating directions)
- complement (such as indicating sarcasm using verbal
tone)
- regulate interactions with others (such as using
nonverbal cues to indicate when people should and
should not speak)
- substitute for verbal messages (such as nodding
instead of saying “yes”)
- contradict verbal communication
- indicate relational standing
- demonstrate and maintain cultural norms
SUBCATEGORIES OF NONVERBAL
COMMUNICATION
Ø Proxemics – is defined as “the interrelated
observations and theories of man’s use of space as a
specialized elaboration of culture”.
a. Intimate Distance for embracing, touching, or
whispering
i. Close phase – less than 6 inches (15 cm)
ii. Far phase – 6 to 18 inches (15 to 46 cm)
b. Personal Distance for interactions among good
friends or family members
i. Close phase – 1.5 to 2.5 feet (46 to 76 cm)
ii. Far phase – 2.5 to 4 feet (76 to 120 cm)
c. Social Distance for interactions among
acquaintances
i. Close phase – 4 to 7 feet (1.2 to 2.1 m)
ii. Far phase – 7 to 12 feet (2.1 to 3.7 m)
d. Public Distance used for public speaking
i. Close phase – 12 to 25 feet (3.7 to 7.6 m)
ii. Far phase – 25 feet (7.6 m or more)
Ø Haptics – is a touch-based communication. It
provides information about surfaces and textures.
There are six different kinds of “touch”:
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 positive ritualistic worded in such a way that the
In America, for
receiver understands the
example, using a firm
playful task-related same thing which the sender
handshake is
wants to convey.
considered
control unintentional appropriate to greet a
the receiver‘s attention should
stranger Principle of Attention
be drawn towards message.
Ø Vocalics or Paralanguage – are elements of Effective feedback should be
nonverbal communication under sound, and these constructive, specific, and
nonverbal ‘utterances’ are used to modify meaning Principle of respectful, aiming to enhance
and convey emotion. It includes accent, pitch, Feedback mutual understanding and the
volume, speech rate, modulation, and fluency overall quality of
communication.
Ø Chronemics – is the study of the use of time in
nonverbal communication. Time can communicate communication should always
status (busy, married, among others). be consistent with the
Principle of
policies, plans, programs, and
Ø Oculesics – is the most prominent form of nonverbal Consistency
objectives of the organization
communication. It is the study of the eyes and the eye and not in conflict with them
movement when communicating.
• In many Asian cultures, avoiding eye contact communication should be
Principle of
is seen as a sign of respect. done at proper time so that it
Timeliness
• In Latin America, for example, the gesture is helps in implementing plans.
often considered a romantic or sexual
invitation. The information
Principle of communicated should be
Ø Physical Appearance refers to dress and Adequacy adequate and complete in all
appearance. It focuses on our choice of color, respects.
clothing, hairstyles, and other factors affecting
appearance. emphasizes honesty,
truthfulness, and ethical
Principle of Integrity
EXAMPLES OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION behavior in all aspects of
communication

Fidgeting – this is so called Shifty eyes – this may

FOUR BASIC PRINCIPLES OF INTERPERSONAL
“nervous” suggest that
energy you are lying or uncertain COMMUNICATION

Bad posture – leaning Hands behind the back –

insecapable complicated
backward can be indicates unapproachability
translated as laziness; and closed-mindedness
irreversible contextual
learning forward may
express aggressiveness
Ø Contextual:
1.3 PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION a. Psychological context, which is who you are
and what you bring to the interaction
- A principle is a fundamental, enduring, and widely b. Relational context, which concerns your
accepted rule, guideline, or belief that serves as a reactions to the other person--the "mix.”
foundation for behavior, decision-making, or c. Situational context deals with the psycho-social
understanding in a particular context. "where" you are communicating.
- Principles are often derived from established values, d. Environmental context deals with the physical
ethics, logic, or empirical observations, and they help "where" you are communicating
guide actions and choices. e. Cultural context includes all the learned
behaviors and rules that affect the interaction
PRINCIPLES DEFINITION

The idea or message to be

Principle of Clarity communicated should be
clearly spelt out. It should be
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 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE
your own thoughts,
COMMUNICATION needs, and feelings.

1. Know your purpose in communicating. 6. Avoid speaking for others,

2. Know your audience. for example by
3. Know your topic. characterizing what
4. Adjust your speech or writing to the context of others have said without
the situation 5. Seek to understand
checking your
5. Work on the feedback given. others (rather than to
understanding, or by
be “right” or “more
universalizing your
ethical than thou”).
7Cs opinions, beliefs, values,
and conclusions,
assuming everyone
Clear Concrete shares them

Concise Correct 7. Manage your own

personal boundaries:
Coherent Complete 8. Respect the personal
share only what you
boundaries of others.
are comfortable
Courteous sharing.

10. Make sure that everyone

1.4 ETHICS OF COMMUNICATION has time to speak, that all
9. Avoid interrupting and
members have relatively
- At its simplest, ethics is a system of moral principles. side conversations.
equal “airtime” if they
They affect how people make decisions and lead their want it
lives.
- Ethics is concerned with what is good for individuals
and society and is also described as moral Ethical principles of comm
philosophy.
- The term is derived from the Greek word ethos which
can mean custom, habit, character, or disposition. Completeness Concreteness

COMMUNICATION ETHICS Courtesy Correctness

- Communication ethics involves the observation of
proper values and morals in communicative
interactions between individuals in order to promote
successful communication (Lipari, 2017).
- Communication ethics emphasizes that morals
influence the behavior of an individual, group, or
organization thereby affecting their communication.
- Johnson (as cited in Bernales, Balon and Biligan,
2018) developed ten basics of Ethical
Communication using principles learned in Straight
Talk and Nonviolent Communication as wells as best
practices for small group work in general:
10 BASICS OF ETHICAL COMMUNICATION
Clarity Conciseness
WHY ETHICS IS IMPORTANT IN COMM?
- It establishes credibility, improve the decision-making
process, and allow for trust between the two parties.
- Unethical communication threatens the quality of all
communication and consequently the well-being of
individuals and the society.
- Ethical communication values freedom of expression,
diversity of perspective and tolerance of dissent.
Four Ethical Principles of Communication that are
especially relevant for students (NCA, 1999

1. Seek to “elicit the best” - Advocate truthfulness, accuracy, honesty, and

in communications 2. Listen when others reason as essential to the integrity of communication.
and interactions with speak. - NCA endorses freedom of expression, diversity or
other group members. perspective, and tolerance of dissent to achieve the
informed and responsible decision-making
4. Speak from your own fundamental to a civil society.
3. Speak non-
experience and - NCA condemns communication that degrades
judgmentally.
perspective, expressing individuals and humanity through extortion,
intimidation, coercion, and violence, and through the
expression of intolerance and hatred “
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- Communicators should “accept responsibility for the
short and long term consequences of our own
communication and expect the same of others
IMPORTANT LAWS IN THE PH
Ø ANTI-WIRE TAPPING LAW R.A 4200
- The law prohibits the tapping of any wire intercept, or
secretly overhear any private communications or
spoken word when it is unauthorized by all parties in
the conversation, except when it is done pursuant to
a court order and implies with all conditions imposed
by the law.
Ø CYBERCRIME PREVENTION ACT R.A 10175
- Instituted criminal penalties for a variety of online
acts, especially spamming, identity theft, and libel.
- Plagiarism if it corresponds to a copyright
infringement under the intellectual Property Code is a
cyber crime under the new law.
Ø Defamation - is the “offense of injuring a person’s
character, fame or reputation through false and
malicious statements.” It is a criminal offense as well
as a civil tort (Supreme Court of the Philippines).
Types of defamation:
i. Libel – written false statement (words,
pictures) ex: social posts, blogs, newspapers
ii. Slander – verbal false statement (speech,
gestures) ex: podcast, video, news broadcast
iii. HYPOTHETICAL EXAMPLE:
Suppose a local news outlet publishes an article claiming
that a restaurant has been serving contaminated food that
has made customers seriously ill. The article alleges that
the restaurant's negligence is responsible for these
illnesses, citing anonymous sources. However, this
information is entirely false, and there is no evidence to
support these claims.
As a result of this false article, the restaurant's reputation
is significantly damaged. Customers stop dining there,
and the restaurant experiences a sharp decline in
business.
2. COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION
GLOBALIZATION is a process by which people and
goods move easily across boarders.
- is an economic concept – the integration of markets,
trade, and investment
HOW DID IT HAPPEN?
- Trade spread rapidly between China and Europe via
overland route
- Merchants carried goods
WHAT DRIVES GLOBALIZATION?
- Technology
- Internet connectivity
- Invention of enormous ship containers
WHAT’S GOOD ABOUT GLOBALIZATION?
- Lifted out poverty
- Allow nations to cooperate with each other
WHAT’S BAD ABOUT GLOBALIZATION?
- Some floundered as jobs and commerce move
elsewhere
- Technology brings danger
- It operates in favor of the rich
- Helps increase the gap between the world’s poorest
and richest nations
- Could unparalleled peace and prosperity
HOW DOES THIS AFFECT COMMUNICATION?
- Connecting with people on the other side of the world
is now much easier than it was a few years ago.
- Helps develop a global village.
GLOBAL VILLAGE (Mcluhan, 1984)
- describes the world that has been ‘shrunk’ by modern
advances in communications.
- vast networks being likened of communication
systems to one extended central nervous system,
ultimately linking everyone in the world.
- an idea in which one part of the world could be
experienced from other parts in real-time, which is
what human experience was like when we lived in
small villages.
“Today, after more than a century of electric
technology, we have extended our central nervous
system itself in a global embrace abolishing both
space and time as far as our planet is concerned”.
(Marshall Mcluhan, Understanding Media, 1964)
HOW WAS COMM BACK THEN, AND NOW
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LANGUAGE AND
CULTURE
- There is a close relationship between language and
culture of a community – they are inextricably related,
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 so that one cannot understand or appreciate the one
without the other.
POINT OF BRINGING UP ALL ISSUES OF
GLOBALIZATION TO STUDENTS
- Simply, really, that in all of the preceding news, social
media have played a very significant role in playing
them up in the public eye, and that cultural and global
issues now weight in heavily on how we communicate
with one another.
3.1 LANGUAGE IN THE WHOLE GAMUT OF COMM
Ø Varieties of English
- Word Englishes (WE) or varieties of English–
localized varieties of English as they are used or
spoken in certain areas.
- “Three Concentric Circles of Asian Englishes” -
Kachru (1985)
THREE CONCENTRIC CIRCLES OF ENG LANGUAGE
1. The Inner Circle: This is the circle that consists
of countries where English Language has played
a traditional and original role. This circle forms the
traditional
2. Outer circle: This is the second level of English
speakers. They are very large in population and
have a great history of the colonization process
by the British. English is their official language
and their second language. This is why they are
called L2 speakers of the language. English
Language is not only for international reasons,
but they use the language in their day-to-day
activities and interactions.
3. The Expanding Circle: They are very large in
population, but do not speak English in their daily
interactions. English is not their language, nor is
it used generally within the country. This
language also has no historical development in
these countries. They also have no history in the
colonisation by English speaking countries in the
Inner circle. They learn English as a Foreign
Language or a third or fourth language due to the
need for international affairs
Ø Baustista and Gonzalez (2006)
- Structural characteristics of new varieties differ
brought about by the mother tongue (MT)
MT
Acrolect - fanaormal
Mesolect - midway
Basilect - informal
Edulect - ascertained by social class
Ø Stress and Rhythm
- Outer and Expanding Circle observe syllable-timed
rhythm rather than stress-timed rhythm Nigerians say
‘success for success and Indians and Nigerians say
recog’nize for ‘recognize
Ø Pronunciation
- Outer and Expanding Circle do not make a distinction
between nouns and verbs in pairs which inner circle
observe
‘import and im’port
Ø Sounds
- Outer and Expanding Circle do not observe initial
aspiration of voiceless plosives such p, t, k which are
often perceived by the inner circle as b, d, g
- Some speakers of Expanding Circle varieties, as in
the case of Japanese Speakers, do not properly
distinguish between r and l.
Ø Syntactic feature
- Inner circle observes the postive-negative systems
- Native English speakers frequently answer negative
questions with positive answers.
a. Would you mind driving me to my class at the
English Island on Tuesday?
b. No, I don’t mind driving you. Yes, I do mind.
- Outer circle observes agreement- disagreement
system which poses difficulty to speakers who follow
the positive-negative system
Ø Lexicon
- Vocabulary words peculiar only to some English
varieties in Southeast Asia
A. Singapore English
a. missy for nurse
b. chop for rubber
c. marina kids– youngsters around Marina
Square
B. Malaysian English
a. Antilog for a male hated by a girl
b. Popcorn for loquacious person
c. Day bugs to those who come and attend
school but do not live in residence halls
C. Philippine English
a. Deep for puristic or hard to understand
b. High blood for tense of upset
c. Promdi form the province
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 d. Amboy for Filipino perceived tobe to pro-
American
Ø Language Registers/Registers of English
- Deep for puristic or hard to understand
- High blood for tense of upset
- Promdi form the province
- Amboy for Filipino perceived to be to pro-American
LANGUAGE REGISTER / REGISTERS OF ENGLISH
Ø Register
- A variety of language defined according to its use in
social situations e.g. a register of scientific, religious,
formal English (Crystal, 2008).
- refers to a kind of language whose forms are of a
definable social situation, regardless of the status of
the participants– thus finds the register of legal
language, liturgical language, and soon.
Ø Language register
- refers to the formality of language which one speaks.
Different registers are used in different situations. It is
through register that you are able to determine the
kind of lexicon or vocabulary to use and the kind of
structure to be use.
Ø The Language Register for the Linguists
- The linguists would refer register as tenor (the
participants in a discourse, their relationships to each
other, and their purposes), tone (is the change in the
pitch), and style (linguistic variants with specific social
meanings).
- A language variation based on the use and not on the
user.
Ø Language register
- Is considered a language variation based on the use
and not on the user.
THOMAS BERTRAM REID
- The first person to ever use the term “register” in
1956.
- According to him register is a variation according to
the user affected by other variables like social
background, geography, gender, age, among others.
- Register should also be distinguished from jargon or
highly technical terms.
FORMAL OR REGULATED
- It is a specific written or oral language that follows a
certain format.
- It is usually informative and sometimes persuasive.
- It is usually unidirectional which means that it does
not include a back-and-forth communication.
Examples:
• business letters
• letters of complaint
• job interviews
• announcements
• writing a professional e-mail
GUIDELINES IN USING FORMAL REGISTER
1. Do not use contractions
Have not instead of haven’t
2. Spell-out numbers less than one hundred:
Twenty-five, six
3. Avoid using too much passive voice
- Passive: The terror attacks were reported by GMA
live
- Active: GMA reported the terror attacks live.
4. Avoid using slang, idioms, exaggerations, and
clichés
Okay, awesome, check it out, in a nutshell
A cliché is a phrase that is often overused
Last but not the least, moment of truth, etc.
Too much of a good thing
5. Avoid using abbreviations and acronyms
San Pedro College –SPC (write it out the first time)
Tablespoon – tbsp
TBD – To be determined
6. Formal writing requires good transition words
Nevertheless, consequently, first, second,
In fact, as a result of, however
7. always write in sentences
- Before the expiration date – You must consume the
product before its expiration date
8. write longer and more sophisticated sentences
(only when necessary)
Since Marawi City is still under siege, President Duterte
was compelled to declare the extension of the martial
law which resulted to the delay of the opening of
classes and an economic uncertainty in the whole city.
INFORMAL REGISTER
- This is the register that we use when we communicate
with friends and family. We use informal writing to
someone we know very well. Unlike the formal
register, the informal register accepts:
EXAMPLES OF INFORMAL REGISTER
Slangs and clichés Figurative language
Symbols and Acronyms
abbreviations
Incomplete sentences Personal opinions
Active and passive voice
Informal writing includes: Personal emails
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 CASUAL OR GROUP
Text messages Short notes
- It is used in writing or speech by people of the same
Tweets Facebook post group.
- It does not follow any standard societal rules but
Blogs Diaries follows the norms of the group.
- It is usually multi-directional.
Chat messages
EXAMPLES
NEUTRAL REGISTER
team celebrations family dinners
- It is neither formal nor informal
- It is the tone used when expressing facts devoid of office parties conversation between friends
emotion.
- Some writings, including most textbooks, are written blogs
in neutral register.

INTIMATE OR PERSONAL
EXAMPLES OF NEUTRAL REGISTER
- It is used in writing or talking to close family members
and close friends.
Reviews Some essays
- It is also considered as the language of sexual
Articles Technical writing harassment.
- It is usually bidirectional which means that it includes
a back-and-forth communication.
STATIC OR FROZEN REGISTER
- It is a specific written or oral language that rarely or
EXAMPLES
never change.
- It is usually related to different religions, laws, and
finishing each other’s an intimate conversation
customs of a certain community.
sentences between lovers
- It is usually unidirectional which means that it does
not include a back-and-forth communication
writing a letter for your when bonding with your
best friend sibling
EXAMPLES
expressing your emotion
national anthem religious books to your mother

laws prayers
ENGLISH AS A SPECIFIC LANGUAGE
lyrics of a song
Category of Language based on the accent
CONSULTATIVE OR PROFFESIONAL
- It follows most of the same rules as the formal register - A variant of English language
of language. spoken mainly in the United
- The main purpose of this register is to get help. States.
- It is usually bidirectional which means that it includes - About 2/3 of the world’s native
a back-and-forth communication. American speakers of English living in
English (AmE) America speak this variant
- It was introduced to North
EXAMPLES America by British settlers in the
17th century (colonization
doctor’s appointments a meeting with the principal period).
legal consultations a dialogue between a - A variant of English spoken
teacher and a largely in Australia.
student Australian - This variant began to diverge
English (Aue) from British English after
adults at work Australia was settled in the late
18th century.

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 - Similar to New Zealand English ✓ The development of communication skills is an
and certain dialects of important factor in cross-cultural interaction in business.
Southeast England. ✓ Virtual interaction has become an indispensable
ingredient to workplace dynamics.
- This refers to British and
American English spoken by 3.2 DEVELOPMENTAL MODEL OF INTERCULTURAL
black communities in the US SENSITIVITY
Black English and UK.
- It is also a variant of English Ø Developing Intercultural Sensitivity
spoken widely in the Caribbean - Intercultural sensitivity means the ability to
and Africa. experience oneself and eventually others in terms of
cultural identity and behavior.
- A variant of English spoken
mainly in United Kingdom.
- This variant, along with the Three Underlying Principles for an Intercultural
British English American English, are taught in Approach:
(BrE) most English as a Second
Language (ESL) and English as Social equity is promoted
a Foreign Language (EFL) by recognizing that all
Equal Complexity,
programs. human beings have equal
Different Experience
complexity but unique
experiences.
IS THERE A “CORRECT” VARIETY OF ENGLISH?
Enhancing intergroup
“You are what you speak, and your place of origin is the Improving Intercultural relations requires
most important identity factor.” Communication: improving communication
- What is important is that we are able to recognize the across cultures.
many varieties of English including that of the
standard, and pick one variety that we are Preventing abuses of
Mutual Adaptation and
comfortable with and be understood while using it power in cross-cultural
Avoiding Power
situations is achieved
Abuses:
SOCIOLINGUISTICS through mutual adaptation.
- Social life of humans on a linguistic perspective
Ø Formal Definition: It is a term to describe all areas
of study between language and society other than OVERVIEW OF THE MODEL
those which are purely social scientific in their
objectives such as ethnomethodology. - Developed by Milton Bennett in 1986, the
Ø For a student: It is a study of how people use their Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity
language in their everyday lives; how identities are describes stages of development in understanding
shown vividly through words you use, how, through and appreciating cross-cultural differences.
language, you intentionally or unintentionally create, - Also known as the "Bennett Scale," it is widely used
maintain, or disrupt relationships with others. in intercultural communication, engagement, and
equity fields.
PRAGMATICS AND DISCOURSE ANALYSIS - The model proposes a developmental continuum for
individuals, groups, and organizations to progress
towards a deeper understanding of cultural variance
PRAGMATICS DISCOURSE ANALYSIS and more effective cross-cultural interactions.

- focuses on how - focuses on the text FOUNDATION OF THE MODEL

speakers utilize and its context as a
language to convey basis of movement - Grounded in decades of academic research and
information from the informal to formal observations of cross-cultural dynamics.
the formal or vice - Recognizes that increased complexity in perceiving
versa. cultural differences leads to a more sophisticated
experience of culture and improved intercultural
Ø To put everything into perspective: competence.
✓ Language, language register, linguistics,
sociolinguistics, and communication itself affect the
concept of globalization.

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 RATIONALE FOR DEVELOPMENT
- Encourages cross-cultural
relationships and
- Bennett developed the model to make sense of how understanding.
individuals navigate cross-cultural situations.
- Aimed to explain why some people improve at - Ability to adopt the
communicating across cultural boundaries while perspective of another
others do not. culture.
- Emphasis on educational applications to better ADAPTATION - Empathy with the
prepare people for cross-cultural encounters. experiences of others.
- Authentic and appropriate
SIX DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES interaction across cultures.
- Intercultural Sensitivity and Communication
(Bennett, 2007) - Incorporating values, beliefs,
and behaviors of other
cultures into one's identity.
INTEGRATION
- Multicultural self-concept,
choosing appropriate cultural
contexts.

Ø Related Concepts:
SIX DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES - Retreat: Occurs when individuals move from higher
stages to lower stages due to threats or conflicts
- Involves failing to recognize regarding cultural differences.
cultural distinctions or - Reversal: Involves adopting the view that other
considering them irrelevant. cultures are superior to one's own culture, often as
- May involve stereotypes, an attempt to gain approval or acceptance.
oversimplification, or
DENIAL
demeaning perceptions of
other cultures.
- Can manifest as disinterest
or avoidance of other (ღˇ◡ˇ*)♡
cultures.

- People perceive cultural

differences in competitive,
polarized terms (e.g., "us vs.
them").
- May involve exalting one's
DEFENSE
own culture or feeling
victimized in discussions
about bias or racism.
- Can lead to opposition to
diversity initiatives.

- Individuals assume their

cultural worldview is
universal and disregard
cultural differences.
MINIMIZATION - May argue that human
similarities are more
important.
- Enables avoidance of
recognizing cultural biases.

- Recognition that different

cultures have legitimate
ACCEPTANCE perspectives.
- Greater curiosity and interest
in other cultures.

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