PURCOM REVIEWER

Communication- is a process between at least

two people that begins when one person wants
to communicate with another.

Purposive communication- is an intentional

type of communications that happens within
the bound of a specific context.

Context- refers to the interrelated conditions

of communication.

Factors:
Physical milieu, Social milieu, Psychological
milieu, Cultural milieu, Historical milieu.
Model- is an abstract representation of a
reality.

Functions of verbal communication

according to Roman Jakobson:
Emotive, Referential, Phatic, Conative,
Metalingual, Poetic.
Communication Barrier:
Noise- is anything that prevents the receiver to
obtain the whole message sent by the sender.

Physical Noise- refers to the everyday

environmental noise that disrupts the messages
such as low telephone volume, a distracting
seatmate, or the sound of vehicles.
Physiological impairment- such as deafness
or blindness may also be considered as physical
noise.
Semantic noise- is a communication barrier
created from confusion over the meaning of
words.
Syntactical Noise- is a communication barrier
created from mistakes in grammar and tenses
that elicits different interpretations.
Organizational Noise- are mistakes in the
structure of the message that create confusion.
It can be unclear or badly stated directions that
can confuse a receiver.
Cultural Noise- are inconsistencies in the
meaning due to cultural barriers.
Psychological Noise- refers to thoughts and
feelings that can distract a person from fully
understanding a sender’s message. It can be
bias, anger, strong emotions etc.
Types of Communication
―According to mode
―According to context
―According to purpose and style
TWO TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
ACCORDING TO MODE
Verbal Communication- It involves preferred
language and dialects, contextual use of the
language, preferred greetings, voice volume and
tone, health literacy, and the need for
interpretation and translation
Nonverbal Communication- describes the
way people send and receive information to
each other beyond words. May be intentional
or unintentional that communication is always
influenced by factors such as time, topic and
circumstances.
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING
TO CONTEXT
Intrapersonal Communication-intra means
inside or within, means talking to oneself : inner
monologues, inner dialogue, inner talk
Interpersonal Communication- This form of
communication takes place between two
individuals and is thus a oneon-one
conversation. Here, the two individuals involved
will swap their roles of sender and receiver in
order to communicate in a clearer manner
Extended Communication-Involves the use of
electronic media. It includes tele, audio, phone
conferencing, video conferencing, Skype call,
and other technological means
Organizational Communication- The focus is
on the role that communication plays in
organizational contexts. Organizations comprise
individuals who work for the company
TWO TYPES OF ORGANIZATIONAL
STRUCTURE:
Informal– comes from unofficial channels of
message flow. Also known as ‘grapevine’
messages coming from the different levels of
the organization are transmitted.
Formal – allows communication to take place
via designated channels of message flow
between positions in the organization.
Four Approaches
a. downward- flows from upper to lower
positions
b. Upward- bottom-up in which subordinates
send communication to their superiors/bosses
bearing their views/feedbacks on organizational
policies, issues related to their jobs, and the like
c. Horizontal- is lateral in approach as it takes
place among people belonging to the same level
but coming from different departments or units
to facilitate performance task through proper
coordination
d. Crosswise- is diagonal in nature as employees
from different units or departments working at
various levels to communicate with each other
Organizational Culture- refers to a system of
shared values, beliefs, and assumptions that
employees have.
Intercultural Communication-
Communication between or among people
coming from different linguistic, religious,
ethnic, social, and professional backgrounds
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING
TO PURPOSE AND STYLE
A. Formal – employs formal language delivered
orally or in written form such as lectures,
research proposals, reports, etc.
B. Informal – does not employ formal language
and Involves a personal and ordinary
conversations with friends, family members
about anything under the sun
SUBCATEGORIES OF NON VERBAL
COMMUNICATION
1. Proxemics – is defined as “the interrelated
observations and theories of man’s use of space
as a specialized elaboration of culture”.
a. Intimate Distance- for embracing, touching
or whispering
b. Personal Distance- for interactions among
good friends or family members
c. Social Distance- for interactions among
acquaintances
d. Public Distance- used for public speaking
2. Haptics – is a touch-based communication. It
provides information about surfaces and
textures. There are six different kinds of
“touch”:
a. positive
b. playful
c. control
d. ritualistic
e. task-related
f. unintentional
3. Vocalics or Paralanguage and Silence- are
elements of nonverbal communication under
sound, and these nonverbal ‘utterances’ are
used to modify meaning and convey emotion. It
includes accent, pitch, volume, speech rate,
modulation, and fluency

4. Chronemics – is the study of the use of time

in nonverbal communication.

5. Oculesics – is the most prominent form of

nonverbal communication. It is the study of the
eyes and the eye movement when
communicating.

6. Physical Appearance- refers to dress and

appearance. It focuses on our choice of color,
clothing, hairstyles, and other factors affecting
appearance
SOME EXAMPLES OF NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION IN EHTICS
COMMUNICATION
PRINCIPLES AND CODES OF ETHICS IN
Making the most of how of your COMMUNICATION
experiences for an interview
General Principles of Effective
• Keep it relevant Communication
• Mix it up a little bit 1. Know your purpose in communicating.
• Downplay negatives 2. Know your audience.
• Align your answer to the company’s spirit 3. Know your topic.
4. Adjust your speech or writing to the context
of the situation Work on the feedback given

Ethics- Refers to the principles of conduct

governing an individual or a group; professional
ethics; a guiding philosophy; a consciousness of
moral importance (Meriam dictionary)

Communication ethics- involves the

observation of proper values and morals in
communicative interactions between
individuals in order to promote successful
communication (Lipari, 2017)
 Language in the Whole Gamut of speaking countries in the Inner
Communication circle. They learn English as a
Foreign Language or a third or

Three concentric circles of English language

1. The Inner Circle: This is the circle
that consists of countries where
English Language has played a
traditional and original role. This
circle forms the traditional base of
English Language speakers.
2. Outer circle: This is the second level
of English speakers. They are very
large in population and have a great
history of the colonization process
by the British. English is their official
language and their second language.
This is why they are called L2 fourth language due to the need for
speakers of the language. English international affairs.
Language is not only for
international reasons, but they use Stress and Rhythm •
the language in their day-to-day Outer and Expanding Circle observe
activities and interactions. syllable-timed rhythm rather than stress-
3. The Expanding Circle: They are timed rhythm Nigerians say ‘success for
very large in population, but do not success and Indians and Nigerians say
speak English in their daily recog’nize for ‘recognize
interactions. English is not their Pronunciation
language, nor is it used generally • Outer and Expanding Circle do not make a
within the country. This language distinction between nouns and verbs in
also has no historical development pairs which inner circle observe
in these countries. They also have no ‘import and im’port
history in the colonisation by English

Sounds
• Outer and Expanding Circle do not
observe initial aspiration of voiceless
plosives such p, t,k which are often
perceived by the inner circle as b,d,g
• Some speakers of Expanding Circle
varieties, as in the case of Japanese
Speakers, do not properly distinguish
between r and l.
Syntactic feature
• Inner circle observes the postivenegative
systems
• Native English speakers frequently answer
negative questions with positive answers
• Outer circle observes agreement
disagreement system which poses difficulty
to speakers who follow the positive-
negative system
Lexicon
• Vocabulary words peculiar only to some
English varieties in Southeast Asia
A. Singapore English ― missy for nurse ―
chop for rubber ― marina kids –
youngsters around Marina Square
B. Malaysian English
― Antilog for a male hated by a girl
― Popcorn for loquacious person ―
Day bugs to those who come and
attend school but do not live in
residence halls
C. Philippine English
― Deep for puristic or hard to
understand
― High blood for tense of upset ―
Promdi form the province
― Amboy for Filipino perceived tobe to
pro-American
Language Registers/Registers of English
― Deep for puristic or hard to understand
― High blood for tense of upset
― Promdi form the province
― Amboy for Filipino perceived to be to
pro-American
Thomas Bertram Reid
• The first person to ever use the term
“register” in 1956.
• According to him register is a variation
according to the user affected by other
variables like social background, geography,
gender, age, among others.
• Register should also be distinguished from
jargon or highly technical terms.
Register
• A variety of language defined according to
its use in social situations e.g. a register of
scientific, religious, formal English (Crystal,
2008).
• refers to a kind of language whose forms
are of a definable social situation,
regardless of the status of the participants –
thus finds the register of legal language,
liturgical language, and soon.
Language register
― refers to the formality of language which
one speaks. Different registers are used in
different situations. It is through register
that you are able to determine the kind of
lexicon or vocabulary to use and the kind of
structure to be use.
The Language Register for the Linguists
• The linguists would refer register as tenor
(the participants in a discourse, their
relationships to each other, and their
purposes), tone (is the change in the pitch),
and style (linguistic variants with specific
social meanings).
• A language variation based on the use and
not on the user
Language register
― Is considered a language variation based
on the use and not on the user.
Formal or Regulated
>It is a specific written or oral language that
follows a certain format.
>It is usually informative and sometimes
persuasive.
> It is usually unidirectional which means
that it does not include a back-and-forth
communication.
Examples
• business letters
• letters of complaint
• job interviews
• announcements
• writing a professional e-mail
Guidelines in using formal register
1. Do not use contractions
Have not instead of haven’t
2. Spell-out numbers less than one
hundred: Twenty-five, six
3. Avoid using too much passive voice
– Passive: The terror attacks were
reported by GMA live
– Active: GMA reported the terror
attacks live.
4.Avoid using slang, idioms, exaggerations,
and clichés
Okay, awesome, check it out, in a nutshell
A cliché is a phrase that is often overused
Last but not the least, moment of truth,
etc. Too much of a good-things
5. Avoid using abbreviations and acronyms
San Pedro College –SPC (write it out the
first time)
Tablespoon – tbsp
TBD – To be determined
6. Formal writing requires good transition
words
Nevertheless, consequently, first, second,
In fact, as a result of, however
7. always write in sentences
― Before the expiration date
– You must consume the product before its
expiration date
8. write longer and more sophisticated
sentences (only when necessary)
Since Marawi City is still under siege,
President Duterte was compelled to
declare the extension of the martial law
which resulted to the delay of the opening
of classes and an economic uncertainty in
the whole city.
Informal Register
This is the register that we use when we
communicate with friends and family. We
use informal writing to someone we know
very well. Unlike the formal register, the
informal register accepts:
Examples:
• Slangs and clichés
• Figurative language
• Symbols and abbreviations
• Acronyms
• Incomplete sentences
• Personal opinions
• Active and passive voice
Informal writing includes:
• Personal emails
• Text messages
• Short notes
• Tweets
• Facebook post
• Blogs
• Diaries
• Chat messages
Neutral Register
>It is neither formal nor informal
>It is the tone used when expressing facts
devoid of emotion.
>Some writings, including most textbooks,
are written in neutral register. • conversation between friends
Examples • blogs
• Reviews • Articles
Intimate or Personal
• Some essays • Technical writing
>It is used in writing or talking to close
Other types of register family members and close friends.
>It is also considered as the language of
Static or Frozen
sexual harassment.
>It is a specific written or oral language that
> It is usually bidirectional which means that
rarely or never change.
it includes a back-and-forth communication.
>It is usually related to different religions,
Examples:
laws, and customs of a certain community.
• finishing each other’s sentences
>It is usually unidirectional which means
• an intimate conversation between lovers
that it does not include a back-and-forth
• writing a letter for your best friend
communication.
• when bonding with your sibling
Examples:
• expressing your emotion to your mother
• national anthem • religious books
• laws • prayers
• lyrics of a song
Consultative or Professional
> It follows most of the same rules as the
formal register of language.
> The main purpose of this register is to get
help.
> It is usually bidirectional which means that
it includes a back-andforth communication
Examples:
• doctor’s appointments
• a meeting with the principal
• legal consultations
• a dialogue between a teacher and a American English
student • A variant of English language spoken
• adults at work mainly in the United States.
• About 2/3 of the world’s native speakers
Casual or Group of English living in America speak this
variant
>It is used in writing or speech by people of
• It was introduced to North America by
the same group.
British settlers in the 17th century
> It does not follow any standard societal
(colonization period).
rules, but follows the norms of the group.
> It is usually multi-directional. Australian English
Examples: • A variant of English spoken largely in
• team celebrations Australia.
• family dinners • This variant began to diverge from British
• office parties English after Australia was settled in the late
18th century. to describe all areas of study between
• Similar to New Zealand English and certain language and society other than those
dialects of South East England.
Black English
• This refers to British and American English
spoken by black communities in the US and
UK.
• It is also a variant of English spoken widely
in the Caribbean and Africa.
British English
• A variant of English spoken mainly in
United Kingdom.
• This variant, along with the American
English, are taught in most English as a
Second Language (ESL) and English as a
Foreign Language (EFL) program
Is there a “correct” variety of English?
• “ You are what you speak and your place
of origin is the most important identity
factor.”
• What is important is that we are able to
recognize the many varieties of English
including that of the standard, and pick
one variety that we are comfortable with
and be understood while using it

What is Sociolinguistics?
Social life of humans on a linguistic
perspective Formal Definition: It is a term

Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, students are able
to:
• explain how cultural and global issues
affect communication; and
• discuss the impact of communication on
society and the world.
What is globalization?
• is a process by which people and goods
move easily across boarders
• is an economic concept – the integration
of markets, trade and investment
How did globalization happen?
- Trade spread rapidly between China and
Europe via overland route - Merchants
carried goods
What drives globalization?
- Technology
- Internet connectivity
- Invention of enormous ship containers
What’s good about globalization?
- Lifted out poverty
- Allow nations to cooperate with each
other
What’s bad about globalization?
- Some floundered as jobs and commerce
move elsewhere
- Technology brings danger
- It operates in favor of the rich
- Helps increase the gap between the
world’s poorest and richest nations
- Could unparalleled peace and prosperity
How do cultural and global issues effect
communication?
―Connecting with people on the other side
of the world is now much easier than it was
a few years ago.
―Helps develop a global village.
Global Village (Mcluhan, 1984)
―describes the world that has been
‘shrunk’ by modern advances in
communications.
―vast networks being likened of
communication systems to one extended
central nervous systems, ultimately linking
everyone in the world.
―an idea in which one part of the world
could be experienced from other parts in
real-time, which is what human experience
was like when we lived in small villages.
“Today, after more than a century of
electric technology, we have extended our
central nervous system itself in a global
embrace abolishing both space and time as
far as our planet is concerned”.
Marshall Mcluhan, Understanding Media,
1964)
What is the relationship between the
language and culture?
There is a close relationship between
language and culture of a community – they
are inextricably related, so that one cannot
understand or appreciate the one without
the other.
What then is the point of bringing up all
issues of globalization to students of
purposive communication?
Simply, really, that in all of the preceding
news, social media have played a very
significant role in playing them up in the
public eye, and that cultural and global
issues now weight in heavily on how we
communicate with one another
which are purely social scientific in their
objectives such as ethnomethodology.
For a student: It is a study of how people
use their language in their everyday lives;
how identities are shown vividly through
words you use, how, through language, you
intentionally or unintentionally create,
maintain or disrupt relationships with
others.