Purposive Communication  The person who receives the transmitted message.

Communication – a human act of sending (verbal or  Must have good listening and comprehension skills.
nonverbal) and receiving messages where interpretations are 5. Feedback
normally constructed in the process
 is essential to confirm recipient understanding.
- Is a process whereby people create and transmit
meaning through the exchange of verbal and  the response or reaction of the receiver after
nonverbal messages in a particular context (Oetzel, perceiving or understanding the message.
2009:11).
Context – the circumstances or environment in which Environment
communication takes place
- The sender and receiver’s feelings, mood, place, and
Context includes mindset are called the environment.
Both sender and receiver have to consider the
Settings or environment: family, school, workplace, religious
setting where communication takes
communities
place. This factor may also hinder effective
Social Relationship – friends, husband and wife, parents-child communication where barriers may
and boss in the office interfere such as noise from the buses or poor signal
in phone calls.
Scenes which include place, time and occasion: business
Interference
meetings, job interviews, social gathering and wedding
- Interferences or barriers prevent effective
Culture: history, traditions, beliefs, norms and values communication. These are factors that hinder the
communication process.
Elements of Communication
Types of Interference
1. Sender. The source of the idea. a. Psychological barriers - These are thoughts that
hamper the interpreted message received by the
Must be able to use the language that the receiver
receiver
understands.
such as dizziness of the listener while the teacher
 Phonetics lectures or when the listener is

 Choice of words or jargon for an preoccupied with some other things while listening to

appropriate audience the speaker.

b. Physical barriers - These are stimuli from the
 Sentence construction environment that disrupt communication, whether or

 Discourse competence climate conditions and physical health of the

communicator.
2. Message c. Linguistic and cultural barriers - Word differences are

 Communication is delivered through a message sent present in different cultures which may result in

by the speaker to the receiver. ineffective

 What needs to be communicated? The reason
behind the interaction.
3. Channel
 Channel is the means of communication.
 The choice of channel may depend on the availability,
practicality, and its impact on the receiver.
4. Receiver
communication.
d. Mechanical barriers - These are interferences that
affect channels to transmit the message such as
poor signal or low battery consumption of mobile
phones while calling
Communication Model - Communication models -seek to show
the main elements of any structure or process and the
relationship between these elements.
Three types of communication models
Linear - A type of communication where someone sends a
message without getting any feedback from the receiver of the
message.
Interactive - The interactive model of communication refers to
the actual process of communication as messages are sent
back and forth between the sender and receiver.
Transactional - The transactional model
of communication refers to the continuous exchange of
information where both the sender and receiver are involved
in the process and take turns to communicate messages.
Aristotle Model of Communication - The earliest model that
structures how public speaking is undergone is explained
through Aristotle’s model of communication. In this model,
Aristotle identified the five elements that compose the
communication process which are the speaker, speech
occasion, audience, and effect. This model is speaker-
centered which results the audience as passive.
Shannon-Weaver’s model of Communication - Shannon
Weaver model is a model consisting of basic elements such as
a source, encoder, medium, decoder, receiver, and noise. It
describes the way in which information flows from a sender to
a receiver. In contrast, a transaction is a model which
describes both the sender and the receiver engaging
simultaneously.
Osgood-Schramm’s Model of Communication - The Osgood-
Schramm model of communication is explained as a model
where communication between the sender and receiver
occurs in a circular rather than a linear way. Being a circular
communication model implies that both the sender and
receiver continually share information and ideas.
Processes and Principles of Effective Communication
- Good communication is crucial in relationships.
When you work on improving how you communicate,
it brings lots of advantages.
- Effective communication is the process
exchanging ideas, thoughts, opinions, knowledge,
and data so that the message is received and
understood with clarity and purpose.
- Effective communication is dependent on how rich
those ideas are, and how much of those ideas are
retained in the process. To be an effective
communicator, several skills
to be utilized. Which skill one chooses greatly varies
and is dictated by the situation, the content or the
actual information a person needs or wants to
convey, and the intended recipient of that
information.
- Audience Analysis - it refers to anyone who is
expected to receive the message you are sending.
- Knowing the audience, understanding their level and
how they need to receive the information – also
known as skills
 Clarity is ensuring what you’re saying is communicated
clearly and with no room for misunderstanding. Good
advice for being clear includes:
 Use simple language and focus on the core
points of your message
 Don’t use idioms to prevent any confusion
and ambiguity
 Be clear in your mind about what you want to
say and its purpose before you say it
Concise - The message should be as brief as may be required
depending on one’s purpose.
Completeness - Despite its conciseness, the message should
still be complete and accurate. Whenever necessary,
background information should be given to provide better
understanding.
Organization - Effective communication is usually planned to
ensure the systematic flow of ideas and transition from one
point to another.
Empathy - The sender of the message should be sensitive to
the needs and interests of the receiver. In the case of face-to-
face communication, the speaker must always be conscious of
the reaction of the listener and adjust his/her communication
strategy accordingly.
Flexibility - Different people have different communication
styles, and consequently, different
expectations. Effective communicators know how to adapt to
the varying needs and expectations of their audience and
modify the message or the way the message is sent
of
Types of Communication
Nonverbal Communication – refers to any form of
communication that is not transmitted through spoken word
Verbal Communication – form of communication that occurs
through spoken word
Visual Communication – transfer of information to a person in
a format that can be read or viewed.
have
Written Communication – involves the use of words, sentences
and paragraphs in order to communicate.
Communication and Globalization
- Globalization is a process of interaction and
integration among the people, companies, and
 governments of different nations, a process driven - Active listening
by international trade and investment and aided - Speak non-judgementally
by information technology. - Speak from your own experience
- Globalization has been regarded as the key to the - Consider the receiver’s preferred communication
worldwide integration of humanity, where there is an channel
increased economic, political, and cultural - Strive to understand
integration and interdependence of diverse cultures. - Avoid a negative tone
- Do not interrupt others
- To effectively communicate in a global context, a
- Respect privacy and confidentiality
general understanding of the differences in
Prejudice - on the other hand, when people take their past
conducting communication from one country to
experiences and make certain assumptions that the same
another or from one culture to another helps avoid
experience will happen with the same people, given the same
miscommunication.
context. Prejudices may be attributed to culture or personal
- Communication in the modern world
preferences.
must be anchored on the concept of diversity, since
A key component of ethical communication is showing
effective communication and the ability to
commitment in the communicative situation. Being committed
understand cultural differences are skills that have
means giving sufficient time and resources to any discussion
become requisites not only for a meaningful social
or conversation, and being open about any issue that may
life but also for a successful professional career.
arise. Commitment also involves volunteering important
- In addition, digital technology has erased territorial
information, even if it puts a person’s own short-term interests
boundaries among countries and among people with
at risk, as long as it is for the benefit of the majority especially
varying cultures. The notion of being a ‘stranger’ has
in the long run.
been revolutionized as the people whom we used to
treat as strangers are now our co-workers,
classmates or friends – albeit some only in social
media.
- There is a need to develop graduates and
professionals who are multiculturalists –
those who are engaged with and respectful of people
from different cultures.
These are just some of the instances when miscommunication
and misunderstanding can happen as a result of cultural
ignorance and insensitivity in the global environment. People
have to be mindful that not everyone from the same culture
exhibits the same characteristics and habits in
communication, so sensitivity is key to any successful
communicative situation.
In communicating in a highly global environment, the
challenge that faces everyone is to learn to understand,
accept, and address cultural – and communication –
differences.
Ethical communication - refers to passing information between
two parties in a manner that is accurate, truthful, and
acceptable. Ethical communication values honesty,
transparency, and respect when passing information so that
the recipient will clearly understand what is going on.
Principles of Ethical Communication
- Be truthful and honest