ORAL COMM
Nature & Process of Communication
COMMUNICATION
- Intercourse by words, letters, or
messages
- Sharing & conveying messages or
information from one person to
another within & across channels,
context, & cultures
- Two-way process of connecting to
both living & nonliving things; also a
means of sharing & exchanging
messages, information, ideas, &
feelings for mutual understanding
Elements of Communication
1. Sender – speaker/communicator
2. Channel – medium through which
the message is sent
3. Receiver – target of communication
4. Message – idea transmitted by the
sender
5. Feedback – reaction of listener
Functions of Communication
1. Informative
- To inform
- Ex. Manager reporting on the
new ventures of the company
2. Instructive
- To instruct
- Ex. Football coach instructing his
team on new strategies
3. Persuasive
- To influence
- Ex. Electoral candidate delivering
their campaign speech
4. Motivation
- To entice
- Ex. Guidance counselor orienting
students about their course
5. Aesthetic
- For pleasure & enjoyment
- Ex. Social media influencer
interacting with their fans through
a livestream
NATURE OF COMMUNICATION
- A process
- A human activity; between two or
more people
- Can be expressed through words
(verbal), actions (nonverbal), or both
at the same time
PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION
1. Stimulus/Stimuli – beginning point
of the communication process
2. Ideation – formulation & organization
of ideas
3. Encoding – ideas which are put into
code
4. Transmission – sending of the
encoded message
5. Reception – message reaches the
receiver
6. Decoding – interpretation by the
receiver
7. Understanding – the message
becomes clear to the receiver
8. Action – sending of feedback
6. Emotional
- For curative purposes
- Ex. Person talking to their
therapist
7. Regulation/Control
- To maintain control over others’
attitudes & behavior
- Ex. Parent telling a child not to
misbehave
8. Social Interaction
- To start, maintain, regulate, or
end relationships
- Ex. People bonding & talking at
an event/gathering
Models of Communication
MODEL
- Widely used to depict any idea, thought, or a concept in a simpler way through diagrams,
pictorial representations, etc.

1. Linear Model
- Where a sender encodes a message via a channel & the message is decoded by
the receiver
- Key Features:
- One way communication - Senders send message &
- Used for mass receivers only receive
communication - No feedback
- Concept of noise
- Pros: - Cons:
- Good at audience persuasion - Communication is not
& propaganda setting continuous as no concept of
- Intentional results feedback
- No way to know if
communication was effective
2. Interactional Model
- Participants alternate positions as sender & receiver & generate meaning by sending
messages & receiving feedback within physical & psychological contexts
- Key Features:
- Used for new - Known as convergence
communications like the model
internet - Communication becomes
- Slower feedbacks in turns linear if receiver does not
- Concept of field of respond
experience
- Pros: - Cons:
- Feedback even in mass - Feedback can take a very
communication long time
- New communication - Sender & receiver might not
channels know who the other person is

3. Transactional Model
- Continuous exchange of information where both sender & receiver are involved in
the process & take turns to communicate messages
- Key Features:
- Used for interpersonal - Context of environment &
communication noise
- Senders & receivers - Feedback is taken as a new
interchange roles message
- Simultaneous feedback
- Pros: - Cons:
- Simultaneous & instant - Encourages non-verbal
feedback communication
- No discrimination between - More noise due to
sender & receiver communicators talking at the
same time
 Aristotelian Shannon-Weaver

Schramm’s White’s

Wood’s Transactional Model Speech Communication

Transactional Model

NOTE:
- Adler & Towne: all that ever has been accomplished by humans & all that ever will be
accomplished involves communication with others
- Psychologist Abraham Maslow: suggests that the capability to satisfy personal needs
arises mainly from the ability to communicate

Barriers of Communication
- Anything that prevents us from receiving & understanding the messages others use
to convey their information, ideas & thoughts

Communication Breakdown
- Failure in communication due to different barriers in communication
- Barriers may be related to the sources, message, medium, &/or receiver

1. Environmental & Physical Barriers 2. Language Barrier

- Time – developing - When people do not speak the
quicker/speedy channels of same language, or do not have
communication the same level of ability in a
- Space – distance within the language (e.g. Filipino – Foreign)
communication system - Use of Jargon, Slang, &/or any
- Place – area where forms of informal language
communication takes place - Problems in Language;
- Medium – modes of Proficiency Skills
communication
 3. Cultural Barrier 4. Psychological Barriers
- Communication of people with - Concerned with people’s
different cultures & mindset & mental capacity
backgrounds (differences in - Ex. unwillingness to listen,
values, beliefs, & attitudes that disinterest
people hold) - Language Disorders:
- Ex. Christians & Muslim, Black & - Hearing Loss
White American - Stuttering
- Verbal Apraxia
How to Avoid Barriers to Communication
- Identify who we are communicating - Use applicable medium in different
with situations
- Use active listening skills - Respect other’s feelings & attitudes

NOTE: Effective communication involves overcoming these barriers & conveying a clear &
concise message

Speech Styles & Context

Communicative Competence
- Language user’s grammatical knowledge of syntax, morphology, phonology, etc. as
well as social knowledge about how & when to use utterances appropriately

SPEECH CONTEXT
- Environment where the communication happens & how the message is relayed
- Types
1. Intrapersonal – within oneself; speaker acts as resource & receiver of the message;
when you do self-reflection, analyze your thoughts & feelings
2. Interpersonal – 2+ people; can be formal or informal, intimate or casual depending
on the relationship
a. Dyad Communication – 2 people
b. Small Group – 3 but not more than 12 people; present during
brainstorming/collaborating
3. Public – message to a bigger number of people in a venue; usually inform or
persuade people
4. Mass Communication – television, social media, newspaper, magazines, etc. as
channels; reaches millions
5. Intercultural – between people from two different cultures; symbolic, interpretive,
transactional, contextual process in which people from different cultures create shared
meanings

SPEECH STYLES
1. Intimate – private; occurs between 3. Consultative – standard one;
or among close family members or professional or mutually
intimate individuals; language may acceptable language is a must
not be shared in public 4. Formal – formal settings; one-way
2. Casual – common among peers & 5. Frozen – frozen in time & remains
friends; jargon, slang, street unchanged
language, gay language, vulgar
words are used
Speech Acts
- Meaningful utterances or statements that perform actions
- Utterances that a speaker make to achieve an intended effect

Types of Speech Acts According to Indirect Speech Act

J.L. Austin (1962)
1. Locutionary Act
- Actual act of uttering
- e.g. “Please do the dishes”
2. Illocutionary Act
- Social function of what is said
- By uttering the locution “Please
do the dishes”, the speaker
requests the addressee to wash
the dishes
3. Perlocutionary Act
- Resulting act of what is said
- Effect is based on the particular
context in which the speech act
was mentioned
“Please do the dishes” would lead
to the addressee washing the
dishes
- Occur when there is no direct
connection between the form of the
utterance & the intended meaning
- Ex. “Could you pass the rice?”
- Inferred speech act: Do you
have the ability to hand over the
rice?
- Indirect speech act: Please
pass the rice.
Performatives
- Statements which enable the
speaker to perform something just
by stating it
- Said by the right person under right
circumstances results in a change
of the world
- Ex. “I now pronounce you husband &
wife”

Classifications of Illocutionary Acts

1. Assertive 4. Expressive
- Speaker expresses belief about - Speaker expresses their feelings
the truth of a proposition or emotional reactions
- e.g. Boasting, concluding, - e.g. Thanking, apologizing,
asserting deploring, welcoming
2. Directive 5. Declaration
- Speaker tries to make the - Brings change in the external
addressee perform an action situation
- e.g. Asking, ordering, requesting, - e.g. Blessing, firing, baptizing,
inviting, advising bidding, excommunicating
3. Commissive
- Commits the speaker to doing
something in the future
- e.g. Promising, planning, vowing,
betting

Communicative Strategy & Speech

COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGY Why Use Communicative Strategy?
- Systematic technique employed by 1. Avoidance of communication
speakers to express their meaning breakdown
when faced with a language 2. Achievement of speech purpose
problem or difficulty 3. Enrichment of communication
experience
Types of Communication Strategies
1. Nomination
- Presenting a topic clearly,
truthfully, saying only what is
relevant
2. Restriction
- Limitation you may have as a
speaker or constraining the
response or reaction within a set
of categories
3. Turn-taking
- Process by which people decide
who takes the conversational
floor
- Recognizing when & how to
speak because it is one’s turn
4. Topic Control
- Keeping the interaction going
by asking questions & eliciting a
response
SPEECH
- Informal or formal talk given to an audience
- Giving a speech allows you to address a group of people to express your thoughts &
oftentimes your opinion
Types of Speeches
- According to Purpose
1. Informative
- Educates an audience on a
topic
- Doesn’t use visual aids; uses
facts, data, & statistics to
help audiences grasp a
concept
- Facts & statistics help back
any claims or assertions
you make
2. Entertaining
- Amuses a crowd of people
- Less formal & shorter
- Communicate emotions
- Includes humor, funny
stories
- Often found at a birthday
party or a wedding
5. Topic Shifting
- Introducing a new topic followed
by the continuation of that topic
- Moving from one topic to another
6. Repair
- How speakers address
problems in speaking, listening,
& comprehending that they may
encounter in a conversation
- Overcoming communication
breakdown to send more
comprehensible messages
7. Termination
- Close initiating expressions that
end a topic in a conversation
- Verbal & nonverbal signals to end
the interaction
3. Demonstrative
- Educates an audience about
a topic or idea they don’t have
knowledge of
- Often includes visual aids to
help better demonstrate or
describe in greater detail
- Demonstrates how to do
something
4. Debate
- Follows a certain set of rules
& takes place during a
debate event
- All sides have an equal
amount of time to speak on
behalf of their opinion/view
- According to Purpose (cont’d)
5. Motivational 6. Eulogy
- Inspires an audience & give - “Funeral speech”
attendees the confidence to - Honors a recently passed
do something better or individual in front of an
improve themselves audience attending a funeral
- Serves to lift the audience’s service
spirits & improve their self- - Given by a minister or by
esteem someone close to the
- Moves a person or audience deceased
toward achieving a particular - Speaker finds the right words
goal to not only honor with a
heartfelt speech but also
- According to Context praise for what they achieved
1. Extemporaneous – well- when they were alive
prepared speech that relies on 7. Persuasive
research, clear organization, & - Convinces the audience that
practiced delivery, but is neither the speaker has the right
read nor memorized opinion on a topic
2. Impromptu – something that is - Can cover any topic from
done on the spot entertainment to politics
3. Oratorical – typically more
formal than other types of
speeches
4. Manuscript – speaker maintains their attention on the printed page except when
using visual aids
5. Memorized – speaker commits an entire speech to memory; also harms relation
with the audience because they are more focused on remembering the text of the
speech rather than communicating with the audience