COMMUNICATION TYPES OF COMMUNICATION

● It is multifaceted concept Based on the means of delivering the

● It is considered to be more on a message
form of an art rather than - Verbal and Non-Verbal
science - Audio
● It is the process of verbal and - Visual
non-verbal exchange of - Audio-visual
messages to arrive at Advantages of ORAL Disadvantages of ORAL
understanding and/or Communication Communication

misunderstanding. Time-saving device. Can cause misunderstanding

● Starts the moment we are born.
Instant feedback Requires attentiveness and
● comes from the word great receptivity
communism which means Transparent Informal and less authentic
common.
Advantages of WRITTEN Disadvantages of
THE FACETS OF COMMUNICATION Communication WRITTEN Communication

Tangible and verifiable Lacks instant feedback and

Communication is a human activity record. clarification.

- Only humans can create meaning Can be stored for an Needs materials to get the
out of the sounds we make. indefinite period of time message across.

- We communicate and know that Permanent and objective Tedious and

we communicate. time-consuming

Communication is a complex process Based on the purpose of

- There are many concepts that we communication
need to take note of to get our - Formal
message across effectively and Formal Setting
clearly. - Informal
Communication is more than the Casual, daily interaction, gossip
words we say - Therapeutic
- The words that we say are less Therapy, patients, emotional and mental
important than our actions and health
gestures Based on the level of communication
Communication is a continuous - Intrapersonal
process Talking to yourself
- As human beings, we cannot - Interpersonal
communicate. Exchange of ideas to 2 or more people
- We continuously communicate - Small group
without being perturbed or Conference or meetings
anxious. - Public
Large group requires skills
- Organization
To establish organizational goals
Based on the pattern of Decoder/ Receiver
communication - To receive, decode, and interpret
- One way the message sent by the
Audience w/o feedback sender/source of the message.
- Two way Feedback
Both communicator and audience - The most essential element of the
- One-to-one communication
- One-to-many Positive Feedback
- Many-to-one - The source that everything is
going in the desired way
ELEMENTS OF THE COMMUNICATION Negative Feedback
PROCESS - The source that the intended
effect of the message was not
Encoder/Sender realized.
- The source of the message that is Barriers
generated - The impediments that affect the
Message communication process
- Refers to the content of 3 GENERAL MODELS OF
communication and may contain COMMUNICATION
verbal, nonverbal, and/or Model
symbolic language - Discussing the different
Encoding representations of communication
- The process of converting the in terms of the elements present.
message into words, actions, and Self-Action/ Linear
other forms that the speaker - focused on getting the message
understands. to the receiver.
The Channels - Message-centered
- Medium through which a - One-way communication
message is sent or received Aristotle’s Communication Model
Visual Channel (content-centered)
(Facial Expression, Body Language, etc.) - simplest form
Auditory Channel - used for public speaking alone
(Spoken words, sounds, telephone, etc.) - Aristotle's end goal is audience
Tactile Channel persuasion (philosophical) which
(Touch sensation & Therapeutic touch) is usually done in the agora
Combined Channel (marketplace).
(Audiovisual media, Consoling by touch - Good Orator must poses:
and words) Content
Decoding Manner of Delivery Paralanguage
- The process wherein the receiver Pathos (Emotion)
interprets the encoded message Logos (Reason)
to understand the meaning of the Ethos (Credibility)
message. Sound and Valid Arguments
 Laswell’s Communication Model - Pays attention to one’s own field
- By Harold Laswell. of experience
- It is medium-centered.
- It is focused on the channels used Advantages of Interactive Disadvantages of the
Model Interactive Model
in communication.
Shannon-Weaver Communication Dynamic model that shows Feedback is not always given
movement in the and/or clear
Model communication process
- By Claude Shannon and Warren
No separation between the May be more effective in
Weaver. sender and receiver face-to-face encounter

- Mother of all communication Feedback is central in this The barriers to

models. model and pinpointed the communication are
cause of misunderstanding recognized, they are not
- Designed to mirror the addressed.
functioning of radio/telephone.
- sender and receiver-centered. Transactional
- introduced the concept on noise - Concerned with barriers that
Berlo’s SMCR Communication Model might affect communication.
- By David Berlo - Effective communication
- Expanded Shannon-Weaver’s - Best representation of
model into clear partsputting communication.
categories in each of the - They are now called
communication elements communicators.
- SMCR stands for Source, - Communication is simultaneous.
Message, Channel, and Receiver - Feedback is taken as a new
- Encoding and decoding centered. message

Advantages of LINEAR Disadvantages of LINEAR TENETS OF COMMUNICATION

models models

Good at audience persuasion/ Message sent is more important Communication is purposive

propaganda setting than the feedback
- We communicate for a purpose
Mass communication More effective in groups
Communication is dynamic
International result Receiver is seen as passive - Communication is never in a
stand still. In fact, it is in constant
Interactive movement
- Recognizes the role of the - Meanings change with the
receiver as a communicator changes in history
through a feedback Communication is unrepeatable and
- Feedback-centered irreversible
- Two-way communication. - Communication cannot be
repeated.
Schramm’s Communication Model - What was said already cannot be
- By Wilbur Schramm unsaid.
- Communication as circular
Communication is contextualized
- Communication should always
heed the context
- Communication is contextual
insofar as its meaning depends
on the situation it finds itself
immersed in.
Communication is continuous and
everywhere
- Communication does not stop
- As long as we are alive and
breathing, we cannot not
communicate
Communication is symbolic
- The symbols that we create are
meaningless when they do not
represent something in reality.
Communication is learned
- we learn communication by
studying under experts in the
field (formal)
- we learn communication through
socialization, experience, etc.
(informal)
Communication is a sharing of
meanings
- We communicate with others and
share meanings though verbal
and nonverbal means
Communication has content and is
relational
- We communicate because we
have a message to relay
VERBAL AND NONVERBAL
COMMUNICATION
“Verbal communication involves concepts
such as code and phonemes that create words
and symbols”
“Nonverbal communication involves the use
of wordless cues that can either change,
emphasize, and/or replace the verbal
message.”
VERBAL COMMUNICATION
- It involves speaking and writing
- Refers to the use of sounds and
words to relay a message.
Be Clear
- clarity is crucial
- pronounce words properly
andfollow grammar conventions
Avoid HighfalutinWords
- KISS(Keep it Short and Simple)
Consider the Context
- must be sensitive to people’s
background.
Mutual Respect and Trust
- must avoid stereotypes and
generalizations
- try our best to communicate
without offending anyone.
Basic Concepts in Verbal Communication
Code
- systematic arrangement of letters,
figures, symbols, and words
Phoneme
- meaning-distinguishing sound in a
language
Word
- verbal symbol that is formed by the
combination of the letters of the
alphabet.
- Words are symbolic.
The words that we utter have
meaning
- Words are arbitrary.
The people who have the same
understanding or having the same context.
- Words can be ambiguous.
Meanings are not fixed but
contextual
Syntax
- The meaningful arrangement of
words and phrases to form
sentences or paragraphs
Denotation Posture/Gesture
- Dictionary definition; No emotions - Head, hand, and body
or feelings are associated with the Haptics
word.
- Touch
Connotation
Factors:
- Word’s emotional meaning and
connote specific emotions; Words
- Where was it
can be positive and negative. touched(voluntary/involuntary)
Slang - Length of time
- Not a part of standard vocabulary - Movement after the touch
Jargon - Mood while touching
- Special set of vocabulary used by a - Relations
particular profession Paralanguage
- Tone, pitch, rate of speaking
Non-Verbal Communication Artifacts
“ Wordless messages, we communicate even - The things we own, use, and
in the absence of sounds.”
wear, can convey messages about
“Verbal and nonverbal communication are
ud
interconnected”
- Our preference, taste, resources
or lack thereof
How does Non-verbal Communication
- Appearances indicate our
work?
profession, interest and taste;
- Complement/Oppose Verbal
point out our religious and
messages
cultural value.
- Accentuate/Noticeable what we
Proxemics
are saying
- “Space” or “distance”
- Largely unconscious and
- The distance between/among
culturally-determined
people who communicate shows
- Sustains attention
relationships and implies
Forms of Non-Verbal Communication
meaning.
Kinesics (Eyes)
- Personal space (bubble) that we
Movements(Oculesics)
place between us and others.
- Most effective way to get our
■ Feel troubled
message across
■ Aggressive
- Can establish relationships
■ Defensive
- Too much - can be intimidating,
■ Retaliate/ Attack
rude, etc
Chronemics
- Too little - no sign of respect, not
- “Time”
interested, etc.
- Being Punctual/Late can conveys
Facial expression
message
- Face is index of mind
Colors
- Facial expressions conveys
- Colors conveys different meaning
messages

Public Speaking
- Daunting task
- In communication
parlance/language, we call it
communication apprehension
pertains to stage fright.
- Stage fright- layman’s term it is
speaking in front of people
- Glossophobia (fear of public
speaking).
3P’s to conquer stage fright
Prepare
- Decide on interesting topic
- Determine audience and purpose
- Know the time and place
- Focus and organize ideas
- Find materials for the speech
- Draft your speech
Practice
- Practice to master the craft;
diction, pronunciation, body
movement, and tone of voice.
- Visualize yourself
Presence
- Enjoy the moment
- Never apologized
- Control and exercise your
breathings
Do not do the following:
● Read directly from the notes and
the screen
● Turn back on audience Slouch,
hands in pockets
● No um, ah, you know, so
● Nervous gestures
● Talk too fast
● Talk too soft
Barriers to communication
Barriers
- something non-physical that
keeps people apart or prevents
activity and restricts movement.
What are barriers to communication?
- Negative forces that affect the
effectiveness of communication
by acting upon any or all of the
basic elements of the
communication process.
Classification of barriers
Physiological Barriers (body/ senses)
- Poor retention due to memory
problem
- Lack of attention
- Discomfort due to illness
- Hearing problems
- Poor listening skills
- Information overload
- Sexual physiological differences
- Lack of preparation
PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIERS (Brain)
- Emotional disturbances
- Psychotic or neurotic illness
- Negative perception of self and
other emotional problems
PHYSICAL/ENVIRONMENTAL
BARRIERS (Surroundings)
- Loud background noise
- Poor lighting
- Uncomfortable setting
- Unhygienic surrounding & bad
odor
- Very hot or cold room
- Distance
SEMANTIC and LANGUAGE BARRIERS
 - Problem in language proficiency
skill
- Faulty language translation
- Language problem
- Denotation ;Connotation ;Jargons
;Slang
- Fluency in speaking
CROSS-CULTURAL and SOCIAL
BARRIERS
- Social taboos
- Difference in social strata
- Ethnic, cultural, and religious
differences
- Lack of sensitivity to the
receivers’ background
Functions of Communication
1. Control
- Discipline is communicated
through communication.It
establishes protocols, policies,
and laws.
2. Social Interaction
- We are social beings. As such, we
cannot live alone. Our ancestors
have created communication to
survive their cruel world.
3. Motivation
- Communication motivates or
encourages people to live better
lives.
4. Emotional Expression
- Communication facilitates
people’s expression of their
feelings and emotions.
5. Information Dissemination
- Communication functions to
convey information and
disseminate knowledge
6. Therapeutic/ Non-therapeutic
- Communication helps people feel
good/bad about themselves.
7. Persuasion
- Communication influences
people to take a stand and
accept/disapprove arguments. It
allows people to express their
beliefs on certain matters and
gives them opportunities to
convince others through rational
and sometimes emotional
persuasion.
Communicative Competence
- A good communicator is a good
listener.
- Listening is an important part of
communication insofar, as we
spend most of our time listening.
- Listening becomes crucial in our
journey to become effective
communicators.
The Communication Situation
● Listening vs Hearing
○ Listening is an active skill
of selecting and
interpreting information.
○ Hearing is a passive skill
and refers to the sounds
that we hear whether we
like it or not, but listening
is consciously paying
attention to what we have
heard.
● Listening Process
○ Recognition
○ Contextualization
○ Feedback/No Feedback
Speech
- Essential part of our humanity
- It is crucial in our search of
meaning and authenticity.
- Mirror of the Society
 - Old as history itself of communication.Certain
rules should be followed
to ensure that the
Types of Speech Context message will get across.

Intrapersonal Communication- The ● Mass Communication

sender is also both sender and receiver
● Internal Discourse
○ Silently talking to
ourselves
○ Single person
● Solo Vocal Communication
○ Talking out loud
○ Rehearsing, clarifying
thoughts, when you
admire, and letting your
steam off
○ takes place with an
audience and usually
through a channel
liketelevision, radio,
newspapers, magazines,
books, billboards,
internet, and other types
of media which usually
involves a channel. The
goal is to reach out to as
many people as possible.

Interpersonal communication- This What is a type of speech style?

communication is used in our daily ● Way people appear in
lives. Involves other person communication
● Dyadic Communication ● Our idiolect (speech style) will
○ Happens between two tend to sound like others who
people. Dialogues and pair have similar education and
conversations are socio-economic status as us.
examples of it.
● Small Group
○ Involves at least three,but
not more than twelve
people interacting
● Interpersonal Communication
○ Psychological Context
○ Relational Context
○ Situational Context
○ Environmental Context
○ Cultural Context

Public Communication- both a

frightening and a rewarding experience
● Public Speaking
○ speech in front of an
audience. It usually
follows. Aristotle’s model
TYPES OF SPEECH STYLE
● Frozen
○ Considered a fixed
speech.
○ This is the most formal
communicative style
used in respectful
situations or formal
ceremony.
○ It is usually one-way and
follows a commonly
accepted format.
○ It is highly impersonal.
● Formal
○ Uses formal words and
expressions.
○ More often seen in
writing than speaking.
○ It does not allow
contraction.
● Consultative
○ Formal and societal
expectations accompany
the users of this speech.
○ It is considered a
professional discourse.
○ Usage is more appropriate
for speaking than
writing.
○ It uses listener
participation and constant
feedback.
● Casual
○ language used by peers
and friends who share
the same background and
information; Group
Language
● Intimate
○ Communication between
and among close family
members and intimate
people in one’s life.
○ Terms of endearment are
often used here; hence,
private.
SPEECH ACT
● John Langshaw Austin (1953)
argues that the act of speech
undergoes through three
different categories.
● These are the locutionary,
illocutionary, and
perlocutionary acts.
TYPES OF SPEECH ACT
● Locutionary Act
○ This refers to the act of
saying.
○ It involves phonetics,
syntax, and semantics.
● Illocutionary Act
- This refers to utterances which
have a certain force.
- It talks about performing a
certain type of action.
- It shows the intention of the
speaker.
RogerSearle’s(1976)Classification of the
Illocutionary Act:
Assertive.
- This is a type of illocutionary act
in which the speaker stands firm
for what
- he/she believes is the truth.
- For instance, swearing, boasting,
proposing, and concluding are
some

Directive
- This is a type of illocutionary act
that directs the addressee to act
towards
- the intended goal or behavior.
- Requesting, commanding,
inviting, counseling, and pleading
are some
Commissive
- This is a type of illocutionary act
in which the speaker commits
- himself/herself to doing actions
in the future.
- Making promises, planning,
declaring, pledging, and
wagering are some
Expressive
- This is a type of illocutionary act
in which the speaker expresses
how she feels.
- Expressions of gratitude, asking
for forgiveness, welcoming,
imploring, and
- deploring are some examples of
expressive acts.
Declarative
- The speaker is commanding
someone to close the door.
- This is a type of illocutionary act
that has direct effect on the
addressee for
- It changes his/her external
situation. This act brings overt
transformation in one’s life.
- When someone gets fired from a
job or excommunicated from
his/her
- Church, there are certain external
changes that happen after the
speech act.
Perlocutionary Act
● This refers to what our utterance
creates; the intended effect of
the message. What we bring
about or achieve by saying
something.
What is Communication Strategy?
● systematic technique employed
by speakers to express meaning
throughout the communication
process.
● Communication is complex and
there may be barriers along the
way.
● Communication strategies are
used to cope up with these
unexpected problems.
7 Communication Strategy
● Nomination
○ Opening up a new topic of
conversation, when the
old topic had concluded.
● Restriction
○ There are limitations and
boundaries, we need to
adhere; words and
gestures are carefully
chosen.Not paying
attention to these
restrictions may cause
more harm than good.
● Turn-taking
- Formal conversation, one needs
to ask permission before
speaking. If it is informal, one
can just prudently jump in and
start talking.
- Shown by asking a question or
telling the other person that
he/she can speak already.
- Speakers must be able to - Not all conversations have clear
communicate without ends, not receiving feedback, for
perturb/worry. However, not all instance, is already a form of
should speak at the same time. termination.
Hence, turn-taking maintains order
while safeguarding each speaker’s
TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO
right to be heard.
PURPOSE
● Topic Control
● Informative
○ Shows us how to keep the
○ presents information in
conversation going by
ways that will help
eliciting responses, posing
listeners understand and
questions, and adding
remember what they are
relevant ideas on the topic
hearing.
at hand until its smooth
○ It is expository in
end.
nature.
○ avoid opening up a new
○ It is content-centered
topic without first
and best presented with
concluding the on-going
an aid.
discussion.
■ CATEGORIES
● Topic Shifting
- Objects- tangible and
○ strategy, involves the
recognizable
introduction of a new
- Events- happened, happening,
topic following the
will happen
conclusion of the old one.
- Concepts- ideas, philosophies,
○ we can use transition
arguments
words like Furthermore,’
● Demonstrative
‘aside from that’
○ To do or perform
● Repair
○ Sequence of events
○ How interlocutors try to
telling us step-by-step
overcome barriers to
procedures
communication present.
○ people’s desire for
effective communication
● Entertaining
by addressing the
○ Pleasure and enjoyment
negative elements that
○ Anecdotes, Jokes, and
affect the communication
Humor
process.
● Persuasive
● Termination
- Challenges an audience’s
○ A communication strategy,
refers to the utilization of beliefs and/or tries to move
verbal messages and those in attendance to consider
nonverbal signals to end opposing arguments and/or
the interaction. change their existing
viewpoints.
TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO
DELIVERY
● Impromptu
○ Little or no preparation; KINDS OF PRESENTATION AID
speak is instant
● Reading from Manuscript ● Visual
○ Written piece read by the ○ Powerpoint, Slides,
speaker Models, Pictures,
○ Can be boring sometimes Graphs, etc
as the speaker can just ● Audio
read from the fixed speech ○ Background music, tape,
with no chance to interact radio, etc
with the audience. ● Audio-Visual
● Memorized ○ Movies, and Videos
○ Sounds mechanical and is
seldom used or IMPORTANCE OF VISUAL AID
recommended. ● Enhance the message
○ Also sounds "canned" and ● Aiding retention clarifies
lacking in spontaneity. ideas/details
○ Some speakers are ● More information
extremely skillful at
memorizing.
● Extemporaneous
○ You are literally making
up the words of your
speech as you go.
○ Allows the speaker to
prepare his/her thoughts
and mode of delivery.

PRESENTATION AID
● Refers to any object that our
audience can listen to/look at to
help them understand our ideas.
● Helps the audience understand
what the speaker is trying to say.