Oral Comm

communication
Communication is a process of sharing or
conveying messages or information from one
person to another within and across channels,
contexts, media, and
culture. (McCornack, 2014).
Nature Of Communication
- communication is a process
- communication occurs between two people
or among people
- communication may be expressed through
oral or spoken words, actions (nonverbal),
or both at the same time
Receiver
- the recipient of the message, or someone who
decodes the message
- attentive
- free of judgements and bias
- asks questions or clarify
- provides feedback
Feedback
- the reactions, responses, or information
provided by the receiver
- question, answer, or reaction
- indicates comprehension of the message

Communication

Verbal Non-Verbal

Elements of Communication
Speaker/Source
Functions of a Communication
- the source of information or message
- knowledgeable/well-informed Control/Regulation
- good communication skills - People communicate to manage the behavior of
- knows his/her audience others.

Message Social Interaction

- the information, ideas, or thoughts conveyed - People communicate to connect with each other.
by the speaker in words or in actions Motivation
- verbal or non-verbal - People communicate to encourage others to
become better
Channel
- the medium or the means, such as personal or Information
non-personal, verbal or nonverbal, in which the - People communicate to share and gain
encoded message is conveyed information.
- medium
Emotional Expression
- five senses - People communicate to express how they feel
- voice
- technology
Models of communication
Aristotle’s Model
- Aristotle’s Model of Communication is the first
model of communication and is considered very
simple and straightforward. It is shown in a
diagram form and in current times is used while
preparing speeches, lectures, and seminars.
Aristotle’s model of communication is mainly a
speaker centered model where the speaker and
speech are very important. It is broadly divided
into 5 primary elements Speaker, Speech, Occasion,
Audience, and Effect.
Shannon-Weaver Model
- Known as the mother of all communication
models, the Shannon-Weaver model (1949) depicts
communication as a linear or one-way process
consisting of five elements: a source (producer of
message); a transmitter (encoder of message into
signals); a channel (signals adapted for
transmission); a receiver (decoder of message from
the signal); and a destination. This model, however,
has been criticized for missing one essential
element in the communication process: feedback.
Without feedback, the speaker will not know
whether the receiver understands the message or
not.
Osgood-Schramm’s Model
- Osgood-Schramm’s model of communication
is known as a circular model because it
indicates that messages can go in two
directions. Hence, once a person decodes a
message, then they can encode it and send a
message back to the sender. They could
continue encoding and decoding into a
continuous cycle.
Berlo’s SMCR Model
- David K. Berlo (1960) created the SMCR
model of communication. SMCR stands for
sender, message, channel, receiver. Berlo’s
model describes different components of the
communication process. He argued that there
are three main parts of all communication,
which is the speaker, the subject, and the
listener. He maintained that the listener
determines the meaning of any message.
Barriers of communication
Communication Breakdowns Examples of these include:
- is a lack or failure in communication resulting .
from the barriers that interrupt the process of Homophones (similar sounding words)
exchanging messages between or among people. pail/ pale
Homographs (words that have multiple
Phyiscal Barrier pronunciation) lead (to direct) / lead (an
- these are barriers to communication that are element)
distractive to our senses, maybe our sense of Homonyms (words that have multiple meaning)
sight, hearing or others close/ close
Denotation (literal) and Connotation
Examples: (figurative)
Cheap (inexpensive/ cheap (substandard)
Faulty Organizational Structure
Large working area On the same note, LANGUAGE BARRIERS also impact
Closed office doors the delivery of the message. Some of its common
Separate areas for people of different factors are:
status
-It forbids team member from effective language difference (a Chinese-national
interaction with each other. speaking in Mandarin to an indigenous
Filipino);
Noise no clarity in speech (hoarse voiced student
Physical noise (outside disturbance) delivering his valedictory speech);
Psychological (noise (inattentiveness) using jargons (a lawyer mentioning legal terms
Written noise (bad handwriting/typing) to a medical practitioner);
Visual noise (late arrival of employees) not being specific (using vague or high-
sounding words to impress people and being
Time and Distance too wordy).
Improper Time
Defects in Medium of communication
Network Facilities SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIERS
Mechanical Breakdowns PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIER can be described as the
cause of distorted communication because of
Information Overload human psychology problems.
Piling up of tasks due to improper time
management. This barrier is mainly caused by:
Excess number of people assigned for same Attitude and opinions
task Work overload/Information duplication. Emotions
Filtering and distortion of message
Status difference .
In attention
Semantic and Language Barriers Closed mindedness
Semantic and Language Barriers Fields of experience
SEMANTICS is defined as the study of meaning,
SEMANTICS
signs and symbolsis defined
used foras communication. And, Aside from these, others include:
the study of meaning,
anysigns and symbols
alteration thereinused forcause
could communication. And,
blockage to
theany
flow.alteration therein could cause blockage to Group identification Self-image
the flow. Premature evaluation
Distrust
Poor retention
Speech context
CROSS-CULTURAL BARRIERS Interpersonal Communication
You were taught in your Araling Panlipunan - Communication between two people or among
discussion that CULTURE is one country's a group.
attributions, norms, orientation. Each and every
country's culture is unique and at times, a slight DYAD COMMUNICATION
difference could lead to misunderstanding:
• You offered feedback on the speech
Listed herein are the different cross-cultural performance of your classmate.
barriers, namely: language, values, social
relation, concept of time, concept of space and SMALL GROUP COMMUNICATION
gestures.
• You are participating in an organizational
meeting which aims to address the concerns of
your fellow students.
ORGANIZATIONAL BARRIERS
• You are having a discussion with your group
Sooner or later, you will be part of your dream mates on how to finish the assigned tasks.
company. And most jobs require not ust your
hard skills but also soft skills like communication.
And so, in order for you the stand out from the Public Communication
rest, take note of these common existing barriers
that exist within an organization, so to avoid - It is the process or act of performing a speech
them: to a live audience. It is usually done before a
large audience, like in school, the workplace and
Loss or distortion of messages as they pass even in our personal lives.
from one level to another
Filtering of information according to one's a. You deliver a graduation speech to your
understanding/interpretation Messages not batch.
read completely or not understood correctly b. You participate in a declamation, oratorical,
Deliberate withholding of information from or debate contest watched by a large group of
peers perceived as rivals people.
Information gap if upper level does not
know the true state of affairs Mass Communication
Lack of communication policy
- Mass communication is the process of
Authoritarian attitude of management
Poorly defined authority and responsibility imparting and exchanging information through
Too many levels in organization structure mass media to large segments of the population.
Insufficient communication training
a. Broadcast media transmit information
electronically via media such as films, radio,
recorded music, or television.
Intrapersonal Communication
b. Digital media comprises both internet and
- This is communication with oneself. mobile mass communication.
- You felt happy while thinking about how your
teacher appreciated you for submitting your c. Social media are interactive computer-
project before due date and you reflected on mediated technologies that facilitate the
why this was so. creation or sharing of information, ideas, career
interests and other forms of expression via
virtual communities and networks.
Features of an effective
communication
Features of an Effective Communication 6. Clearness
Clearness in communication implies the use
In their pioneer book Effective Public Relations, of simple and specific words to express
Professors Broom, Cutlip, and Center (2012) list
the 7 Cs of Effective Communication. This list is ideas. It is also achieved when the speaker
widely used today, especially in public relations focuses only on a single objective in his/her
and advertising. speech so as not to confuse the audience.

1. Completeness 7. Correctness
Complete communication is essential to the Correctness in grammar eliminates negative
quality of the communication process in
general. Hence, communication should impact on the audience and increases the
include everything that the receiver needs credibility and effectiveness of the
to hear for him/ her to respond, react, or message.
evaluate properly.
2. Conciseness
Conciseness does not mean keeping the
message short, but making it direct or
straight to the point. Insignificant or
redundant information should be eliminated
from the communication that will be sent to
the recipient.

3. Consideration
To be effective, the speaker should always
consider relevant information about his/her
receiver such as mood, background, race,
preference, education, status, and needs,
among others. By doing so, he/she can
easily build rapport with the audience.
4. Concreteness
Effective communication happens when the
message is concrete and supported by
facts, figures, and real-life examples and
situations. In this case, the receiver is more
connected to the message conveyed.
5. Courtesy
The speaker shows courtesy in
communication by respecting the culture,
values, and beliefs of his/her receivers.
Being courteous at all times creates a
positive impact on the audience.