Together with the creation of human life is
the creation of a wonderful dynamic human
capacity
---- LANGUAGE
WHAT IS LANGUAGE?
-the system of words or signs that people use
to express thoughts and feelings to each
other. (learnersdictionary.com)
- the words, their pronunciation, and the
methods of combining them used and
understood by a community (Merriam
Webster)
WHAT EXACTLY IS LANGUAGE?
Linguists agree that language can only be
called a language if it has the following:
a. System of Rules (grammar);
b. Sound System (Phonology); and
c. Vocabulary (Lexicon).
Example:
A monkey may be able to signal to its partner
that it is sharing food. The monkey will
produce sounds and gestures, but will not be
able to organize the sounds into a
meaningful system with rules. What the
monkey is producing is not a language in the
strictest sense of the word. Human beings,
on the other hand, are able to communicate
their desire to share food through several
ways that are understandable to other
human beings.
When people use language, they can
understand each other because they belong
to the same speech community. They can
understand each other because in their
speech community, people share the same
set of rules in the language system.
Language Acquisition is a process where
people acquire languages used by those in
the community. These languages are referred
as Mother Tongues or first languages.
Second languages on the other hand are
lamguages needed for various reasons.
People learn these languages by studying
formally in school or informally on their own.
This is the process of language learning.
What happens if people visit another speech
community that is different from their own?
Americans and British speak English
However, they spell English words
differently. They pronounce words
differently. They have different ways of
expressing the same concepts. It can be said
that the Americans and the British belong to
two speech communities which do not have
exactly the same set of rules for their
languages. This is why there are differences
in their languages.
Language contact - occurs when speakers of
two or more languages or varieties interact
and influence each other.
- The result of such contact may be a
new form of language. It is possible that in
your attempt to communicate with each
other, you and your Chinese friend will
produce a new language form that is
understandable to both of you. Your own
languages may also change as you constantly
interact and communicate with each other.
Thus, language change is the result of
language contact. Language is indeed a
complex human capacity. It is, therefore,
important to be aware of its features and
behavior to be able to use language more
effectively and productively in
communicating with others.
 WEEK-2
>What is Communication?
>Depending on what is being considered,
communication as a term takes on different
contexts resulting in people having different
views on communication types.
generally defined as the exchange of
thoughts, ideas, concepts, and views
between or among two or more people,
various contexts come into play.
-Context is the circumstance or
environment in which communication takes
place. Circumstance may include physical or
actual setting.
-Physical or Actual setting the value
positions of a speaker/listener, and the
relevance or appropriateness of a message
conveyed. It focuses on certain
communication processes and even
groupings of people that constitute a
communication situation.
Each communication type is governed by a
particular circumstance. Thus, it is essential
to pay attention to the interplay of factors
surrounding the context of communication
which may be physical, cultural, social, and
psychological in nature. Communication may
then be classified according to:
(1) communication mode;
(2) context; and
(3) purpose and style.
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING
TO MODE
- A message may be conveyed via these
types: verbal - non-verbal and visual.
VERBAL NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
In order to have an effective communication,
these two must be blended.
For instance, door to-door salespersons who
demonstrate product knowledge can only be
effective if they know how to properly
punctuate what they say with proper
gestures and facial expressions. Their
communication with the customer begins
upon greeting him/her with a welcoming
smile then assessing customer needs and
answering customer queries enhanced by
gestures and a friendly, happy, and pleasant
disposition. It is only through this mode that
salespeople with excellent communication
skills are able to provide the best information
needed, thereby convincing the client to
patronize their products.
VISUAL COMMUNICATION
- Is a type of Communication that uses
visuals to convey information and/or
messages. Some examples are signs,
symbols, imagery, maps, graphs charts,
diagrams, pictograms, photos, drawings or
illustrations, and even various forms of
electronic communication.
Some examples of electronic communication
symbols or images are the emojis, emoticons,
and animation among others to convey the
writer's emotions or clarify the intent of the
message sender. These are achieved through
digital mode or text.
- But there are some instances when visual
communication is classified under non-verbal
communication. Whatever the classification
is, note that this type has now become
pervasive in communication. It is then
important that the receiver of the message is
able to decode the meaning correctly by the
contextualizing the information received.
- What makes visual communication even
more advantageous is that it makes use of
technology that provides apps (applications),
videos, and images that rely less on the
printed word making presentations more
interesting. This leaves a powerful effect on
the audience and prospective clients.
Speakers/presenters should, however, be
mindful of the content of their presentation
since wrong and irrelevant information may
lead to miscommunication or communication
breakdown, thereby defeating the very
purpose for the use of use visuals. Likewise,
they should pay attention to graphic
elements, such as position, color, size, shape,
and orientation as all these play an important
role in the preparation of slides. Audience
size should be considered as well when
preparing slide presentations or other forms
of visuals.
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING TO
CONTEXT
INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
 The Latin prefix intra- means within or
inside
 talking to oneself
 Some label it as self or inner talk, inner
monologue, or inner dialogue.
 Psychologists call it with other names
such as self-verbalization or self-
statement
INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
 Latin prefix inter- means between among
and together
 conversations that happen between or
among the interact ants
 This may occur in dyads or small groups,
also known as group communication
EXTENDED COMMUNICATION
 the use of electronic media
 include tele, audio, or phone
conferencing; video-conferencing; Skype
calls; and other technological means
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING
TO CONTEXT
ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION
 the focus is on the role that
communication plays in organizational
contexts
 Organizations comprise individuals who
work for the company
 There are two types of organizational
structure:
A. Formal structure allows communication to
take place via designated channels of
message flow between positions in the
organization
This may make use of four approaches:
1. downward communication - the type that
flows from upper to lower positions, i.e.,
president to a manager or supervisor, a
manager to an ordinary staff.
2. upward communication -is bottom-up in
which in which subordinates send
communication to their superiors/bosses
bearing their views/feedback on
organizational policies, issues related to their
jobs, and the like.
3. horizontal communication -is lateral in
approach as it takes place among people
belonging to the same level but coming from
different departments or units to facilitate
performance of tasks through proper
coordination
4. crosswise communication - is diagonal in
nature as employees from difterent units or
departments working at various levels
communicate with each other.
B. Informal communication Informal Communication
 comes from unofficial channels of  certainly does not employ formal
message flow language
 Also known as 'grapevine, messages  It involves personal and ordinary
coming from the different levels of the conversations with friends, family
organization are transmitted members, or acquaintances about
 This occurs due to the dissatisfaction of anything under the sun
some employees accompanied by  The mode may be oral as in face-to-face,
uncertainty, such as superiors playing ordinary or everyday talks and phone
favorites and unfavorable or calls, or written as in the case of e-mail
unacceptable company rules and messages, personal notes, letters, or text
regulations messages
organizational culture  The purpose is simply to socialize and
 culture based on its history and enhance relationships.
development, an organization develops  
its own core values, vision and mission
statements, goals, and objectives
 is of utmost significance since it will
dictate the kind of behavior that
employees should possess as well as the
extent of commitment expected from
them by the organization
 They all share in the values, practices,
vision, and mission of the organization

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING

TO CONTEXT
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
 it is communication between or among
people having different linguistic,
religious, ethnic, social, and professional
backgrounds.

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING

TO PURPOSE AND STYLE
Formal Communication
 employs formal language delivered orally
or in written form
 Lectures, public talks/speeches, research
and project proposals, reports, and
business letters, among others are all
considered formal situations and
writings
Why is it important that you know the
communication models?
-You will realize their importance because
they will help you understand how a
communication process works. It is only by
knowing the flow of communication that you
will be able to make the communication
process effective.
-A model is often abstract. It is a
representation of a real world phenomenon
applied to different forms. The interplay of
variables in the model is represented
graphically.
Note: Even beliefs, views, and attitudes also
play an important role when talking about
audience consideration since oftentimes, the
audience bring these with them when they
decode a message in any given situation.
LASWELL'S COMMUNICATION MODEL
-In 1948, Harold Dwight Laswell described
communication as being focused on the
following Ws: Who says What in Which
channel to Whom and with What effect as
seen in the model:
Who

Communicator
There are many conceptual models for
Says
human communication but in this lesson, you WhatMessage
will be exposed to only four:
1. Aristotle's model; In which
2. Laswell's model; channeL
3. Shannon-Weaver's model; and
To whom
4. David Berlo's model of communication.
Receiver
ARISTOTLE'S COMMUNICATION MODEL With what
- Classical rhetoric dates back to ancient effect
Greece during the time of Plato, Aristotle, EFFECT
and the Greek Sophists who were the great 1. Communicator (who)
rhetoricians. Effective public speaking was an 2. Sending out the message(What
important consideration in the study of 3. Using a medium (with what channel)
communication. They were good at 4. Experiencing an effect (with what
argumentation and debate and speech was effect)afterwards.
characterized by repartee. Aristotle
emphasized that there are three variables in
the communication process: speaker,
speech, and audience as illustrated in the
communication flow.

Spea Spee Audi

ences
The speaker variable here is very important.
Without the speaker, there will be no speech
to be produced. Depending on the profile of
the audience, the speaker adjusts his/her
speech.
SHANNON-WEAVER'S COMMUNICATION
MODEL
- Claude Elwood Shannon and Warren
Weaver's model of communication was
introduced in 1949, a year after Laswell's, for
Bell Laboratories. Originally, it was
conceptualized for the functioning of the
radio and television serving as a model for
technical communication and, later on,
adopted in the field of communication.
In this model, other components such as
noise, reception, destination, and feedback
have been identified.
Other terms such as information source for
the sender, transmitter for the encoder,
decoder (reception), and receiver
(destination) were introduced.
BERLO'S COMMUNICATION MODEL
-David Berlo's model conceptualized in 1960
is probably the most well-known among the
communication models. Initially, Berlo's
model was called SMCR (Sender of the
message, sent through a channel or medium
to a receiver). However, it was modified later
on to include noise, hence the acronym
SMCRN.
The major variables involved in the
communication process are:
1.) SOURCE = the originator of the message
acts as the encoder. As such, the encoder
should practice communication skills such as
listening, speaking, reading, and writing.
His/Her attitude towards the audience or the
subject as well as his/her knowledge about
the topic on hand likewise counts along with
the social system that he/she is in which
includes values, beliefs and practices, and
culture.
2.) MESSAGE = includes (1) content; The (2)
elements such as the language used and
gestures employed; (3) treatment or the
manner by which the message is transmitted;
and (4) structure which refers to the
arrangement of parts or flow of the message.
Lastly, the code shows how the message
is sent: that is, the language (verbal code)
used and the accompanying gestures (non
verbal code) employed. Note that there
should be no mismatch between the verbal
and non-verbal codes.
3.) CHANNEL = refers to the different senses:
seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting, and
touching.
4.)RECEIVER= the one who decodes the
message. Note that the components of this
last variable are similar to those of the first
since for communication to be effective, both
the source and the receiver should have
good communication skills.
If you were to insert noise as an additional
variable for SMCR, where do you think will it
fit?

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE
COMMUNICATION
1.) Know your purpose in communicating.
Are you communicating basically to inform,
to entertain, or to persuade?
PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE ORAL
COMMUNICATION
1.) Be clear with your purpose. You should
know by heart your objective in
communicating.

2.) Know your audience. In both speaking
and writing, you should know your audience
as it will dictate the speaking or writing style
you are going to employ. Consider the age,
educational background, profession, culture,
and other salient features of your listeners or
readers.
2.) Be complete with the message you
deliver. Make sure that your claims are
supported by facts and essential information.
3.) Be concise. You do not need to be
verbose or wordy with your statements.
Brevity in speech is a must.

3.) Know your topic. You communicate
essentially because you want to share
something. In speaking situations, speakers
are invited because they have something to
share. This also applies to writing. You write
because you wish that other people learn
something from you. You may then utilize
several or multiple communication
techniques to easily catch the attention of
the audience.
4.) Be natural with your delivery. Punctuate
important words with the appropriate
gestures and movements. Exude a certain
degree of confidence even if you do not feel
confident enough.
5.) Be specific and timely with your feedback.
Inputs are most helnful when provided on
time.

4.) Adjust your speech or writing to the

context of the situation. The environment in
which your speech or writing is to be
delivered determines the kind of language
you will use.

5.) Work on the feedback given you. Once

you receive comments from the
listeners/readers, work on them. Take kindly
to criticisms. In the long run, constructive
criticisms will prove beneficial to you as you
learn to address them.
PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE WRITTEN
COMMUNICATION: THE 7CS

1. Be clear. Be clear about your message.

Always be guided by your purpose in
communicating.
2. Be concise. Always stick to the point and
do not beat or run around the bush. Be brief
by focusing on your main point.
3. Be concrete. Support your claims with
enough facts. Your readers will easily know if
you are bluffing or deceiving them because
there is nothing to substantiate your claims.
4. Be correct. It is important that you observe
grammatical correctness in your writing.
Always have time to revise and edit your
work. Even simple spelling errors may easily
distract your readers.
5. Be coherent. Your writing becomes
coherent only when you convey a logical
message. The ideas should be connected to
each other and related to the topic. Make
sure that you observe a sound structure that
will present a smooth flow of your ideas. Use
transitional or cohesive devices so that the
ideas cohere with one another.
6. Be complete. Include all necessary and
relevant information so that the audience
will not be left wanting of any information.
Always place yourself in the shoes of the
audience, who is always interested to receive
new information.
7. Be courteous. The tone of your writing
should be friendly. Avoid any
overtone/undertone or insinuation to
eliminate confusion and misinterpretation.