Communication Models and Types

LEARNING MODULES IN PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION
MODULE 1-COMMUNICATION IN THE 21ST CENTURY
This module introduces several concepts about communication beginning from the ancient
Greeks until the 21st Century. It will illuminate several perspectives about communication, being that it is
necessary and important skill that should be improved to become better citizen and to help in building
one’s society. This includes the uses of English language as it is lingua franca in the world. It provides
you with communication models, ethics in communication that you can use in the future, in your career,
and in your professional world.
Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. Identify some importance of communication for you and for the society.
2. State the principles and processes of communication as embodied in the communication models.
3. Discover how the English language spread throughout the world and appreciate the differences
between standard English, World English’s and Philippine English.
Directions:
➢ Please read and understand fully each lesson in Module 1.

➢ State your explanations briefly in your own words at least three to five sentences each.
➢ Submit your answers after you shall have finished your activities.
INTRODUCTION
Communication can be defined as the process of transmitting information and common

understanding from one person to another (Keyton, 2011). The word communication is derived from the
Latin word, ―communis”, which means common. In our everyday living, for a communication to be
effectively transmitted, elements of communication must be present and these include a.)Speaker,
b.)Message, c.) Receiver, d.)Channel, e.)Feedback, and f.) Communicative Situation.
What is Language?
Language is a wonderfully rich vehicle for communication. It is a system of conventional spoken,
manual, or written symbols by means of which human beings, as members of a social group and
participants in its culture, express themselves. The functions of language include communication, the
expression of identity, play, imaginative expression, and emotional release. It has a system of rules (also
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known as grammar), a sound system (phonology), and a vocabulary (lexicon). These are the requirements
for identifying a means of communication as a language. When people use language, they can understand
each other because they belong to the same speech community. They can understand each other because
in their speech community, people share the same set of rules in the language system. While growing up,
people acquire the languages used by those in the community. This is the process of language
acquisition. The languages acquired while growing up are known as mother tongues, which may also be
referred to as first language. People discover later on that other language are needed various reasons.
These other languages may be referred to as second language. People learn these languages by studying
formally in school or informally on their own. This is a process of language learning.
What is Communication?
Communication as a term that takes on different contexts resulting in people having different
views in communication types. Since communication is generally defined as the exchange of thoughts,
ideas, concepts and view between or among two or more people. Context is the circumstances or
environment in which communication takes place. Such circumstances may include the physical or actual
setting, the value positions of a speaker/listener, and the relevance or appropriateness of a message
conveyed. It focuses on certain communication process and even groupings of people that constitute a
communication situation. Different contexts can impact one‘s communication. Each communication type
is governed by a particular circumstance. Hence, it is essential to pay attention and interplay of factors
surrounding the context of communication which may be physical, cultural, social, and psychological in
nature.
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING TO MODE

A message may be imparted through these types; verbal-non-verbal and visual. While communication is
often thought of as verbal, the non-verbal mode is equally essential as it enhances ones’ message.
• VERBAL-NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
Effective communication calls for the blending of these two types. One cannot be separated from the
other. For example, door-to-door sales persons who demonstrate product knowledge can only be
effective if they know how to properly punctuate what they say with proper gestures and facial
expressions. Their communication with the customer begins upon greeting him/her with a welcoming
smile then assessing customer needs and answering customer queries enhanced by gestures and a
friendly, happy and pleasant disposition. It is through this mode that sales pole with excellent
communication skills are able to provide the best information needed, by that means convincing the
client to patronize their products.
• VISUAL COMMUNICATION
Visual communication, on the other hand, is the type of communication that uses visuals to convey
information and/or messages. Some examples are signs, symbol, imagery, maps, graphs, charts,
diagrams, pictograms, photos, drawings or illustrations, and even various forms of electronic
communication.
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Visual communication now occupies an important place in any work environment. For instance,
during presentations, instructors, managers, doctors, lawyers, legislators and the like use visuals to
transfer data into digestible information. Very likely, they have greater success in catching the
attention of the audience making the latter easily recall the information. What makes visual
communication even more advantages is that it makes use of communication even more advantages is
that it makes use of technology that provides apps( applications), videos and images that rely less on
the printed word making presentations more interesting. This leaves a powerful effect on the audience
and prospective clients. Speakers/presenters should be mindful of the content of their presentation
since wrong and irrelevant information may lead to miscommunication. Likewise, they should pay
attention to graphic elements, such as position, color, size, shape and orientation as all these play an
important role in the presentation of slides. Audience size should be considered as well when
preparing slide presentations or other forms of visuals.
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING TO CONTEXT

In this sub-section, context in communication is referred to as composite of people interacting with each
other. Communication may also be classified according to context: (1) intrapersonal; (2) interpersonal
INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
The Latin prefixes intra-means within or inside. Intrapersonal communication then means
talking to oneself. Some label it as self or inner talk, inner dialogue. Psychologists call it with other names
such as self-verbalization or self-statement. Intrapersonal communication can be defined also as
communication with one‘s self, and that may include self-talk, acts of imagination and visualization, and
even recall and memory (McLean, 2005). You read on your phone that your friends are going to have
dinner at your favorite restaurant. What comes to mind? Sights, sounds, and scents? Something special
that happened the last time you were there? Do you contemplate joining them? Do you start to work out a
plan of getting from your present location to the restaurant? Do you send your friends a text asking if they
want company? Until the moment when you hit the ―send‖ button, you are communicating with yourself.
Communications expert Leonard Shedletsky examined intrapersonal communication through the eight
basic components of the communication process (i.e., source, receiver, message, channel, feedback,
environment, context, and interference) as transactional, but all the interaction occurs within the
individual (Shedletsky, 1989). From planning to problem solving, internal conflict resolution, and
evaluations and judgments of self and others, we communicate with ourselves through intrapersonal
communication. All this interaction takes place in the mind without externalization, and all of it relies on
previous interaction with the external world.
INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
Interpersonal communication can be defined as communication between two people, but the
definition fails to capture the essence of a relationship. This broad definition is useful when we compare it
to intrapersonal communication, or communication with ourselves, as opposed to mass communication,
or communication with a large audience, but it requires clarification. The developmental view of
interpersonal communication places emphasis on the relationship rather than the size of the audience, and
draws a distinction between impersonal and personal interactions. Family for many is the first experience
in interpersonal relationships, but as we develop professionally, our relationships at work may take on
many of the attributes we associate with family communication. We look to each other with similar
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sibling rivalries, competition for attention and resources, and support. The workplace and our peers can
become as close, or closer, than our birth families, with similar challenges and rewards. To summarize,
interpersonal relationships are an important part of the work environment.
The term communication is derived from the Latin word “communis” which means to make
common, to transmit, to impart, or to share between two or more persons or groups. Communication can
be defined as a process by which information, meanings and feelings are shared by persons through a
common system of verbal and nonverbal symbols, signs or behavior.
According to scholars, communication is an exchange of facts, ideas, opinions or emotions by

two or more persons. (Newman and Sumer). This means that there is transfer of ideas between two or
more individuals or groups. “Communication is the process by which information is transmitted between
individuals or organizations so that an understanding response results.”
Lesson1-Models of Communication
Hello! Let’s talk about communication. This is not a new term, isn’t it?
Why do you have to communicate with your friends, with your family, in your community, in your
school, and people in other countries. Can you name some importance of communication?
Objectives:
1. Determine the elements of communication and its importance.

2. Explain the models of communication.
3. Apply the gained knowledge in communication processes when communicating with friends and
family.
Directions:
1. Read and understand your lesson. Watch and learn the given links.
2. Answer questions completely.
3. Submit answers on time.
Engage
Watch, listen and study this link: Communication in the 21st Century: Is It What You Say, Not How
You Say It? By |Vivian Ta under this link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=laDnZ_FWyhM
Write your comment and reaction on a sheet of paper and submit it or turn it on the prescribed date.
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Explore
You Say It? By |Vivian Ta under this link:
Explore
Read and understand this lesson.
According to James Humes, “The art of communication is the art of leadership.” He does not
believe that communication is a simple process though we communicate to one another everyday.
Communication is a learned skill whether this is writing, reading, listening , and speaking.
Communicating effectively is about the quality and delivery of timely and relevant information. So to be
effective you have to organize your thoughts, control your emotions, you have to use your words to
articulate concepts and arguments. Communication is an essential tool that helps you analyze, critique,
and negotiate with the world. It can help you in your personal and professional success in your life. So
you have to communicate accordingly through the following models.
➢ The earliest model comes from Aristotle at around 5 B.C. In this model Aristotle
explains that a speaker should adjust his message according to his audience and the
occasion to achieve a particular effect. The speaker should make his speech especially
for the occasion, filled with strong words, that were firm and straight to the point in
order is to persuade his audience. This model is speaker centered.
➢
Speaker Speech Audience Effect
Fig. 1 Aristotle’s Model of Communication
➢ The Shannon-Weaver model was created by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver.
According to Flores (2016) this is often called the “ telephone model” since it was
developed because of the technology of the telephone and the “noise” coming from the
switchboard.
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Information source Transmitter Reception

Destination
Sender Encoder
Channel Decoder Receiver
FEEDBACK
Fig. 2. Shannon-Weaver Model of Communication
The sender would be the person giving the message, while the encoder would be the
transmitter which converts the message into signals. The decoder would be the reception place
of the signal which converts signal into message.
So when there is no signal, there is difficulty in decoding the message. When there is noise that
interferes with the message, the receiver would give the feedback as “choppy” or when the
message cannot be heard because of the signal. In the case of the telephone, the use of a channel
would be the cables, and in the case of the cell phone, the channel would be the radio
frequencies. The message may sometimes get lost because of the noise which can be physical or
psychological, and so feedback is essential component in communication to ensure that the
message is successfully received.
➢ The Osgood-Schramm Model - In this model pay attention to the role of the interpreter,
encoding (medium to send the message-a phone call, email, text message) and
decoding( audio or video signals) are not automatic processes both go through the filter of
the interpreter . Therefore the message may succeed or fail, based on the interpreters
appreciation of the message. There are times that the sender and the receiver may apply
different meanings to the same message and this is termed “semantic noise.”
Message
Encoder Encoder
Interpreter
Interpreter
Decoder Decoder
Message
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Fig. 3 Osgood-Schramm Model of Communication
➢ The Osgood – Schramm model is about the role of the interpreter . The
encoding and decoding are not automatic processes both go through the filter of the interpreter. The
message may succeed or fail, based on the interpreter’s appreciation of the message. There are times
when the sender and receiver may apply different meanings to the same message, and this is termed
“semantic noise.”
According to Sneha Mishra (2017) this field of experience may constitute a culture, social background,
beliefs, experiences, values, and rules. For the message to reach the receiver, there must be a common
field of experience between the sender and the receiver.
field of experience field of experience
signal
source encoder decoder source
Fig. 4. Osgood-Schramm second model of communication
➢ This model is Eugene White’s Stages of Oral Communication. According

to White, it is possible to begin at any of the stages outlined in the model. Since it is a circular model, it
means that oral communication is a continuous process with no real beginning or no end. The most
important contribution from Eugene White’s model is the concept of feedback, which can only be
processed by the speaker if he or she has been monitoring the audience or the listener. Hence, the speaker
must also pay attention to the listener’s verbal and non-verbal cues (Flores, 201116)
Thinking Symbolizing Expressing
Monitoring Transmitting
Feedbacking Decoding Receiving
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Fig. 5. Eugene’s White Stages of Oral Communication
➢ In conclusion, communication is not a simple process that starts with the speaker and
ends with the listener. There are many factors that should be considered:
➢ When it comes to the message, how the message is organized and what field of
experience it comes from should be taken into consideration.
➢ When it comes to the sender, the best communication is the one that involves feedback. ➢ There
are several kinds of noise that may severely affect the reception of the message and thus should
be considered and avoided
➢ Cultural differences, technology, and interpretation need to be considered as well.
➢ To be a good communicator, you need to pay attention to how people are responding to the
message and adjust accordingly, rather than preoccupied with simply expressing yourself.
MAJOR FORMS/LEVELS OF COMMUNICATION

There are 5 forms/levels of communication:
1. Intrapersonal Communication- communication happens within the person. Hence, there is no

feedback and/or feedbacks are not interrupted.
Example: A person can communicate himself through praying.
2. Interpersonal Communication- communication happens between a group of persons.
Example: Ana is talking to Mrs. Maricar with regards to the school requirements.
3. Dyadic Communication- communication happens between two persons. Either way, the source
become the receiver and vice versa because of the dynamic and spontaneous flow of discourse.
One of the best examples of dyadic communication is between a patient and a doctor.
4. Small Group Communication- this communication usually happen in an organizational
communization and involves more than two individuals. The information coming from the source
down to the receiver and vice versa. There is a continuous sending and receiving of feedbacks.
5. Public Communication- this communication is a one way type model of communication as it no
longer requires the feedback of the receiver or the audience. The message of the speaker will be
sent to a huge number of audiences. For instance, public speaking like the State of the Nation
Address (SONA) of the president.
6. Mass Communication- this involves a large number of people and requires a tool to help
disseminating the information. This also no longer requires feedback from the audience to the
source. For instance, television news and advertisement. But in mass communication, there is no
direct access with the receiver. For that they need media like Newspaper, Radio, Television and
Internet. The audience feedback is very less or delayed.
When the message you convey are not communicated properly and felt guilty of not conveying the
message as it wants to be conveyed feels worse. It is because the effective communication is being
hindered by noise or in other reference, barriers. Some of the barriers that obstructs effective
communication include noise, inappropriate medium, assumptions, emotion, and use of jargons or
technical terms, and poor listening skills. These barriers are categorized into five. Physical,
Psychological, Cultural, Language Used, and Personal.
MAJOR TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
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Communication is a natural phenomenon that occurs between a person and group of person and purposely
interacting and exchanging ideas. Do you know that even if you do not utter a word, you are still
communicating? Generally, there are two types of communication mainly the VERBAL
COMMUNICATION and NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION.
Simply, verbal communication is a form of communication in which it uses words to interchange

the information with other people either in the form of speech or writing. Meanwhile, nonverbal
communication, does not use words for communicating anything, but some other modes are
used, i.e. where communication takes place by way of unspoken or unwritten messages such as
body language, facial expressions, sign language and so forth.
However, as the world becomes more advanced, our means of communications changes. Whilst
the traditional modes of communication remain the same, various communication modes arose
and became not just the trend but become essential in exchanging information. Communication
mode refers to the channel through which one express his/her communicative intent. It is the
medium through which one conveys his/her thoughts. Views or feeling can be communicated
through faceto-face interaction, video or audio. The mode may also be text-based.
The most common of all these modes is the face-to-face interaction. It is an informal or casual
conversation between two or more people. People engage in social conversations to establish
relationships or maintain them. It is one way of gaining new acquaintances or friends. How to
speak, what to speak, when to speak and to whom one is speaking are all important
considerations in building relationships
TRADITIONAL MODES OF COMMUNICATION
Face-to-face communication is the most common and widely used mode of communicating. This
includes casual conversation between two or more people and business meetings. Face-to-face is a very
easy communication style that everyone has experienced. It requires no extra materials, making this the
cheapest option for communication. It is also instant, and you get the benefit of visual cues from the
person or people to whom you are communicating. One advantage is face-to-face interaction is that aside
from directly hearing in the message being conveyed, you are able to note nonverbal cues through facial
expressions, gestures, movement or even objects or realize form the person you are communicating with.
MEDIATED COMMUNICATION
In contrary to face-to-face communication, Mediated Communication refers to a communication

that happens using the technological tools of Information and Communication Technology as a
mode of exchanging information to one person or another. These include the following;
Video communication is achieved by using Web cameras to connect two or more parties. This is the
nextbest communication option after face-to-face, as you get most of the same benefits. However, there is
always the possibility of bad connections or other technical issues that hinder the communication. If there
are no technical glitches encountered, this could be very effective mode of communication especially for
people separated by distance. For example, you may engage in a conversation via Skype with you loved
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ones especially during significant, meaningful or memorable occasions. This is a convenient

communication mode for people how want to reach-out to each other despite distance.
Audio Communication is a voice-only form of communication, such as a conversation on a telephone.

This is a good instant communication tool if you catch the person instead of getting an answering machine
or voice mail, but it does not have the benefit of allowing you to see the other person. It is also more
difficult to include more than two parties. An obvious down side of this mode is not being able to see the
body language or cues of the person you are talking to. However, if good listening skills is applied, one
may detect the tone and rising of intonation or pitch of the voice which may indicate the feeling or mood
of the speaker or listener.
The last mode is text-based communication. Although it can be linked or traced back to the traditional
mode of communication, however, because of the evolution of our communication we learned to adapt
and integrate it to our daily living to address such necessities. Like e-mail, text messaging and instant
messaging and social networking site such as Facebook, Twitter and Instagram likewise offer text-based
interaction. Text communication includes Internet communication, such as email, instant messaging and
forums, text messaging and printed papers. Text communication does not have the benefits of audio and
video, but it is much easier to distribute information to a large group of people and save records of the
communication.
COMMUNICATION IN SOCIAL MEDIA

In the past, there are various modes through which we communicate. These modes took the form
of hand written messages, type written messages, short telegrams, computer encoded text, as well as the
audio and video conversations. Each mode of communication is distinct form the other, the ways in which
you craft our messages differ.
Now people can use email, social media, chat messengers, video conferencing, video calls, images,
videos, symbols, diagrams, charts, and emoticons, etc. for the communication. Many things are wasting
our time and we‘re becoming more busy than productive. The debates, questions, viral communications
are not achieving the desired results and conclusions. There are even newer topics to communicate the
next day and we start looking for the next conclusions.
If we follow good communication skills we can use many tools and platform for research and
development of nature including a synergistic development of humans, our environment and natural
sources. Technology has affected communication tremendously, but it is entirely dependent on us how we
use it.
Today with the rapid rise and spread of internet connectivity, they old forms of communication
have given way to new forms that make communication easier and faster. The emergence of social media
has created a new avenue for facilitating daily information and communication needs. As technology
grows and expands our range of communication, social media is becoming a vital tool for daily social
interaction. It creates opportunity for people to interact with each other in a way that is both helpful and
essential to socially motivate people. The rapid fire quick communication style that captivates the
millennial and other generation has shifted our conversations from ‗face-to-face‘ instances to ‗through –
the-screen‘ ones.
Social media and online communication is believed to be having adverse effect on social skills
and communication among adolescents. When social media did not exist and social communication and
interaction were the only way of communication. In the era of technology, social media interactions now
dominates both online and offline conversations. In a society where interacting and over-sharing is the
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norm, you are probably more likely to speak to friends and family through electronic devices than face-to-
face. As more generations are born into the social age, social media will continue to be the favored
communication form among young people.
Being able to reach customers, co-workers and vendors quickly helps improve the efficiency of
any business operation. Mobile technology makes it easy to get or to keep contact information in a mobile
device. You can reach out with questions or updates from anywhere. For example, a manager in the field
trying to determine why an order hasn't arrived can quickly contact his office, supplier and delivery
courier within a few minutes from the offsite location.
Furthermore, technology has reduced the amount of face-to-face interaction or the number of
actual telephone conversations that people have. It is much easier to send a quick text rather than to
engage in a phone call. Although this efficiency is certainly a benefit, there is value to the chit-chat that's
now becoming lost. Relationships are built when a business knows its customer and discovers
opportunities to serve them more effectively through personal interactions.
When the message you convey are not communicated properly and felt guilty of not conveying the
message as it wants to be conveyed feels worse. It is because the effective communication is being
hindered by noise or in other reference, barriers. Some of the barriers that obstructs effective
communication include noise, inappropriate medium, assumptions, emotion, and use of jargons or
technical terms, and poor listening skills. These barriers are categorized into five. Physical,
Psychological, Cultural, Language Used, and Personal.
5 CATEGORIES OF BARRIERS
Physical Barrier- this barrier includes the defects in media or the medium for communication,
environment or geographical location, and physical disability like in hearing, vision, or speaking.
Psychological Barrier- it is the manifestations of human behavior and attitude when communicating.
These are emotions, past experiences or trauma, lacks retention of attention or simply inattentive, status,
and temperament.
Cultural Barrier- include the age and gender of the person, educational background, economic status
quo, popularity, religion, political views, and ethics.
Language Used- as the word posits, it refers to the contributory factor of the diverse language across the
world, dialect, and even its accent or the way the word is uttered. Nonetheless, colloquial term adds the
situation.
Personal Barrier- refers to the poor listening skills, egoistic, interpersonal trust, and ability to
communicate effectively.
For us to be a good communicator, one must develop the effective communications and be able to identify
the barriers in communication. Thus, identifying the purpose of the message and target audience will give
a solid framework and will determine the success of the communication. However, this cannot be done in
just one try, constant practice and developing good communications skills will improve the way we
convey the message to and equip us to converse with the people surrounding us without any interferences
or misunderstanding to both parties.
Explain
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You Say It? By |Vivian Ta under this link: Write your reaction/comments about what you viewed as
delivered by the speaker. Submit your activity in the Google Classroom.
Elaborate
You are done with your reading, now you are going to test yourself by answering the following
questions.
Activities you will do:
1. Communicate with your parents now. What did you observe? Did you follow any of the
models of communication? If not, why? If yes, prove it.
2. Have you experienced having a “choppy” or connection lost because of low signal? Tell
your experience in five sentences.
3. There are times that you misunderstood each other when communicating although the
message is very simple. What makes it difficult for both of you?
Evaluate
Identification: Write the correct answer on the blanks provided.
_______________ 1. Each person in this communication model is both a speaker and listener
_______________2. This model was developed because of the emergence of technology.
_______________3. This model was centered on the interpreters understanding. _______________ 4.
It is the feedback which is the most important in this kind of communication model.
_______________ 5. This mode4l indicates that the speaker and listener communicate better if they have
common fields of experience which overlap.
_______________6. According to him, this model is a continuous process , the speaker can begin at any
part of the process.
_______________7. He does not believe that communication is a simple one although we communicate
everyday.
_______________8. This is a term used when the sender and the receiver apply different meaning to
the same word.
_______________ 9. It is a dynamic process because human perception can change overtime.
_______________10. It involves this element of communication that is why it is considered the best
communication process.
GOOD LUCK!
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Lesson 2. Communication Ethics
This lesson introduces you to the different guidelines in communicating in an ethical manner.
It is important for us to know that whatever we communicate should be guided by certain ethical
principles.
Objectives:
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At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. Know how to communicate in an ethical manner.

2. Identify the four principles of communication ethics.
3. Apply these ethical principles whenever you communicate with other people.
Directions:
1. Read and understand the lesson thoroughly.

2. Answer questions briefly but completely.
3. Submit activities on time.
Hi! Can you recall the meaning of Ethics? What about the meaning of communication ethics?
Why do you think there should be ethics in communication? What problems can arise if there are
unethical communication practices in your family or with your friends?
Engage Watch and learn by clicking the link below
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZjtsWvqniRg
Ethics of Communication | Purposive Communication
Ethics is a Greek term ethos which pertains to customs and habits. It deals with a structure of
moral principles. It guides an individual’s behavior-his/her words and actions- and the way he/she
communicates with others.
Ethics is defined as a set of rules or guidelines; these are theories as to which is right or wrong. In
communication, ethics is considerable important because it would likely guide everyone to effective
communication. Theses ethical principles are universal in the sense that all people should consider these
things because of their vitality in the communication process and effectiveness.
Communication ethics emphasizes that morals influence the behavior of an individual,

group, or organization thereby affecting their communication. For instance, given the unethical
communication practice of a certain company of concealing the non-remittance of deducted premiums
from employees ‘salaries to the SSS or the Social Security System (or GSIS or Government Service
Insurance System in the case of government offices), the company’s accountability to its employees is
undoubtedly affected. Compare this situation with that of an organization that observes ethical practice
and remits the employees ‘monthly contributions to the SSS or GSIS regularly. It is important to note that
one ‘s behavior should be regulated by honesty, decency, truthfulness, sincerity, and moral uprightness.
Explore & Watch and enhance your learning by clicking the link below
Explain
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JIizxBlpCFc
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Principles of Ethical Communication Video
ETHICAL PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION

Completeness
The message must be complete and geared to the receiver ‘s perception of the world. The message must
be based on facts and a complex message needs additional information and / or explanation. A good
subdivision of subjects will clarify the message as a result of which there will be a complete overview of
what is said.
Concreteness
Concrete business communication is also about a clear message. This is often supported by factual
material such as research data and figures. The words used as well as the sentence structure can be
interpreted univocally. Nothing is left to the imagination.
Courtesy
In addition to considering the feelings and points of view of the target group, it is also important to
approach the audience in a friendly and courteous manner. Use of terms that show respect for the receiver
contribute towards effective communication. The same goes for the manner in which you address
someone. Not everyone will be charmed if you use a familiar form of address and use of a formal address
could come across as too distant. By using the word ‗they‘ a larger audience is immediately addressed.
Correctness
A correct use of language has the preference. In written business communication, grammatical errors must
be avoided and stylistic lapses or a wrong use of verbs are not sufficient either in verbal communication.
A correct use of language increases trustworthiness and the receiver will feel that they are taken seriously.
Clarity
Clear or plain language is characterized by explicitness, short sentences and concrete words. Fuzzy
language is absolutely forbidden, as are formal language and cliché expressions. By avoiding parentheses
and keeping to the point, the receiver will get a clear picture of the content of the message. Briefly-
worded information emphasizes the essence of the message. Coherence means the connection of ideas at
the idea level, and cohesion means the connection of ideas at the sentence level.
Consideration
Communicating with the target group (Consideration). In order to communicate well, it is important to
relate to the target group and be involved. By taking the audience into account, the message can be geared
towards them. Factors that play a role in this are for example: professional knowledge, level of education,
age and interests.
Conciseness
A message is clear when the storyline is consistent and when this does not contain any inconsistencies.
When facts are mentioned, it is important that there is consistent, supporting information. Systematically
implementing a certain statement or notation also contributes to clear business communication. When
statements are varied, they will confuse the receiver.
Observing a code of ethics is essential as it determines the kind of behavior that is proper and desirable
over one that is displeasing and offensive. A code of ethics sets the standards to be observed by a person
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or a company that will create a good reputation or a positive image not only for an individual but also for
the organization. It will, therefore, pave the way for the attainment of the desired results leading to the
success of an individual or the entire company. Success in decision-making will likewise impact the
company‘s reputation.
There are different guidelines in communicating in an ethical manner. You should understand
that whatever we communicate should be guided by ethical principles. The US National Communication
Association stated that “Ethical communication is fundamental to responsible thinking, decision making,
and the development of relationships and communities, within and across contexts, cultures, channels,
and media. Moreover, ethical communication enhances human worth and dignity by fostering
truthfulness, fairness, responsibility, personal integrity, and respect for self and others. Unethical
communication threatens the quality of all communication and consequently the well-being of individuals
and the society in which we live because it hinders the right way to resolve conflicts. In one way or
another, unethical communication can worsen situations instead of alleviating such.
The following are the guidelines in communicating in an ethical manner according to the NCA.
1. Advocate truthfulness, accuracy, honesty, and reason. In social media and speeches in public
have been so filled with black propaganda and whitewashing that there is a need for truth and honesty. It
is important to be accurate on facts and figures to prove your assertions. It is important to be reasonable,
rather than to be emotional or threatening when we communicate.
2. Endorses freedom of expression, diversity of perspective, and tolerance of dissent to achieve

the informed and responsible decision making fundamental to a civil society. In certain political
climate, people may feel threatened to the point that they could no longer feel that it is safe to express
what they feel or think. This is not a good government to live in. It is important to foster an environment
where people feel safe enough to express what they think and feel, and for these expressions to be met
with reasonable dialogue and debate, rather than outright censure or violence. We should be able to hear
different perspectives and high tolerance for views that are different from ours.
3. They condemn communication that degrades individuals and humanity through distortion,
intimidation, coercion, and violence and through the expression of intolerance and hatred. This
condemnation is important because it safeguards society from racism, sexism, and violence against
oppressed peoples. There are some people that incite violence and act of killing, have often instituted
such violence in society, whether this is in the context of slavery, colonialism, or misogyny.
4. The NCA states that communicators should accept responsibility for the short- and long-
term consequences of our own communication and expect the same with others. Many people do not
feel accountable for their actions. Therefore, if one risk to communicate maliciously, spread false news,
or incite hatred or violence, he or she should not be ready to face the consequences of such actions.
Every time we communicate we should consider the consequences of our actions. If people were more
responsible in their use of communication, there would be less conflict in this world. Even though the
four principles are short and concise, they are important because they help us discern the difference
between the ethical and unethical communication.
RULES TO BE APPLIED IN DIFFERENT COMMUNICATION SITUATIONS
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1. Ethical Communicators are Respectful of Their Audiences.

Communication is a two-way process. Communication implies a party other than ourselves and
an attempt on our part to influence that person or party in some way. As one scholar has put the
matter, "A communicator, with particular motives, attempts to achieve a specific end with a
specific audience by employing (intentionally or unintentionally) communicative means or
techniques to influence that audience" (Johanssen 16). The nature of the influence we have on
others will depend to a large extent on our attitudes towards our audiences. Respect for audiences
includes respect for the ideas and feelings of the people with whom we interact. If people possess
dignity and worth, then they need to be treated as such even when we may disagree with them
strongly.
2. Ethical Communicators Consider the Consequences of Their Communication. We do not
communicate in vacuums. Our communication endeavors are never isolated one from the other.
How we respond at school influences how we respond at home and that in turn affects how we
respond in our public lives. Having considered the natures of our audiences, we need to consider
further the effect of our communication on them and upon ourselves.
3. Ethical Communicators Respect Truth.
A great deal of the ethics of communication involves a respect for truth. Indeed, as one has
put it, the assumption of truth undergirds the very concept of communication itself: "an inherent
end of speech is the communication of belief" (Kupfer 118). If we cannot trust the other party, we
cannot accurately judge how to respond. If we cannot accurately judge how to respond, then our
communication becomes increasingly ineffective.
4. Ethical Communicators Use Information Properly.
As an ethical communicator, a respect for truth means being informed on a topic before posing as
any kind of authority on the subject. Certain professions such as law, medicine, and education
have formal standards of expertise and knowledge that must be met before one can be a
practitioner.
5. Ethical Communicators Do Not Falsify Information.
Worse than the distortion of information is falsifying information. Failing to find information
useful to our goals, we make it up.
Another way of falsifying information is through plagiarism. Plagiarism is a kind of theft,
intellectual theft. We plagiarize when we use the words or ideas of another and fail to credit the
source. Instead of attributing the material to its original creator, we pretend the words or ideas are
our own. When writing, we acknowledge sources by the use of quotation marks and include a
citation of the source. When speaking, we acknowledge sources by naming them in the context of
the speech
6. Ethical Communicators Respect the Rights of Others to Information.
A respect for truth and an ethical consideration of others also means respecting the rights of
others in regard to information and access to information. Collecting information is an integral
part of the research process, but stealing information is theft, taking something that does not
belong to us. Beyond the personal act of theft, stealing information is unethical because it
prevents other people from securing information and unnecessarily makes their lives more
difficult.
Elaborate &
Evaluate
20
Activity on Situation Analysis: Make your own analysis on the following situations related to
Communication Ethics.
1. Your best friend confided you that she is already in a relationship but wanted you to keep this as a
secret since her parents do not allow her yet to get involved in a romantic relationship. One day your best
friend ‘s mother called you up and ask you about the rumor your best friend having a boyfriend. What
answer will you give your best friend mom? What do you think is the best thing to do? (5 pts)
2. One of your friends is angry on FB and is trying to harshly hit on someone he happens to dislike a
lot. You wanted to support your friend ‘s statement by simply liking the post knowing that this can only
be seen by your group of friends and that you are not saying anything in addition to your friend’s
offensive post. Is it acceptable to “like” the post? Is this form of cyber bullying? (5pts)
4. Elaborate the “golden rule of communication or the platinum rule of communication.”(5 pts)
5. Provide the meaning of the following words.

a. black propaganda
b. white washing
c. racism
d. sexism
e. distortion
f. coercion
g. intimidation
h. colonialism
i. misogyny
j. dissent
Lesson 3- Communication and its Effect on Globalization

Engage Create a poster showing the positive and negative effects of communication to
globalization. You can do this on a coupon bond or create your drawing using digital
technology. (50 pts.)
Communication has been globally affected by globalization and globalization by

communication. This lesson focuses on the meaning of globalization, what causes it, its
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implications of globalization on communication, the rise of English, and history of English to be the
global lingua
franca or international language and the role and status of English in the Philippines.
Objectives:
1. Identify the implications of globalization on communication.

2. Explain in your own idea why you must use World Englishes being a global language.
3. Use variety of English from different regions of the world.
4. Explain how the English language was developed in the Philippines.
Directions:
1. Read and understand the reading activities carefully.

2. Answer questions properly.
3. Submit your answers on time.
As technology advances, the world is getting smaller. Today we are able to communicate with
people across the globe at the touch of a button. While globalization, or communication between nations
beyond their borders, is an old concept, with the onset of new technology globalization is affecting the
ways we communicate and learn in fascinating ways. We are expanding our understanding of fellowship
and as we become more connected, we are deepening our educational experiences. The rise in the use of
the internet in particular has been incredibly instrumental in improving the ways in which we connect
with one another.
Because of technologies like the internet, we have the opportunity to view diverse perspectives that
overlooks outside of our scope before. We are able to fully connect with someone who is thousands of
miles away in real time and the effects are profound.
Explore Read and understand the texts and discussion below.
The Effects of Globalization on Global Communication
 Increased Business Opportunities
Many companies today hire employees that are located in other countries. Using
communication vehicles such as video calling make it simple to converse with colleagues across the
globe, almost making it feel as if they are in the same room. Technology also makes it easier to connect
with suppliers and customers all over the world, and to streamline relationship through improved
ordering, shipment tracking and so on. With this kind of communication technology, many businesses
are able to take advantage of opportunities in different countries or cities, improving the economic
outlook on a global level.
 Fewer Cultural Barriers
Many people perceive culture to be the root of communication challenges. When people from two
different cultures try to exchange information, the way they speak, their body language or their
mannerisms can be interpreted differently by the other person. The way people approach problems and
how they participate in communities is all influenced by culture.
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Globalization has made it possible, for example, for someone in Japan to understand how someone in the
U.S. goes about their day. With television and movies, cultural barriers are becoming less prevalent.
Being able to communicate effectively and frequently with colleagues or friends across the planet helps
people understand each other‘s cultures a little better.
 Creation of a Global Village

You ‘ve likely heard of the phrase "global village," coined by theorist Marshall McLuhan. Affected both
by globalization and global communication, the global village is created when distance and isolation no
longer matter because people are connected by technology. Wide-spread telephone and internet access
have been life-changing for many people across the world, especially those in developing countries.
Many are now enrolling in universities across the world without having to leave their desk chair. Virtual
assistant jobs are becoming commonplace, where employees from developing countries work with
companies in North America or Europe, providing administrative support and other business services
that can easily be conducted over the phone or via the internet
In the twenty first century, we have heard of the term globalization. It is a complex concept and
its definition depends on which lens one looks at globalization. We observed that the entire world has
become narrow, accessible, sharable and familiar for all people living on this earth as English is used as a
common language even though there are some variations in habits, cultures, traditions, regions and
idiosyncratic aspects. As English has got the common qualities, it has accepted as the global language
among the speakers of thousands of different languages. With globalization, we need for a common
language to achieve international and global language.
Since science and technology is progressing there are tremendous changes taking place in the
lives of human beings everywhere in the world. As a result, the world has become a global village and the
people have to maintain good relationships with others. Moreover, business, trade and commerce have
become international and most of the business organizations have their offices in most of the countries.
In order to maintain international relationship in science and technology, education, tourism, travel and
so on, English serves the purpose as a common language and a global language. It is the language mostly
used not only by the scientist, business organization and the internet but also in higher education and
tourism sector. It is also used in research, business English .
As English, it plays a dominant role in almost all the fields in the present globalized world.
Travel and tourism and entertainment fields are benefitted by adopting English as the principal
language of communication. It is also used as a means of employment. In this modern world it is
undeniable fact that there is a need for a common language to communicate with the growing commerce
and trade between companies from all over the world. It is evident that most people communicate widely
with the used of the English language, and it is said to be the first world language, the first global lingua
franca and the most widely used language in the world in international trade, diplomacy, international
telecommunications and scientific publications as well as publishing newspapers and other books.
Philippine English also Filipino English. The English language according to the census in 1980,
the number of Filipinos with some competence in English is around 65% ; around 35m people. Ability
ranges from a smattering of words and phrases through passive comprehension to near native mastery.
Filipino experience of Western colonialism and its linguistic effects has been unique, in that there
have been two colonizers in succession: Spain- ( Portugal, Italy, Greece, from the 16 th century
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and the US from 1898, when the English arrived in the islands. It spread rapidly, to the detriment of
Spanish (literature and arts, languagelinguistics and literary terms/language and linguistics/Spanish)
because it was the new language of government preferment, and education. Incentives to learn English,
included recruitment into the civil service and study in the US. In the Philippines, there are some 85
mutually unintelligible though genetically related languages of the Malayo-
Polynesian family such as TAGALOG, Cebuano, Ilocano, Hiligaynon, Waray, and Bicol. These
languages of the home serve as SUBSTRATES(sports-and-everyday-life/food-and drink)whose features
have variously influenced the development of Philippine English.
Philippine English, as well, has its unique and idiosyncratic usages. For example, “comfort
room” is a Philippine term for “wash room” toilet” or lavatory”. When Filipinos say “there’s traffic,”
they mean “There’s heavy traffic” and many more.
English in the Philippines shares patterns of development and constrictions with English in
Malaysia and that of Singapore where premium is placed on learning English and using it extensively.
The Philippines has now moved and used English only in such domains as academic discourse and
international relations.
(researchgate.net/publication/334282978/ The Role of English as a Global Language)
Because of the influence of reading and writing and the academic context in which English is learned,
local speech tends to be based on written models. Filipinos generally speak the way they write, in a
formal style they used the Victorian prose models. Because of this, spelling pronunciations are common
such as lee-o-pard for leopard, subtill for subtle and worsester-shire sauce for Worcestershire sauce and
others.
There is variety of English depending on the region- Standard American

English, Standard British English, or Standard Philippine English. To use this kind of English mean
means to follow a spelling and punctuation system that is consistent with the prescribed standard. For
example, the standard Philippine English follows standard American usages for spelling, punctuation, and
the formatting of dates, in terms of grammar, and diction. Standard English does not include slang,
vulgarisms, regionalisms and other constrictions that are considered. In general, then writers should avoid
local idioms, expressions, and constructions like those examples mentioned.
An example of the differences between American English and British English

Aspect American English British English
Punctuation She said, “I’ll be at work by 8 a.m.” She said , I’ll be at work by 8 a.m.”
Date August 3, 2020 3 August 2020
Spelling Center, color, organize,program Centre,colour,organise, programme
Words Elevator, pants, diaper Lift, trouser, nappy
Expression/Lo cal Ruffled feathers (agitated) Knickers in a twist ( agitated)

Idiom
Grammar Do you have that book? Have you got that book?
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Pronunciation Vase/vas/sounds like veys Vase/vaz/sounds like vahz
1. Watch The History of English in Ten Minutes “ posted by the Open University on You Tube:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3r9bOKW9s (accessed April 3, 2017) Come up with a list of
factors that led English to take on its global status.
You may access this link on Readings in World Englishes ( first paragraph and last paragraph only: The
Story of English (Mc Crum et al
Elaborate & P
Evaluate
Perform the activities below.
1986)http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1986-09-07/features/8603070293_1_official language-mother-
tongue-speak
Answer the following questions and write your answers on a separate sheet. Submit this in the google
classroom. (20 pts.)
1. What is globalization as you define it in your own understanding ?

2. Why does McCrum say that “we should not talk of English but of many Englishes?
3. What are the implications of globalization on communication?
4. How was the English language developed in the Philippines?
5. Is the Philippine English a standard English? What does it mean if it is standard English?
6. Look up the meanings of the following variety of English words in the table. (20 pts.)
Usages unique to a variety of English More widely understood alternative
Phil. English: “ I bought some dirty ice cream for

you”
Canadian English: “ Im going to write a test today

in English.”
Australian English:”That book has good oil.”
South African English: “She is coming just now.”
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Singapore English: “He always like to action in

front of the ladies.”
GOOD LUCK! SMILE
Lesson 4. Local and Global Communication in a Multicultural and Intercultural Setting
Hi! Can you remember the meaning of culture? What about the word multicultural? intercultural?
global village?
Culture is a learned system of meanings that fosters a particular sense of shared identity hood and
community –hood among its group members. It is a complex frame of reference that consists of a pattern
of traditions, belief, values, norms, symbols, and meanings that are shared to varying degrees by
interacting members of an identity group (Ting-Toomey & Takai, 2006,p691 in Oetzel, 2009). In 1964,
the term “global village” was coined by a media and communication theorist, the late Marshall Mc
Luhan to describe a world where people instantly and easily share culture through the tools of technology.
Indeed , the world is now viewed as global village where people and their culture are brought together as
one community by electronic communications, particularly the internet, food, music, education, religion
and government among others and linked together and compressed into one super-culture” (Dixon 2009)
In the global village, people may be physically distant from one another yet everyone become a
neighbour. Undoubtedly, at the heart of this phenomenon is the relationship between communication and
culture.
Objectives:
1. Analyze the culture on communication patterns according to nationalities.

2. Explain the communication styles of other races like Australia, Turkey, Brazil, and others.
3. Differentiate the Arab communication from Israeli Jewish communication?
4. Determine culturally appropriate terms, expressions and images of different countries.
5. Familiarize on the tenets of intercultural communication.
Directions:
1. Read and analyze each culture of different countries mentioned.
2. Answer each question given here.
3. Submit activities at given time.
Multiculturalism refers to the presence of people with several cultures in a specific setting. It is the
coexistence of diverse cultures, where culture includes racial, religious, or cultural groups and is
manifested in customary behaviors, cultural assumptions and values, patterns of thinking, and
communicative styles.
The world
today is characterized by ever growing compacts resulting in communication between people with
different linguistic and cultural background.
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One of the most common forms of global communication is an email. A person in one country types a
message and clicks the send button. The message is then encoded into packets which are sent across the
internet to the recipient. In another country, the receiver logs in and decodes the message by opening the
email, and retrieves the
message.
Global communication becomes more complicated when there are multiple recipients from different
cultures with different languages all receiving the same message, as well as when there are more layers
added to the channel. For example, if a world leader makes a speech broadcast across the globe, people
from one region may rejoice at the news, while others may find it offensive. In this case, the channel
itself can involve many different layers, as translators, news, editors and commentators each interpret the
message differently before passing it on to the intended audiences.
LOCAL AND GLOBAL COMMUNICATION

It is the way on how we communicate to other. By using our own languages and an English language,
we can make a conversation locally or globally. The main purpose of this is to have an idea on how can
we apply what we learned from them for ourselves and for our community. It can also be the way for
our country to have sufficient knowledge to make it more outstanding.
Local communication means data transferred directly from the gateway to bluz DK, without going
through the Particle cloud. Local communication can be used for a lot of tasks that don't require the
cloud.
Multicultural education refers to any form of education or teaching that incorporates the histories, texts,
values, beliefs, and perspectives of people from different cultural backgrounds
The study of global communication is an interdisciplinary field focusing on global communication, or
the ways that people connect, share, relate and mobilize across geographic, political, economic, social
and cultural divides.
COMMUNICATING ACROSS CULTURES
Communicating across cultures is challenging. Each culture has set rules that its members take for
granted. Few of us are aware of our own cultural biases because cultural imprinting is begun at a very
early age. And while some of culture‘s knowledge, rules, beliefs, values, phobias, and anxieties are
taught explicitly, most of the information is absorbed subconsciously.
The challenge for multinational communication has never been greater. Worldwide business
organizations have discovered that intercultural communication is a subject importance not just because
of increased globalization, but also because their domestic workforce is growing more and more diverse.
National Culture Communication Differences
Here are some few examples of communication patterns according to nationalities:
1. Australia
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a. Directness is cherished in Australia and failure to say what you mean and mean what you say can be
mistaken for evasiveness and even hypocrisy.
b. It is important not to be self promotional when presenting to Australians. A hard sell approach can
often be misconstrued as bragging and can provoke a very negative response. Remember that people
do not like to make out that they are better than others.
c. Australia is one of the very few cultures in which humor is all pervasive in business situations. Not
only is humour acceptable in all situations, it is expected in all situations.
d. First names are invariably used in all business situations. Educational titles play a very little part in
business situations
e. Australians are not very formal, so greetings are casual, and relaxed.
f. They may say, Gday, Gday, mate. They simply say, Hello or Hello, how are you?
g. Table manners are continental- hold the fork in the left hand and the knife on the right hand while
eating.
h. Keep your elbows off the table and your hands above the table when eating.
i. Aussies get down to business quickly with a minimum amount of small talk.
j. Decision making is concentrated at the top of the company, although decisions are made after
consultation with subordinates, which can make decision making slow and protracted.
k. Business dress is conservative in Melbourne and Sydney. In Brisbane or other tropical areas,
depending on the job function and company culture, men may wear shirts, ties and Bermuda shorts.
2. Turkey
a. Istanbul is a modern world city, like so many others. What makes it unique is the mix of Oriental and
Western influences.
b. Greetings among men- When two men meet for the first time, they shake hands and sustain direct eye
contact. Among close friends and family members, hugs or gentle pats on the back are quite
common. Other men may kiss each other on both cheeks as well. Colleagues in business often do
not engage in the Turkish kiss.
c. For women, a light handshake is common place, they usually kiss each cheek of the other woman
while giving a light hug.
d. Man greeting a woman- If their hand is offered, respond with a simple handshake. If their cheek is
offered, then place a kiss on each cheek. If their hand or cheek is not offered just a nod and or
merhaba/(hello) politely.
e. Turks love touch, although all touching is always above the waist, while they talk or walk.
f. To decline an offer, people often just put their hand onto their heart.
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g. People do not French kiss in public
h. Pointing at someone is considered rude.
i. Removing your shoes when entering a home is commonly expected.
3. Brazil:
a. In terms of communication, Brazilian tend to be direct in communication, not uncommon to be

interrupted, and not perceived as being rude.
b. Brazilian businessmen know how to speak English.
c. In Brazil, “Life is to be loved and to be enjoyed”, so humor should be avoided if possible for the sake
of i8nsulting someone on accident.
d. Brazilian are loving, warm, and happy people. For men, they hug or pat.
e. When meeting with one another, they kiss one or two to the cheeks of a woman, and a strong
handshake to a man. It is not necessary that you know them for a long time before greeting them the
“ Brazilian way”.
f. When closing on the telephone, say “um beijo” ( a kiss) or at least “um abraco” to a business contact.
g. Brazilians are optimistic by nature, always expect a happy , smiley, response to their greetings. You
will never hear a negative hello, as they believe all problems get solved eventually.
4. CULTURE OF JAPAN
1. Japan is worldwide known for its traditional arts, including tea ceremonies, calligraphy and flower
arrangement.
2. Japan’s modern culture is heavily influenced by Chinese cultures. Japan’s values is still flexible to
changes as seen during Edo and Meiie periods.
3. Japan’s nickname- Both Nipon and Nikon literally means “the sun’s origin.”
4. Japanese languages is written with the combination of these scripts: kanjie, hiragana and katakana.
5. Karakana was mainly used by men and for formal language and hiragana was used mainly by women
in informal language.
Table manners in Japanese Culture
1. Do not stab your food with your chop sticks.
2. Do not eat like a dog.
3. Do not double deep in communal sauces.
4. Do not transfer food from your chopsticks to someone else’s chop sticks.
29
Typically, the Japanese eat at low dining tables and sit on a cushion placed on tatami floor ( a reed-like
mat). In formal situations, both men and women kneel (seiza:, while in casual situations the men sit
cross-legged and women sit with both legs to one side.
In Japan, smiling is a way to show respect or to hide what you’re actually feeling. Although in Japanese
culture, nonverbal expressions use the eyes more than the mouth. This makes it easier for the Japanese to
determine if a smile is genuine or fake. https://gurunavi.com02015/07
Japanese Greetings
1. konnichiwa- hi, Good Afternoon
2. Ohayo gozaimasu/ ohayo- Good morning-formal or informal – don’t forget to bow when you greet
your superior
3. konbanwa – Good evening-
4. sayonara-goodbye
5. The Arab communication style can be described as high-context, indirect, and elaborate. The speech
pattern is referred to as “musayra” which means to “accommodate” or “to go along with” which
includes repetitiveness, complimenting and praising others, cautious, facilitating, politeness and face
saving.
The communication style used by the Jews is low context, direct, pragmatic, and places an emphasis on
assertiveness. This speech pattern is called “dugri” which means “straight talk.” Dugri represents a
cultural identity for Israeli Jews that developed over time in reaction to historical oppression and diaspora
experience of Jews. Strength , integrity, and the ability to perform dugri are cultural values that weight
more strongly in interpersonal interactions than the maintenance of social harmony for Israli Jews..
1. language of the Jews
Yiddish was the language spoken by the largest number of the Jews in the 1850’s but today the three most
commonly spoken languages among Jews are English, modern Hebrew, and Russian- in that
order.https://en.m.wikkipedia.org-wiki,J )Jewish languages are the various languages and dialects that
developed in Jewish communities in the diaspora. Israel speak English and Arabic. Arabic is the daily
language and language instruction of Israel’s Arabic citizens.
2. Today about 290 m people consider Arabic as their first language including the UAE, Saudi Arabia,
Lebanon, Syria, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait, and Oman.
3. Tamil language would be considered the world’s oldest language as it is over 5,000 years old, having
made its first appearance in 3,00BC. The literature collection in Tamil,
which is a classical language is very vast. It is also varied.(
https://www.daytranslation.com,w) It is spoken by Tamil and Sri Lanka, and by the Tamil diaspora and
Sri Lankans muslims. Tamil is an official language of India, Sri Lanka, and Singapore. It is also use as
one of the languages of education in Malaysia, along with English, Malay and Mandarin.
30
4. Greeting style of Saudi Arabia- In Saudi Arabia, the most common form of greeting is a handshake
and the phrase “Assalaam alaikum” (May peace be upon you) to which the reply is (Wa alaikum
assalaam” ( and peace be upon you). Handshakes are most common in business settings and always
use the right hand.(https://culturalatlas.sbs.com.au,sau)
5. Table Manners of SA
Use your right hand when picking up and eating food , never your left hand, keep your left hand at your
side. Do not place your left hand on the table, and do not pass food with your left hand on the table and
do not pass food with your left hand. Pork is typically not be on the menu.
(https://www.ettiquetescholar.com,s) Wash hands before and after you eat, you can use spoon and fork
but you use fork if necessary with your right hand. Men and women may dine separately.
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
Intercultural communication is the verbal and

nonverbal interaction between people from
different cultural backgrounds. Basically, 'inter-'
is a prefix
that means 'between' and cultural

Figure 10. Inter/cross-cultural communication in the global
workplace retrieved means… well, from a culture, so
intercultural communication is the
https://ifoundmyselfinwonderlandsite.wordpress.com
/2018/05/29/language-and-intercultural- communication between cultures. communication-in-the-
global-workplace/ Sometimes, this is used to describe a single person trying to interact in a
foreign environment but more often, it is a two-way street, where people from both cultures are trying
to improve their communication.
Now, if you want to learn about intercultural communication, it's important to understand what
this is. But it's also important to understand what it isn't. Intercultural communication is targeted at
allowing for positive and productive interaction. You are not joining this culture, you are not becoming a
member of another society, you are not abandoning your own culture. That would be assimilation and
that's not what we're after.
Intercultural communication is also not simply language proficiency. Yes, communication
requires the ability to understand language, but just think about how much of your communication with
even your own friends is nonverbal: our body language, our attitudes, the rituals from hand-shaking to the
stink eye. Some researchers estimate that up to 93% of all human communication is nonverbal, although
according to recent studies, it's actually closer to 60%.
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Still, that means that more than half of communication is never spoken. So, intercultural
communication is going to take a lot more than just learning a language. Generally, intercultural
communication is a complex process with the interplay of different factors.
You, as a communicator, have to show sensitivity to the culture, gender, age, social status, and religion of
the receiver to achieve effective communication.
TENETS OF INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
1. GENDER IDENTITY
Gender Identity is defined as the identification with the cultural notions of masculinity
and femininity and what it means to be a man or a woman. It affects how a person communicates
and socializes with others.
You have to take into consideration the appropriateness of the topic when you communicate. For
example, “Unlike women, most men don’t want to talk about makeup, don’t want to go out in
public to shop for makeup and don’t know how to use makeup. The first barrier is getting men to
department stores or specialty shops to buy products.” (Yamanouchi, 2002). It is very important
to consider gender identity because it is an expression of what a person thinks he/she is and what
he/she wants to be.
Julia T. Wood (2005), a communication scholar, identified the masculinity and femininity
themes:
Femininity Themes:
1. Appearance still counts;
2. Be sensitive and caring;
3. Accept negative treatment from others; and
4. Be a superwoman. Masculinity Themes:
1. Do not be female;
2. Be successful;
3. Be aggressive;
4. Be sexual; and 5. Be self-reliant.
These themes should serve as a framework or a guide in communicating and socializing across
genders. The character of gender is rooted to cultural background. It is always safe to consider one’s
culture.
You communicate your gender identity as part of who you are through the use of communication
style.
According to Wood (2005), women’s communication style is described as supportive, egalitarian,
personal, and disclosive. Men’s communication style, on the other hand, is seen as competitive and
assertive.
The notions on gender identities are not stable. However, they are just created by the society and
culture.
2. AGE IDENTITY
It refers to the cultural notions on how a person should act, look, and behaves according to age and
these notions are bounded by cultural conventions.
32
According to Howe and Strauss (1997), generations have different philosophies, values, and ways of
speaking. People have different communicative styles depending on age which you, as a communicator,
should consider.
According to the recent data, Generation Y (born between 1982-2001) are:
1. More diverse
2. More globally-oriented
3. More knowledgeable on computers and technology
4. More committed
5. More optimistic
6. More interested in life balance between work and play While the Generation X (born between
1961-1981) are:
1. Politically curious
2. Assertive
3. Devoted to a sense of personal responsibility
This data simply reveal that there is a big gap between and amongst generations. The
communicator has to strategically adapt his communicative style to the age identity of the person
he/she is talking to in order to avoid communication breakdown.
Find a commonality across generations which could glue together differences and conflict towards
effective communication.
3. CULTURAL IDENTITY
It refers to the customs, values, traditions and behavior long observed and formed overtime in a
community to society. The cultural identity is rooted back in history and passed from one generation to
another. Since culture is shared experience, the members create and attach mutual meanings to it. The
culture is reflected in how they communicate with one another.
Different groups carry with them their very own culture.
For example, a Filipina is known for being conservative and laid-back. An Italian woman is known for
being expressive. A German female is known for being too serious and a very little on communicative
expressiveness. In America, white woman think highly themselves and feel an expected advantage and
privilege from black Americans. All of these should be given the highest sensitivity in communication.
4. RELIGIOUS IDENTITY
It refers to a sense of belonging to a religious group. Religious identity reflects a person’s
personal identities. It is also a source of intercultural conflict. Oftentimes, it is tied with ethnic and racial
identity. So, it is not suffice to say that religious identity is confined with religious group only. One very
good indicator in knowing the religious identity is through the observance of practices. Those who
observe Ash Wednesday belong to Catholic or Christian religion.
Conflicts arise if the practices and beliefs of a certain group are imposed on others who do not share the
same beliefs. Elements like these should be considered and be sensitive about. It could also be said that
the religious identity forms personal identity.
5. SOCIAL STATUS IDENTITY
33
It refers to a sense of belonging to a group who share the same occupation or economic status. Social
status distinctions reveal behavioral practices and preferences. People who belong to Class A and B
prefer branded things and prefer high-end recreational activities like playing golf, watching first-class
theatrical plays, etc.
According to English Professor Paul Fussel, the choice of food, magazines to read, and the choice of
words in everyday conversation reflect ones social status. These class distinctions are readily reflected
without directly asking the person about it. This social status identity heavily dictates how you are going
to communicate with the person.
For example, if you categorized a person in the Class A status, and you belong to Class D status. There
will be chances when you might feel uneasy to talk to the person. You will always be guarding your
words. Or worst, you will avoid communicating or socializing with that person. Let us say, you belong to
Class A and the person you are talking to belongs to Class D. Your conversation would turn out to be a
worst nightmare ever. You will feel culture-shocked. You will label their words as street words.
Considering the social status identity, you should adapt your communication style in such a way that you
and the receiver would meet in the same wavelength thus, avoiding communication breakdown.
Explain and Elaborate
To further understand the lesson, please watch this video entitled “Intercultural Communication”
through this link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sGRkVqr8EII
If you have more time, please consider the following videos to watch through the link provided below:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SkBXaKfxl7Y
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kDrCWR1Q79M
Evaluate
1. Instruction: Identify the term being referred to in each statement. (2 points each)
___________________ 1. It is defined as the sending and receiving of messages across language and
cultures.
___________________ 2. It should serve as a framework or a guide in communicating and socializing
across genders.
___________________ 3. It is defined as the identification with the cultural notions of masculinity and
femininity.
___________________ 4. It is also a source of intercultural conflict. Oftentimes, it is tied with ethnic and
racial identity.
___________________ 5. It refers to a sense of belonging to a group who share the same occupation or
economic status.
34
___________________ 6. It refers to the customs, values, traditions and behavior long observed and
formed overtime in a community or society.
___________________ 7. These are the factors which should be given sensitivity in intercultural
communication.
2. Read each statement carefully and encircle the letter of your answer.
1. It is a complex frame of reference that consists of a pattern of traditions, beliefs, values, norms,
symbols, and meanings that are shared to members of a group, organizations, or community.
a. religion b. language c. custom d. culture
2. A country which have few cultures but they cherished humour in all situations.
a. Japan b. Australia c. Turkey d. Saudi Arabia
3. In terms of table manners, this country is very traditional that the members of the family eat in a low
dining table and sit on a cushion placed on a tatami floor.
a. Japan b. Australia c. Turkey d. Istanbul
4. In Japan or China and some other countries, it is _____________ to open gifts immediately. a.
polite b. impolite c. appropriate c. indecent
5. Which of these countries speak Arabic as their first language?a. Turkey b. Lebanon c. Japan d.
Istanbul
6. The oldest language in the world. a. English b. Latin c. Greek d. Tamil
7. Konbanwa is a greeting used by the Japanese which means:
a. Good morning b. good afternoon c. good evening d. good night
8. In Saudi Arabia, the common form of greeting is a handshake and the phrase “ Assalaam alaikum”
which means :
a. good morning b. good day c. God bless you d. May peace be upon you
9. The Brazilian are by nature warm, loving and happy people that is why they do the Brazilian kiss .
Which one is Brazilian kiss?
a. kiss to a woman b. kiss to a man c. kiss to a woman on the cheeks d. kiss to a woman on the lips
10. This is a communication style which is used by the Jews. It means straight talk which was developed
as their cultural identity,
a. dugri b. musayra c. sayonara d. um beijo
3. Communicative Activity: Intercultural Communication
35
Directions: Prepare a short oral presentation on the given topic. Be able to use PREP in your
delivery. Rubric will be used to rate your video. Send your video to the social media account assigned by
your teacher. Limit the duration of your video in not more than 5 minutes and not less than 3 minutes.
“How would you show sensitivity to gender identity in communicating with your friend in
the opposite sex?
P-oint (Simply answer the given question)
R-eason (give justification for your answer)
E-xample (cite a specific example, anecdote, or illustration for your answer)
P-oint (repeat your first statement)
A big Smile there! Good Job!!!
36

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LEARNING MODULES IN PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION

MODULE 1-COMMUNICATION IN THE 21ST CENTURY

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

➢ Please read and understand fully each lesson in Module 1.

Communication can be defined as the process of transmitting information and common

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING TO MODE

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING TO CONTEXT

According to scholars, communication is an exchange of facts, ideas, opinions or emotions by

1. Determine the elements of communication and its importance.

Read and understand this lesson.

Speaker Speech Audience Effect

Fig. 1 Aristotle’s Model of Communication

Information source Transmitter Reception

Fig. 2. Shannon-Weaver Model of Communication

Fig. 3 Osgood-Schramm Model of Communication

field of experience field of experience

source encoder decoder source

Fig. 4. Osgood-Schramm second model of communication

➢ This model is Eugene White’s Stages of Oral Communication. According

Thinking Symbolizing Expressing

Feedbacking Decoding Receiving

Fig. 5. Eugene’s White Stages of Oral Communication

MAJOR FORMS/LEVELS OF COMMUNICATION

1. Intrapersonal Communication- communication happens within the person. Hence, there is no

MAJOR TYPES OF COMMUNICATION

Simply, verbal communication is a form of communication in which it uses words to interchange

TRADITIONAL MODES OF COMMUNICATION

In contrary to face-to-face communication, Mediated Communication refers to a communication

ones especially during significant, meaningful or memorable occasions. This is a convenient

Audio Communication is a voice-only form of communication, such as a conversation on a telephone.

COMMUNICATION IN SOCIAL MEDIA

Identification: Write the correct answer on the blanks provided.

Lesson 2. Communication Ethics

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

1. Know how to communicate in an ethical manner.

1. Read and understand the lesson thoroughly.

Engage Watch and learn by clicking the link below

Ethics of Communication | Purposive Communication

Communication ethics emphasizes that morals influence the behavior of an individual,

Principles of Ethical Communication Video

ETHICAL PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION

2. Endorses freedom of expression, diversity of perspective, and tolerance of dissent to achieve

RULES TO BE APPLIED IN DIFFERENT COMMUNICATION SITUATIONS

1. Ethical Communicators are Respectful of Their Audiences.

5. Provide the meaning of the following words.

Lesson 3- Communication and its Effect on Globalization

Communication has been globally affected by globalization and globalization by

1. Identify the implications of globalization on communication.

1. Read and understand the reading activities carefully.

The Effects of Globalization on Global Communication

 Increased Business Opportunities

 Fewer Cultural Barriers

 Creation of a Global Village

There is variety of English depending on the region- Standard American

An example of the differences between American English and British English

Date August 3, 2020 3 August 2020

Spelling Center, color, organize,program Centre,colour,organise, programme

Words Elevator, pants, diaper Lift, trouser, nappy

Expression/Lo cal Ruffled feathers (agitated) Knickers in a twist ( agitated)

Pronunciation Vase/vas/sounds like veys Vase/vaz/sounds like vahz

1. What is globalization as you define it in your own understanding ?

Usages unique to a variety of English More widely understood alternative

Phil. English: “ I bought some dirty ice cream for