NATURE OF COMMUNICATION 5.
Facilitate Information Dissemination
 Communication is a process of sharing and
conveying messages or information from
one person to another within and across
channels, contexts, media, and cultures.
(McCornack, 2014)
 Communication is a process. It takes place
when two or more people exchange ideas
either through written or spoken words
(verbal) or actions (nonverbal). Both verbal
and nonverbal can be used at the same time.
FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION
1. A Form of Control/Regulation
 Helps regulate actions and behavior.
 Can be used to regulate the nature and
number of activities people engage in.
 Example: A traffic enforcer calling you,
parents & teachers impose rules &
regulations to follow and bide to.
2. Allow Social Interaction
 Meant for sharing and conveying
messages, expressions, and information.
 Allows people to interact with others to
develop bonds or intimacy.
 Allows individuals to express desires,
encouragement, needs, and decision or to
give and get information.
 Examples: When you talk to your family
members, friends, discuss lessons with your
teacher.
3. Provide Motivation
 Sharing positive words in order to provide
encouragement.
4. Help Emotional Expression
 To express feelings and emotions.
 To convey information and provide
awareness.
PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION
SPEAKER creates and idea and goes through a
process called ENCODING where he or she
converts this idea into words or actions (whether it
is verbal or nonverbal) to form the MESSAGE.
After, the speaker will then send this message
through a chosen CHANNEL or medium to the
destination or the RECEIVER. For face-to-face
conversation, the five senses are the most common
channels of communication. Technology has also
paved its way. For distant communication,
cellphones, televisions, written media forms, and
radio can be use.
Once the message is sent to the destination or the
receiver, the receiver them performs the process
called DECODING where he or she interprets the
message based on the CONTEXT.
And all these considerations affect how the receiver
decodes the message to make the appropriate
FEEDBACK or response.
NOISE is unavoidable. In fact, noise is always
present. It comes in different forms namely:
Physical Noise
 The most common of all these types.
 Common sounds that distract the
communication situation.
 Examples: Honking of cars along the
streets, the buzzing of the electric fan or the
loud voices of people in your surroundings.
Physiological Noise
 Stems from the body and may tend to
distract the people involved to properly
perform the encoding and the decoding
processes in communication since they are
not feeling well.
 Examples: body aches and sickness
FIVE ELEMENTS OF ARISTOTLE’S MODEL
OF COMMUNICATION
Psychological Noise
 Can come in the form of worries, problems,
and anxieties. Speaker
 You may not be able to concentrate on the  A person or individual who tasked to
message thereby affecting the entire deliver a message or to persuade the
communication process. audience through speech.

Semantic Noise Speech

 Comes from the language used in the
communication process.
 If a language used is not familiar to either
of the people involved in the process, the
communication may likely fail.
 Example: a foreigner asking for directions
from you & both of you don’t understand
each other’s language.
 Message that the speaker is delivering to the
audience.
Occasion
 Situation or context responsible for
bringing people together and reason why
communication occur.

MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
The Aristotle’s Model (300 BC)
 A linear model of communication.
 Speaker-centered since the audience
remains passive. The audience’s role
therefore is mere receiver of the speech.
They are also influenced or persuaded by the
speech.
 The speaker should then be prepared
beforehand by analyzing the audience and
the situations (occasion) to where the speech
be delivered to achieve the purpose (effect).
 More focused on public speaking then
interpersonal communication.
Audience
 A person who passively listen to the
message/speech as it is delivered by the
speaker.
Effect
 Positive or negative consequences/results
of the speech that depends on the
persuasiveness of the speaker.
Shannon-Weaver’s Model of Communication
 1948 Claude Elwood Shannon wrote an
article “A Mathematical Theory of
 Communication” together with Warren
Weaver.
 The communication process was developed
to improve the technical communication.
 More technological than other linear
models.
FIVE ELEMENTS OF SHANNON-WEAVER’S
MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
Source
 Where the message was organized.
Transmitter
 Convert the message into signals to be
submitted.
Channel
 The medium used to send a message.
Receiver
 Decodes the delivered message. The one
who translates the message.
Destination
 The receiving end of the decoded message
from the source.
Transactional Model of Communication
 Exchange of messages between
communicators where each takes turns to
send model includes participants who are
simultaneously senders or receive
messages.
 In which communicators generate social
realities within social, relational, and
cultural context.
It is believed that successful communication can
be achieved by considering not only the
communicators themselves but also external
influences in a communication encounter.
TYPES OF CONTEXTUAL INFLUENCES
Social Context
 Refers to rules or norms in a society that
influence the communication process.
 Also includes values, laws, and other
restrictions of a society to communicate
within a specific limit.
 Examples: ways to greet, thanks, or
apologize to a person.
Cultural Context
 Refers encompasses identity aspects like
race, gender, nationality, ethnicity, sexual
orientation, class, and ability.
 Effective communication often occurs
within the same cultural context, but
conflicts may arise when one group
perceives their identity as dominant that
the others.

Relational Context
 The relationship between the sender and
receiver(s) of a message.
 Examples: father-son, friend-friend, etc.
BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION
 Defined as the aspects or conditions that
interfere with effective exchange of ideas
or thoughts.
COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN
 Defined as a failure to exchange
information, resulting in a lack of
communication.
TYPES OF BARRIERS
1. Physical Barriers
 Barriers to communication that are
distractive to our senses, maybe our sense
of sight, hearing, or others.
 Examples: faulty organizational structure,
noise, time and distance, and information
overload.
2. Semantic and Language Barriers
 SEMANTICS is defined as the study of
meaning signs and symbols used for
communication. And any alteration therein
could cause blockage to the flow.
 Examples: Homophones (similar sounding
words), Homographs (words that have
multiple pronunciations), Homonyms
(words that have multiple meaning), and
Denotation (literal) and Connotation
(figurative)
 LANGUAGE also impact the delivery of
the message. Some of its common factors
are language difference, no clarity in speech,
using jargons, not being specific.
3. Socio-Psychological Barriers
 Refer to the combined impact of social and
psychological factors that prevent the
smooth and meaningful exchange of ideas
and emotions between individuals or groups.
4. Cross-Cultural Barriers
 Are concepts, ideas, cultures, or behaviors
that are unfamiliar from one cultural to
another.
 Can cause a misunderstanding and a rise in
tension.
 Examples: language, values, social relation,
concept of time, concept of space and
gestures.
5. Organizational Barriers
 “Internal factors within an organization
that hinder the exchange of information
and ideas.”
 Including factors like ineffective
communication channels, lack of clarity in
messages, or limited opportunities for
feedback.
OVERCOMING COMMUNICATION BARRIERS
1. Listening actively
2. Selecting the appropriate channel for the
message.
3. Making a special effort to understand each
other’s perspective.
4. Practicing MBWA (Management by Walking
Around) by those in managerial position.
For Physical Barriers
 Plant appropriate seating arrangement.
 Ensure visibility and audibility.
  Attain environmental comfort.
 Minimize visual/oral distractions.
For Semantic and Language Barriers
 Use of simple language.
 Maximize symbols and charts.
 Practice active listening
 Constructive feedback
For Socio-Psychological Barriers
 Call attention and motivate.
 Artist and sympathize.
For Cross-Cultural Barriers
 Understand traditions and customs.
 Be informed of all sides of culture.
For Organizational Barriers
 Adopt simple organizational structure.
 Avoid information overload.
 Have flexibility in meeting targets.
SPEECH CONTEXT
Refers to the situation or environment and the
circumstances in which communication occurs. It
includes factors such as the audience, purpose,
location, and social or cultural norms, all of
which influence how messages are conveyed and
interpreted.
4 TYPES OF SPEECH CONTEXT
1. Intrapersonal Communication
 There are situations where we often
communicate, talk, or write to, or even
think ourselves. This may include
memorizing dialogue in a play, criticizing
oneself for forgetting one’s homework,
writing a diary or blog which nobody else
could read, writing a post and it notes to
remind us of the activities to done, and
repeating song heard while looking at the
mirror.
 Examples: Daydreaming, contemplating, or
meditating, and mental planning.
2. Interpersonal Communication
 Involves more than one person. This type
of speech communication can be
differentiated by its purpose adhering to the
concept that communication is always
intentional.
 Examples: Talking with a friend, a teacher,
a classmate.
TWO TYPES OF INTERPERSONAL
COMMUNICATION
1. Dyadic Communication
 Involves only two participants forming the
dyad. One speaker and listener come
together to exchange information, ideas,
thoughts, or opinions.
 The role of both speaker and listener is not
fixed, or interchangeable.
2. Small Group Communication
 Requires 3 to 15 people discussing a
problem or an issue and looking for a
sensible solution and plan to address such
problem or issue. Rules are being followed
to facilitate order in considering that anyone
from the group can be a speaker and a
listener.
 Study or Task-Oriented
 Examples: Organizations that seek to aid
the problem about an issue or sales.

OTHER TYPES OF INTERPERSONAL
COMMUNICATION
Organizational Communication
 Refers to the interaction of members along
with the links in an organizational
structure.
Intercultural Communication
 refers to the exchange of concepts,
traditions, values, and practices between
and among people of different nationalities
and ways of life.
3. Public Communication
 One speaker addresses many listeners,
collectively known as an audience. There is
no interchanging of the speaker and the
listener roles. Most of public communication
events are formal. The speech is well
prepared, the speaker is dressed properly
and appropriately, and the listeners are set to
listen to the message.
 Examples: Speech by the keynote speaker,
paper presenter/presentation, closing
remarks and speech during protest/rallies,
and SONA.
4. Mass Communication
 This refers to any of the above human
verbal interactions carried out with the
aid of mass media technology. Before,
mass media such as radio and television
which reached more people with the use of
their technical systems but with the advent
of the internet and worldwide web, mass
communication now includes social media,
 Examples: Videos and webcasts/podcasts.
SPEECH STYLES
 The way the language is used.
 Variations of speech used when people
communicate with others.
 These are important parts of
communication for different goals and
different topics.
 Each speech style varies with the functions
of communication.
FIVE SPEECH STYLES
1. Intimate Speech Style
 Private, which occurs between or among
close family members or individuals.
 The language used may not be shared in
public.
 Uses personal language codes.
 Grammar is unnecessary.
 Certain terms of endearment, slangs, or
expressions whose meaning is shared with a
small subset of person.
 Examples: Mother-daughter/son, close
friends
2. Casual Speech Style
 Common among peers and friends.
 Jargon, slang, or the vernacular language
are used.
 Often very relaxed and focused on just
getting the information out.
 Used in informal situations and language.
 Examples: Talking with your friends
3. Consultative Speech Style
 The standard one.
 Professional or mutually acceptable
language is a must in this style.
 PEOPLE features that contribute to the meaning of the
SPEECH LEVEL OF WHO USE interaction.
STYLE FORMALITY THE  Contextualized speech. The concern is not
STYLE so much whether or not an utterance is
Spouse, grammatically correct, but whether or not
Very the speaker achieves his/her communicative
Intimate family
Causal/Informal
members purpose.

Casual Casual/Informal Friends

Professional, THREE TYPES OF SPEECH ACT
Consultative Semi-Formal
strangers

Locutionary
4. Formal Speech Style
 The actual act of uttering or saying
 Used in formal setting. Unlike the
something.
consultative style, this is one-way.
 Happens with the utterances of a sound, a
 Speaker must frame whole sentences
word or even a phrase as a natural unit of
ahead before they are delivered.
speech.
 Using of slang should be avoided.
 It has a sense, has the same meaning to both
 Language is comparatively rigid and has a
the speaker and the listener, and utterances
set, agreed upon vocabulary that is well-
give rise to shared meaning when it is
documented.
adjusted by the speaker for the listener.
 Used in formal settings.
 Examples: SONA, Delivering a speech as
the guest speaker, Teacher
Illocutionary
 The social function of what is said.
5. Frozen Speech Style
 Not just saying something but the act of
 “frozen” in time and remains unchanged. saying something must have an intention.
Mostly occurs in ceremonies.
 Used generally in a very formal setting.
 Most formal communicative style for SEARLE’S CLASSIFICATION FOR TYPES OF
respective situation. ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS
 Does not require any feedback from the
audience. (According to John Searle)
 Usually use very long sentences with good
grammar.
 The use of language is fixed and relatively 1. Assertive (or representative)
static.  Represent a state of affairs.
 Examples: Stating pledges, wedding  Examples: stating, claiming, or swearing,
suggesting, putting forward, boasting, and
SPEECH ACTS concluding.
 Example: I hereby testify that I sold that
 An utterance that a speaker makes to property on July 3, 1989.
achieve an intended effect.
 Not simply the act of speaking but the whole
communicative situation including all 2. Directives
  Designed to get the addressee to do inspiring or insulting, persuading, or
something. convincing, deterring or scaring.
 Examples: ordering, commanding, daring,
defying, challenging, asking, ordering,
requesting, inviting, advising, and begging. COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES
 Example: I recommend that you eat less
foods with cholesterol.
Nomination

3. Commissive  Where one speaker introduces a topic to

be talked about.
 Designed to the speaker (i.e., the one  Also, a strategy that one uses when they
performing the act). want to continue an interaction.
 Examples: promising, threatening,  Example: For our first item on the agenda,
intending, vowing to do or to refrain from let’s talk about the budget for the council.
doing something, betting.
 Example: I pledge to donate 500,000 to
your favorite charity. Restriction
 Where responses are limited or restricted
4. Expressive according to a set standard.
 Allows the conversation to be specific and
 Express the mental state of the speaker. focused.
 Examples: congratulating, thanking,  Example: Please identify three possible
deploring, condoling, welcoming, problems with implementing the project.
apologizing
 Example: I praise you for winning the
competition! Congratulations! Turn-Taking
 Where one speaker knows when to stop
5. Declaration talking and gives the other speaker the
chance to talk about the topic.
 Acts that bring about the state of affairs to  Example: Should we add another activity to
which they refer. the program? What do you think, Rosa?
 Examples: blessing, firing, baptizing,
bidding, passing sentence, excommunicating
 Example: I know declare you, husband, and Topic Control
wife. You may now kiss the bride.
 Where one speaker leads the conversation
by asking questions
Perlocutionary  Keeps the communication flowing without
moving away from the topic.
 Refers to the consequent effect of what was  Example: Let’s focus first on our first
said. agenda before we talk about that.
 Based on the particular context in which
the speech act was mentioned.
 The response may not necessarily be Topic Shifting
physical or verbal and is elicited by
  Appropriate for introducing a new topic;
this is where the speaker intentionally or
unintentionally changes the topic.
 Example: The game is a great idea; what
about inviting a speaker?
Repair
 When communications break down, one can
use repair as a communication strategy
because it fixes or resolves what has been
broken down by clarification and
repetition.
 Example: I would like to clarify that the
meeting of the organization is on Monday
afternoon.

Termination
 A communication approach in which both
speakers agree to conclude the
conversation with verbal or nonverbal
signals. Sometimes the termination is fast
and brief.
 Example: I think that would be all If you
have any questions, feel free to drop me an
e-mail.