Liza: Bakit niya kaya nagawa yun?

Am I not enough? May kulang ba

sakin? May mali ba sa’kin? Panget ba
‘ko? Panget ba ang katawan ‘ko?
Kapalit-palit ba ‘ko? THEN WHY?!
Bakit mo ko nagawang lokohin?!
 Kim: siguro kasi yung mga…

Kris: mga?

Kim: wait lang. syempre natouched

ako sa… sa mga… ano ba yan

Kris: so natouched ka because?

 Julia: I’m sorry. I’m sorry Josh. I’m sorry
napagod ako. I’m sorry nawala ako. Natakot
ako kasi hindi kita mahanap noon. Binigay ko
lahat. Binigay ko sa’yo lahat naubos lang ako.
I’m sorry nasaktan kita.

Joshua: Sorry. Sorry kung wala ako nung mga

panahong kailangan mo ako. Sorry kung wala
ako nung kailangan mo ng makakapitan.
COMMUNICATION
PROCESSES,
PRINCIPLES, AND
ETHICS
MODULE 1
 TRIVIA!
Communication skills
are the #1 Skill that
employer wants.
 COMMUNICATION
“communico” means to confer with others, or to share

It is the mutual exchange of information, ideas, and

understanding by any effective means.

Elements of Communication
1. Sender (Encoder) 5. Feedback (response)
2. Medium (Message) 6. Context
3. Channel 7. Noise (interference)
4. Receiver
(decoder/listener)
 ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
Sender (decoder) Feedback (response)
1 - decides on the message to be sent and the - A message generated by the receiver in response
5
best/most effective way it can be sent. to the sender’s original message is known as
feedback

Medium (Message)
2 - the medium is the immediate form which a
Context
6
- the context of any communication act is the
message takes. environment surrounding it.
Channel (physical, cultural, social-psychological, temporal)
3 - the channel is responsible for the delivery
of the chosen message form. Noise (interference)
- Noise is anything that interferes with
7
Receiver (decoder/listener)
4 - the receiver or the decoder is responsible
communication.

for extracting/decoding meaning from the

message.
 NOISES

Physical noise Psychological noise

Interference that is external to both Mental interference in
speaker and listener; it hampers the the speaker or listener
physical transmission of the signal or
message.

Physiological noise Semantic noise

Created by barriers within Interference created when the
the sender or receiver. speaker and listener have different
meaning system
 FORM OF COMMUNICATION

Intrapersonal Group Mass

Communication Communication Communication
dynamic process where a small
Involves one person; involves sending a
number of people engage in a
of the called as single message to a
communication
“self-talk” group. It allows us to
communicate our
Interpersonal Public message to a large
number of people.
Communication Communication
Normally involves two one person speaks
person; can range from to a group of
intimate and very personal people
to formal and impersonal.
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION

Communication is Schemata-driven
It begins with your self, you begin with what you have already
stocked in your brain or with what you have already known or
understood about the subject matter of the communicative act.
Transmitted messages become understandable or meaningful because
of your background knowledge about the messages.

Communication is an Interpretive Act

The only person who knows the exact or full meaning of the
message transmitted is the sender or speaker. Being the creator or
source of the ideas, he has the absolute knowledge about his message.It
was called interpretive act because the role of the receiver or the listener
is just to interpret, infer, or guess the meaning of things appealing to his
sense of hearing.
 PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION
Communication does not guarantee a
direct or automatic link between two minds
This form of knowledge becomes meaningful only to others when
you initiate communication with them.

Communication is active, powerful, or

forceful
Communication is said to be active because messages have
varied effects on all participants in any communicative event. It engages
speakers and listeners inaction of giving and receiving
information.Communication is powerful and forceful for it elicits
different meanings or reactions; these messages are prone to changes.
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION

Communication is symbolic
Symbols, signs, or marks like letters, words, sentences,
graphs, pictures, and other concrete objects representor stand
for ideas that you intend to convey verbally. For non-verbal
communication, you resort bodily actions (gestures, eye
movements, posture, facial expressions) voice quality, space and
time elements to stand for the ideas you want to express
Communication always results in
something
It refers to two or more persons participate in any
communicative act. The first expresses or sends a message; the
second responds or reacts to the message
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION

Communication is Irreversible
You are free to talk about anything under the sun, but
once you utter something, the things you have said remain as it
is susceptible to different interpretations or meanings.

Communication is Contextual
An exchange of views, ideas, or feelings doesn’t only
involve the sender, but also the aspects of the communication
setting like type, place, topic, occasion, purpose, and manner of
communication.
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION
Communication is Developmental
or Progressive
To communicate ideas to go through the different
stages of language learning that begins from birth to
elementary, high school and college levels. It is not a one-time
learning towards communicative competence.
Communication is a Progress
Several stages of communication take place when
people exchange orshare ideas with one another. Each stage
involves elements with different functions.
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION

Communication is Ethical
Any communication event is expected to apply rules, moral
values, and beliefs agreed upon by societal members. Guided by these
standards determined by the cultural group you belong to, your
community communication becomes ethical, good or desirable.

Communication is Influenced by Media and

Technology
Using modern electronic communication devices, an exchange
of ideas occurs just in seconds or minutes regardless of the distance
between or among the participants. With the speedy turn out of varied
modern media and devices of communication like the e-mail, cellphone,
webcam, internet and other computer-run gadgets find interaction with
anyone in any corner of the world easily and quickly.
 VERBAL NON-VERBAL
LANGUAGE LANGUAGE
As with other aspects of
Verbal language
communication, norms
consist of symbols such
for non-verbal
as letters, words, and
communication vary
other marks that you
from country to country
need to subject to
and also among cultures
language or grammar
within a particular
rules for a coherent or
country. Some non-
organized means of
verbal communications
understanding or
behaviors appear to be
expressing ideas.
somewhat innate
because they are
universally recognized.
 COMMUNICATION CUES

BODY MOVEMENT PARALANGUAGE TIME

also known as body refers to the way of saying something.
kinetics. These are extra sounds that go with
your spoken words and a study of
these special sounds accompanying
your words is called Paralinguistic.
There are two types of
people based on time;
punctual and late.

PROXEMICS PHYSICAL APPEARANCE AND

It concerns the way a
person uses the space
around him as well as the
distance where he stands.
OBJECT LANGUAGE
This kind of non-verbal language, are symbolized or represented by
dressing styles, body types, body appearances like size or shape,
architectural designs or structures, art objects, graphic materials,
lightning effects, aromatic or smelly objects, and other
environmental factors that influence or affect any communicative
event.
 PROXEMICS

Intimate Distance Social Distance

In this situation, people are indirect contact
with each other or are in no more than
18 inches apart as in mother and child.
Personal Distance
People may stay anywhere from 18 inches to 4
feet from each other as in casual and
personal conversations.
This distance is close enough to see each other’s
reactions but fair enough not to encroach on
the person’s intimate distance.
When talking to persons unknown to the speaker, he
must keep a distance of 4 to 12 feet.
Mostly done in impersonal business and social
gatherings or interviews which is expected to be
more formal.
Public Distance
It is the distance of more than 12 feet typically used
in public speaking.
There is a need for the speaker to speak loudly and
to use exaggerated gestures for the audience to
understand what he is trying to convey.
Furthermore, there is a necessity for the availability
of gadgets to aid in the sound projection.

Haptics is the term used to refer to your acts of

studying the effects of your touch on people.
 TRIVIA!

More than 35%

of business
think listening is
a top skill for
success
2012 2015 2018 2020 2022
 ETHICS
o A system of moral principles
o Deals with values relating to human conduct, with respect to the
rightness and wrongness of certain actions and to the goodness
and badness of the motives and ends of such actions.

Communication Ethics
o The principle governing communication, the right and wrong aspects of it, the
moral-immoral dimensions relevant to interpersonal communication are called the
ethics of interpersonal communication.
o Maintaining the correct balance between the speaking and listening
o The legitimacy of fear and emotional appeal
o Degree of criticism and praise
o A death or an overdose of either of the factors could result in unfavorable
consequences
o The principle of honesty on both sides should be completely applied because any
amount of insincerity from either the listener or the speaker would not be prudent
Fundamentals of Ethical
Communication
o Responsible thinking
o Decision making
o Development of relationships and communities
a. Contexts
b. Cultures
c. Channels
d. Media

Unethical Communication
Threatens the quality of all communication and
consequently the well-being of individuals and the society
Principles of Ethical Communication
1. Advocate truthfulness, accuracy, honesty, and the reason as essential to the integrity of
communication
2. Endorse freedom of expression, diversity of perspective, and tolerance of dissent to
achieve the informed and responsible decision making fundamental to a civil society
3. Strive to understand and respect other communicators before evaluating and responding
to their messages
4. Promote access to communication resources and opportunities as necessary to fulfill
human potential and contribute to the well-being of families, communities, and society
5. Promote communication climates of caring and mutual understanding that respect the
unique needs and characteristics of individual communicators.
6. Condemn communication that degrades individuals and humanity through distortion,
intimidation, coercion, and violence, and through the expression of intolerance and
hatred.
7. Being committed to the courageous expression of personal convictions in pursuit of
fairness and justice.
8. Advocate sharing information, opinions, and feelings when facing significant choices while
also respecting privacy and confidentiality.
9. Accept responsibility for the short- and long- term consequences for our own
communication and expect the same of others.
 Interpersonal Communication
o Interpersonal communication refers to communication with
another person. This kind of communication is subdivided into:
 dyadic communication
 public communication
 small-group communication.

FOUR PRINCIPLES OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION

o Inescapable
o Irreversible
o Complicated
o Contextual
 Psychological context
 Relational context
 Situational context
 Environmental context
 Cultural context
FUNCTIONS OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
o Gaining Information
o Building a Context of Understanding
o Establishing Identity
o Interpersonal Needs
 Inclusion
 Control
 Affection

DISTANCE
o Provides necessary space for each communicative partner to contribute to the
relationship.
o Is interpersonal space that nourishes the very thing that keeps persons together
interpersonally—relationship.
o Is an ethical responsibility, not a flaw or a limitation.
o The importance of distance keeps us from equating interpersonal communication
with ever more closeness.
INTERPERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY
o Begins with each person’s commitment to active care for the
interpersonal relationship, owned by neither and nurtured with or
without the support of the Other.
o Adheres to the insight of Emmanuel Levinas, abandoning the
expectation of reciprocity for attentiveness to a call to responsibility
with or without the approval of the other.
o Involves:
 Caring for an interpersonal relationship. As one seeks a path in
life, interpersonal relationship responsibility invites a balance
between distance and closeness in each relationship, which defines
the quality of our interpersonal lives (Stewart, 2006).
 Sympathy

 Empathy
 ETHICAL FRAMEWORK
IDEONTOLOGICAL ETHICS
01 •The term deontology is derived from the greek deon, " duty ", and
logos, " science ".
•In Philosophy, ethical theories place special emphasis on the
relationship between duty and morality of human action.
• The most frequent basis of our decision-making process, expressing a
commitment to the most basic principles.

UTILITARIAN ETHICS
02 • Ethical theory that determines right from wrong by focusing on
outcomes.
• Utilitarianism holds that the most ethical choice is the one that will
produce the greatest good for the greatest number, it is the
only moral framework that can be used to justify military force
or war.

VIRTUE ETHICS
03 • Virtue ethics is a philosophy developed by Aristotle and other ancient
Greeks. It is the quest to understand and live a life of the moral character.
•A right act is the action a virtuous person would do in the same
circumstances.
• It emphasizes character as opposed to duty or consequence.
 ETHICAL FRAMEWORK
SITUATIONAL OR CONTEXTUAL ETHICS
04 • Ethics and theology, the position that moral decision-making is
contextual or dependent on a set of circumstances.
• In situation ethics, right and wrong depend upon the situation. There
are no universal moral rules or rights- each case is unique and
deserves a unique.
UNETHICAL COMMUNICATION IN THE WORKPLACE

Coercive Destructive Deceptive

o Relating to or using force
threats
Example: Intimidation and
Threatening orders
o Causing great and
irreparable harm or
damage
Example: Backstabbing and
Inappropriate jokes
o giving an appearance or
impression different from
the true one; misleading
Example: Euphemism and
Lying

Intrusive Secretive Manipulative-Exploitative

o Causing disruption or o (of a person or an
annoyance through being organization) inclined to
unwelcome or uninvited conceal feelings and
Example: Eavesdropping, intentions or not to
tapping telephones, or disclose information
monitoring internet use Example: Hoarding
information and cover-ups
o MANIPULATIVE influencing or
attempting to influence the behavior
or emotions of others for one’s own
purposes
o EXPLOITATIVE making use of a
situation or treating others unfairly in
order to gain an advantage or benefit
Example: Acts which attempt to gain
compliance or control through
exploitation
Freedom of Expression
● Freedom of expression is a basic human right, it refers to right to freedom of
expressions, including the freedom to seek, receive, and impart information and
opinions of any kind in any form.
● Internationally freedom of expression is protected under the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights and the International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights.

Ethical Freedom of
Expression
● Freedom of Expression must be balanced against society’s need to maintain
order, protect general welfare and public morality.
● There should be limits to free expression, but only when it involves harm to
others.
● People should refrain from hate speech, the public use of derogatory and
offensive language denigrating others, particularly on the basis of race, ethnicity,
gender and/or sexual orientation.
MASS COMMUNICATION
• used to describe the various means by which individuals and entities
relay information through mass media to large segments of the
population at the same time.
• It is the mass production of messages (message) or information that is
intended to reach a large amount of people.
• Uses mass media: such as newspaper, tv, radio, books, etc.

Mass Communication Ethics

o Truth o Appropriateness
o Censorship o Sensitivity to other cultures
o Laws o Respect dignity, privacy, and
o Privacy well-being of a person
ETHIC CODES
• Moral guidelines that are used to help assist people in
making decisions, to tell the difference between the right and
wrong and to utilize this understanding to make ethical
choices.
• There are 3 levels:
o Code of Ethics (Social Issues)
- A code of ethics is a set of official standards of conduct that
the members of a group are expected to uphold.
o Code of Conduct (Influence to behavior of employees)
- The code of conduct for a group or organization is an
agreement on rules of behavior for the members of that group
or organization.
o Code of Practice (Professional Responsibility)
- A code of practice is a set of written rules which explains how
people working in a particular profession should behave.
 TRIVIA!

Employees often
spend up to two
hours a day
worrying and
gossiping
 CORPORATE CODE OF ETHICS
Honesty
01 Professional communicators are honest, accurate and candid in all
communications. This practice encourages the free flow of important information
in the interest of the public

Confidentiality
02 Protecting the confidences and privacy rights of employees and customers is
the duty of professional communicators. Additionally, they must abide by legal
requirements for disclosing information that affect the welfare of others

Credit
03 Give due credit to those who you get ideas
from

Free Speech
04 Principles of free speech and free ideas should be
encouraged

Credit
05 Sensitivity to cultural values and beliefs are crucial
Trees have an underground
communication and
interaction system driven
by fungal networks. It pass
on information for best
growth patterns and can
divert nutrients to trees in
need.
 OUR TEAM

Marie Claire Angel Villegas

Balana
Charls Laporte
Cyra Anne
Adorio
THANKS FOR
LISTENING!