HANDOUT IN ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT
• A change in any part or element of a
NATURE AND ELEMENTS OF
COMMUNICATION
o Communication is a process.
o Communication occurs between two
or more people.
o Communication can be expressed
through words, actions, or both at the
same time.
o Communication is systemic.
o Communication is irreversible.
o Communication is proactive.
o Communication is symbolic.
o Meaning in communication is
individually construed.
COMMUNICATION IS SYSTEMIC.
• Communication happens within
various system.
System is an organization interdependent
elements or component parts that form a
complex whole and achieve certain
purpose.
• In the same way, Society is
comprised of systems.
• Each system has its own patterns of
communication, language and
vocabulary use, and rules that
depend on elements such as the
behavior and shared experiences
of its members.
system affects the system of
communication as a whole.
• And because each unique individual
is a part of a system, we could say
that no to systems is exactly alike.
• The social setting, the physical
environment, the physical location of
each member or communicator, and
the time of day during which
communication takes place are also
some of the elements of a
communication system.
• A system may also be part of a larger
system, such as CULTURE of the
society in which organization is part
of.
COMMUNICATION IS
IRREVERSIBLE.
 Since communication is a continuous
process, it is impossible for one to
actually take back what was said.
Once an utterance has left someone’s
mouth, the consequences of that
statement being uttered has already
left an impression of the listener.
Thoughts when put into words
become significant representation of
experience; and words said in haste
or anger may influence possible
communication in the future or even
destroy relationships.
COMMUNICATION IS
PROACTIVE.
 When people receive information,
they actively EVALUATE THE
 CONTENT and PURPOSE of the 3. ENCODING
message and the CREDIBILITY of 4. CHANNEL
the speaker, even when they seem to 5. DECODING
be listening passively. 6. RECEIVER
7. FEEDBACK
 MEANING rest not only in the 8. CONTEXT
person who conveys the message. 9. BARRIER
The RECEIVER is also involved in
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
the ACTIVE CONSTRUCTION
PROCESS
OF MEANING.
1. Speaker
- The source of information or message.
COMMUNICATION IS
SYMBOLIC.  It is also known as the sender or the
source.
Symbols are representation used to
 Chooses his/her purpose
communicate and interpret one’s
thoughts and feelings.  Decides how to deliver it
 Symbols are arbitrary, which means  Both participants alternate as speaker
that any symbol can be used to
represent a concept, that is, as long
as the meaning is shared by a 2. Message
group of people.
The information, ideas, and thoughts
Question: conveyed by the speaker in words and in
actions.
Can two people who do not speak the
same language communicate with THE MESSAGE TO BE SENT IS
each other? BASED ON...
 WHY the speaker wants to say it

MEANING IN COMMUNICATION IS  WHAT the speaker wants to say

INDIVIDUALLY CONSTRUED.
 Individuals involved in
communication play a significant
role in meaning construction, which
means that they actively create
meaning taken from experiences or
phenomena through symbolic
representation.
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
1. SPEAKER
2. MESSAGE
 HOW the speaker wants to say it.
3. Encoding
- the process of converting the message into
words, actions or other forms that the
speaker understands,
4. Channel
- The medium or the means, such as
personal or non- personal, verbal or
nonverbal, in speaker understands.
5 CHANNELS
  Ears - Refers to the interrelated conditions of
communication which affect how people
 Eyes
understand the message.
 Skin
5 TYPES OF CONTEXTS
 Mouth
 Physical context – includes the
 Nose setting where the communication
5. Decoding takes place, time of the day, the
environmental condition, distance
- The process of interpreting the encoded between or among the
message of the speaker by the receiver. communicator. Meeting places must
be well-chosen to avoid any physical
interferences.
 Social context – refers to the nature
of relationships existing between or
among the communicators and it also
sets the formality of the interaction.
6. Receiver  Psychological context – involves the
communicators’ mood and feeling.
- The recipient of the message or
someone who decodes the message.  Cultural context – is comprised of
the beliefs, values and norms shared
7. Feedback
by a large group of people.
- The reactions, responses or information
 Historical context – involves the
provided by the receiver.
background provided by previous
interactions between or among
communicators which affect
understanding of the current
2 KINDS OF FEEDBACK exchange.
 Positive Feedback 9. Barrier
- Confirms the source that the intended - The factors that affect the flow of
effect of the message was achieved and tells communication.
the source that everything is going in the
desired way.
 Negative Feedback
NOISE
- Informs the source that the intended effect
of the message was not realized. - Is any barrier to communication which
results to loss of meaning during the
8. Context
transmission.
KINDS OF NOISE
a. Physical Noise/ Channel Noise
 Such as loud music, irritating engine
of a motorcycle, a seatmate who
talks to you while you listen to
your teacher.
b. Physiological Noise
 When the body becomes a
hindrance to good
communication.
 For example, because of a
headache or toothache you may
not be able to effectively listen
to a friend.
c. Psychological Noise
 Occurs when one is thinking
deeply for something or is suffering
from an emotional condition
(sadness, depression, confusion),
which discourages participation in a
communication.

PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION

EXAMPLE
COMUNICATION MODELS
Communication models are GRAPHIC
representations of the proposed elements
included in the communication process.
These representations make it EASIER for
us
Shannon’s model was designed to make the
communication between the SENDER and
the RECEIVER effective.
In this model, “NOISE” was introduced.
Noise refers to any PHYSICAL
DISTRACTIONS that occurs during the
PROCESS of communication resulting to
DISTORTION of either sender or receiver.

TO UNDERSTAND the relationships of

the different elements.
A. Aristotle Model

C. SCHRAMM’S MODEL OF
COMMUNICATION
WILBUR SCHRAMM (1907-1987)

Communication is a CONTINUOUS
process where initially, the sender as the
encoder and the receiver act as the decoder.
The sender will TRANSMIT the message
and this will be received, decoded, and
B. SHANNON AND WARREN interpreted by the receiver.
WEAVER’S MODEL OF
After understanding the message, the
COMMUNICATION
receiver will now encode his reply,
CLAUDE ELWOOD SHANNON (1916-
therefore, he becomes the sender-encoder
2001)
and the SENDER becomes the receiver-
decoder. This cycle will continue until one
of them decides to terminate the
communication.
D. EUGENE WHITE MODEL
Eugene White contributed the concept of
Feedback to the field of communication.
Feedback is the perception by the speaker
about the response of the listener. The
speaker can only receive feedback if the
speaker is monitoring the listener. The
speaker will know what the listener’s
response is only if he/she is paying
attention.
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