ORAL COMMS: REVIEWER FOR ORAL

TEST 1
facial expressions. It is a

LESSON 1: NATURE AND powerful means

communication that can
of

PROCESS OF complement, reinforce, or

sometimes contradict
verbal messages.
COMMUNICATION
3. Written Written communication is
What is Communication? another vital form of
human expression,
Remember these key definitions:
especially in today's
Communication is the process of exchanging digital age. It involves
information, ideas, thoughts, or feelings conveying messages,
between individuals or groups through information, or ideas
through written words
various channels such as spoken or written
language, body language, gestures, and 4. Visual Visual communication
visual representations. utilizes images, graphics,
infographics, charts, and
It is a fundamental aspect of human diagrams to convey
interaction that enables understanding, information effectively.
connection, and the sharing of knowledge This is particularly useful
and emotions. when presenting complex
data or concepts in a
Effective communication is essential for visually appealing and
building relationships, resolving conflicts, easy-to-understand
and achieving successful outcomes in manner.
various personal, social, and professional
settings.
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
ELEMENTS DESCRIPTIONS

1. Sender the individual who

TYPES DESCRIPTIONS
initiates the
1. Verbal Verbal communication is communication process
one of the most common by formulating and
and familiar forms of transmitting a message.
human interaction. It The sender's intention is
involves the use of spoken to convey information,
words and active listening ideas, or emotions to the
to convey messages receiver.
between individuals.
2. Message the core content of the
2. Non-verbal Non-verbal communication,
communication goes consisting of the
beyond words and information, ideas, or
involves expressing emotions that the sender
messages through body intends to share with the
language, gestures, and receiver.
3. Receiver the individual or group transmission and
who receives and reception of the message.
interprets the message.
The effectiveness of 3. Culture and Cultural and linguistic
communication relies Language differences can
heavily on the receiver's significantly influence
ability to comprehend how messages are
and interpret the message perceived and
accurately. understood. Different
cultures may have unique
4. Channel the means by which the communication norms,
message is conveyed from gestures, or customs that
the sender to the receiver. affect the interpretation
Different channels of messages.
include face-to-face
interactions, phone
conversations, and THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS
written correspondence.
MODEL
5. Feedback an essential component
of the communication
process, as it enables the The communication process model is a
sender to gauge the fundamental framework that illustrates how
receiver's understanding messages are exchanged between a sender
and response to the and a receiver
message.
It outlines the sequential steps involved in
6. Noise refers to any interference,
successful communication, providing
disruption, or barrier that
insights into how information is encoded,
hinders the smooth
transmitted, decoded, and how feedback is
transmission and
reception of a message received
between the sender and
The communication process model
receiver.
emphasizes the dynamic and interactive
nature of communication, with both the
FACTORS AFFECTING OF sender and receiver actively participating in
the exchange of information.
COMMUNICATION

STEPS IN THE PROCESS

ELEMENTS DESCRIPTIONS

1. Context The context refers to the

PROCESS DESCRIPTIONS
specific circumstances
surrounding the 1. Encoding The sender formulates the
communication process. message by translating
It includes the physical their thoughts, ideas, or
setting, the relationship emotions into a
between the sender and communicable form. This
receiver, and any cultural process involves choosing
or social factors that may the appropriate words
influence the
communication 2. Transmitting Once the message is
encoded, the sender
2. Noise Noise in communication transmits it through a
refers to any distractions chosen communication
that disrupt the smooth
 channel. The channel can LESSON 2: MODELS OF
vary.

3. Decoding During decoding, the

COMMUNICATION
receiver interprets and
Models of communication are conceptual
assigns meaning to the
message based on their models used to explain the human
understanding, knowledge, communication process.
and personal experiences.

4. Feedback After decoding the MODELS DESCRIPTIONS

message, the receiver
provides a response or 1. Aristotle's ❖ The first and earliest
reaction to the sender, Model model proposed by
indicating their Aristotle.
understanding and ❖ Aristotle was a
interpretation of the teacher in Rhetoric
message. and put up an
academy to produce
good speakers.
SUMMARY FOR LESSON 1 ❖ The most important
part in his model is
the SETTING where
KEY TAKEAWAYS the listener is
situated.
Communication is the exchange of information,
ideas, and emotions between individuals. The three settings in this
model:
The communication process model involves
1. Legal
encoding, transmitting, decoding, and feedback.
2. Deliberative
Various types of communication (verbal, 3. Ceremonial
non-verbal, written, and visual) contribute to
effective interactions

Factors like context, noise, and cultural

differences can impact communication
outcomes

IMPORTANCE OF EFFECTIVE 2.Shannon- ❖ Claude Shannon and

COMMUNICATION Weaver's Model Warren Weaver are
the proponents of
Fosters mutual understanding and builds strong this model.
relationships. ❖ This is often called
the TELEPHONE
Enhances teamwork, problem-solving, and
MODEL because it is
decision-making.
based on the
experience of having
Facilitates success in personal, academic, and
the message
professional endeavors
interfered with a
“noise” from the
telephone
switchboard back in
the 1940s
3. Schramm's ❖ Originated from
Model Wilbur Schramm,
who is considered
4. White's Model ❖ Eugene White is the
the Father of Mass
proponent of this
Communication.
model.
❖ He came up with five
❖ This model tells us
models, but the
that communication
Schramm Model
is circular and
(1955) is the concept
continuous, without
that explains why
a beginning or end.
communication
❖ White’s model points
breakdown occurs.
out that although we
❖ Schramm asserts
can assume that
that communication
communication
can take place if and
begins with
only if there is an
thinking,
overlap between the
communication can
FIELD OF
actually be observed
EXPERIENCE of the
from any point in the
Speaker and the
circle.
FIELD OF
EXPERIENCE of the
Listener

WHAT IS THE FIELD OF

EXPERIENCE?
❖ It is everything that
makes a person
unique – everything
he/ she has ever
learned, watched, ❖ Eugene white contributed the concept of
seen, heard , read FEEDBACK to the field of communication.
and studied. ❖ FEEDBACK – the perception by the speaker
❖ It is the “life about the response of the listener. The
experiences, speaker can only feedback if the speaker
attitudes, values, is monitoring the listener.
and beliefs that each
communicator
brings to an
interaction and that
shape how messages
are sent and
received”
(McCornack, 2010, p.
10)
❖ Used to interpret the
Message and create
a response.
 LESSON 3: BARRIERS OF BARRIERS
COMMUNICATION PHYSICAL BARRIER
Barriers to communication can be defined as an element or a physical factor that acts as a
the aspects or conditions that interfere with distraction to hinder the flow of
effective exchange of ideas or thoughts. communication. A physical barrier can be
Anything that hinders the process of natural or human-made and is easy to spot.
communication at any of these levels is a
barrier to communication TYPES:

Barriers: FAULTY ● Large working area

1. Emotional Barrier ORGANIZATIONAL ● Closed office doors
2. Use of Jargon ● Separate areas for
3. Lack of Confidence people of different
4. Noisy Environment status
● It forbids team
member from
There are three levels at which communication
effective interaction
takes place: with each other.
1. Noticing is done with the senses, and is
at the physical level NOISE ● Physical noise
(outside disturbance)
2. Understanding is at the level of
● Psychological noise
intelligence
(inattentiveness)
3. Acceptance is at the emotional level ● Written noise (bad
handwriting/typing)
● Visual noise (late
arrival of employees)

TIME AND ● Improper Time

DISTANCE ● Defects in Medium of
communication
● Network Facilities
● Mechanical
Breakdowns

INFORMATION ● Piling up of tasks due

OVERLOAD to improper time
management.
● Excess number of
people assigned for
same task
● Work
overload/Information
duplication.

HOW TO OVERCOME PHYSICAL

BARRIERS?
❖Appropriate Seating Arrangement
❖Ensure Visibility & Audibility
❖Environmental Comfort
❖Minimise Visual/Oral Distraction
 SEMANTIC AND
LANGUAGE BARRIER
LANGUAGE BARRIERS:
Language or semantic barriers arise when
many words have more than one meaning, and
Different Languages
a sender and a receiver try to communicate in a
language, which themselves do not understand No Clarity in Speech
properly. So, communication is not always
Using Jargons
successful.
Not Being Specific

HOW TO OVERCOME SEMANTIC AND

LANGUAGE BARRIERS?
❖Use of Simple Language
❖Symbols & Charts
❖Active Listening/ Constructive feedback

SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL
BARRIER
Psychological barriers can be described as the
cause of distorted communication because of
human psychology problems.

Includes:
1. Attitude and opinions
2. Emotions
3. Filtering and distortion of message
4. Status difference
5. Inattention
6. Closemindedness
7. Fields of experience
8. Group identification
9. Self-image
10. Premature evaluation
11. Distrust
12. Poor retention
HOW TO OVERCOME
SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIERS?
Denotation: The literal meaning of a word ❖Calling Attention & Motivation
Connotations: The emotions and ❖Assistance & Sympathy
associations connected to a word
➔ Favourable Connotation: 'honest',
'noble', 'sincere’
➔ Unfavourable Connotation: 'cowardly',
'slow', 'incompetent‘
 CROSS-CULTURAL 9. Too many levels in organization
structure
BARRIER
10. Insufficient communication training
Cross-cultural barriers are concepts, ideas,
cultures, or behaviors that are unfamiliar from
HOW TO OVERCOME ORGANIZATIONAL
one culture to another. This can cause a
misunderstanding and a rise in tension. BARRIERS?
❖Simple Organizational Structure
DIFFERENT TYPES: ❖Avoiding Information Overload
1. Language ❖Flexibility in Meeting Targets
2. Values
3. Social Relations
4. Concept of Time
IN GENERAL, THESE ARE WAYS TO
5. Concept of Space
6. Gestures
OVERCOME COMMUNICATION
BARRIERS:
HOW TO OVERCOME CROSS-CULTURAL
For INDIVIDUAL SKILLS, includes:
BARRIERS?
❖Understanding of Traditions & Customs
1. Active listening
❖Information of all Sides of Culture 2. Select the appropriate channel for the
message
3. Make a special effort to understand each
ORGANIZATIONAL other's perspective
4. Managers should practice MBWA
BARRIER
(management by walking around), in
Organizational barriers to communication stem other words, intermittently leaving your
from a lack of understanding of your business office to interface directly with teams of
structure and individual roles within it. employees. This allows you to hear
Organizational barriers can affect businesses of firsthand how you can improve your
all sizes, and they often occur because entire business' workflow.
employees are unaware of, or do not fully
understand, an existing structure. For ORGANIZATIONAL ACTIONS, includes:

Includes: 1. Create a climate of trust and openness

1. Loss or distortion of messages as they 2. Develop and use formal information
pass from one level to another channels in all directions
2. Filtering of information according to 3. Encourage the use of multiple channels
one’s understanding/interpretation including formal and informal
3. Messages not read completely or not communications
understood correctly 4. The organizational structure should fit
4. Deliberate withholding of information communication needs
from peers perceived as rivals
5. Information gap if the upper level does
not know the true state of af
6. Lack of communication policy
7. Authoritarian attitude of management
8. Poorly defined authority and
responsibility