ORAL COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION – is the exchange of information,
concepts, and opinions between or among two or more people
within the same or of different context. It is also a process that
involves various elements.
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
1. SPEAKER- The source of information or message.
2. MESSAGE- The information, ideas, or thoughts
conveyed by the speaker in words or in actions.
3. ENCODING- The process of converting the message
into words, action, or other forms.
4. CHANNEL- the medium or the means, such as
personal or non- personal, verbal, or nonverbal, in
which the encoded message is conveyed.
5. DECODING – the process of interpreting the encoded
message of the speaker by the receiver.
6. RECEIVER – The recipient of the message, or
someone who decodes the message.
7. FEEDBACK – the reactions, responses, or information
provided by the receiver.
8. CONTEXT – the environment where communication
takes place.
9. BARRIER – the factors that affect the flow of
communication.
PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION
The SPEAKER generates an idea.
The speaker ENCODES an idea or converts the idea into
words or actions.
The speaker TRANSMITS or sends out a message.
The RECEIVER gets the message.
The receiver DECODES or interprets the message based on
the context.
The receiver sends or provides FEEDBACK.
MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
1. SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL
 Created by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver
(1949)
 Known as the mother of all communication models.
 Depicts communication as linear or one-way
process.
 The model includes source, transmitter, noise,
channel, receiver, destination
 Originally, it does not include feedback.
2. TRANSACTION MODEL
 Two-way communication (interpersonal
communication)
 Includes feedback
 Interactive – meaning is shaped both by the
communicators.
 Consider multiple noise sources
 Considers context
3. SCHRAMM MODEL
 views communication as a process that takes place
between a sender (transmitter) and a receiver.
 there will be also a message, and a medium
through which the message can be transmitted.
FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION
1. CONTROL – Communication functions to control
behavior.
2. SOCIAL INTERACTION - Communication allows
individuals to interact with others.
3. MOTIVATION – Communication motivates or
encourages people to live better.
4. EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION – Communication
facilities people’s expression of their feelings and
emotions.
5. INFORMATION DISSEMINATION – Communication
functions to convey information.
FEATURES OF AN EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
1
1. COMPLETENESS – Complete Communication is
essential to the quality of the communication process in
general.
2. CONCISENESS – does not mean keeping the
message short, but making it direct or straight to the
point.
3. CONSIDERATION – the speaker should always
consider relevant information about his/her receiver
such as mood, background, race, preference,
education, status, and needs, among others.
4. CONCRETENESS – Effective communication happens
when the message is concrete and supported by facts,
figures, and real-life examples and situations.
5. COURTESY – The speaker shows courtesy in
communication by respecting the culture, values, and
beliefs of his/her receivers.
6. CLEARNESS – implies the use of simple and specific
words to express ideas.
7. CORRECTNESS – in grammar eliminates negative
impact on the receivers and increases the credibility
and effectiveness of the message.
BARRIERS TO COMMNICATION
PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIER – This refers to the emotional
character and mental limitations of human being.
PHYSICAL BARRIER – This refers to the environmental and
natural conditions that act as a barrier in communication in
sending a message from sender to receiver.
PHYSIOLOGICAL BARRIER – This refers to the limitations of
the human body and the human mind.
SEMANTIC BARRIER – This refers to the difference in
meaning attached to words used in communication.
EMOTIONAL BARRIERS
1. USE OF JARGON
2. LACK OF CONFIDENCE
3. NOISY ENVIRONMENT
VERBAL COMMNICATION – refers to an interaction in which
words are used to relay a message.
1. APPOPRIATENESS – the language that you use
should appropriate the environment or occasion.
2. BREVITY – speakers who often use simple yet precise
and powerful words are found to be more credible.
3. CLARITY – The meanings of words, feelings, or ideas
may be interpreted differently by a listener.
4. ETHICS – words should be carefully chosen in
consideration of the gender, roles, ethnicity,
preferences, and status of the person or people you
are talking to.
5. VIVIDNESS – word that vividly or creatively describe
things or feelings usually add color and spice to
communication.
NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION – refers to an interaction
where behavior is used to convey and represent meanings.
INTERCUTURAL COMMUNICATION – happens when people
interact, negotiate, and create meanings while bringing in their
varied cultural backgrounds.
THE DEVELOPMENT MODEL OF INTERCULTURAL
SENSITIVITY
Step 1: DENIAL – The individual does not recognize cultural
differences.
Step 2: DEFENSE – The individual starts to recognize cultural
differences and is intimidated by them, resulting in either a
superior view o his/her own culture or an unjustified high
regard for the new one.
Step 3: MINIMIZATION – Although individuals see cultural
differences, they bank more in the universality of ideas rather
than on cultural differences.
 ORAL COMMUNICATION
Step 4: ACCEPTANCE – the individual begins to appreciate
important cultural differences in behaviors and eventually in
values.
Step 5: ADAPTATION – the individual is very open to world
views when accepting new perspectives.
Step 6: INTEGRATION – Individuals start to go beyond their
own cultures and see themselves and their actions based on
multifarious cultural view.
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPETENT INTERCULTURAL
COMMUNICATORS
1. Flexibility and the ability to tolerate high levels of
uncertainty
2. Reflectiveness or mindfulness
3. Open-mindedness
4. Sensitivity
5. Adaptability
6. Ability to engage in divergent thinking ( or thinking
creatively) and systems-level thinking (or thinking how
each one in a system or organization influences each
other)
7. Politeness
CONTEXT – refers to the setting or event in which
communication takes place.
4 DIMENSIONS OF CONTEXT IN COMMUNICATION
PHYSICAL CONTEXT – refers to the venue where
communication is taking place.
CULTURAL CONTEXT - refers to the values, beliefs,
lifestyles, and behaviors of a group of people.
SOCIAL – PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTEXT – refers to the
relationship of communicators (intamacy vs. formality), and
their roles in the event (teachers vs students).
TEMPORAL CONTEXT – refers to the time when
communication occurs or the sequences of topics in a
conversation.
INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION – refers to
communication that centers on one person where the speaker
acts both as the sender and the receiver of the message.
TYPES OF INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
 Internal discourse involves thinking, concentration, and
analysis.
 Solo vocal communication includes speaking aloud to
oneself.
 Solo-written communication deals with writing not
intended for others.
INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION – refers to
communication between and among people and establishes a
personal relationship between them and among them.
TYPES OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
 DYAD – A type of communication that occurs between
two people.
CHARACTERISTICS OF DYAD
- The participants play the role of speaker and listener.
- The purpose may range drom casual to highly
purposive.
- The interaction may be planned or unplanned
- SMALL GROUP – A type of communication that
involves 3 to 10 people.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SMALL GROUP
- Participation may be active or passive.
- May be planned or unplanned.
PUBLIC COMMUNICATION – requires you to deliver or send
the message before or infront of the audience.
CHARACTERISTICS OF PUBLIC COMMUNICATION
- There is constant role stability (speaker vs audience).
These roles are maintained.
- The degree of formality is usually high.
- There is a need to plan ahead to adapt to a diverse
audience.
- Monitoring or observing audience feedback and adjust
to it are comparatively few.
MASS COMMUNICATION - This communication takes
place through television, radio, newspapers, magazines,
books, billboards, the internet, and other types of media.
CHARACTERISTICS OF MASS COMMUNICATION
- Information reaches a large and vast number of
heterogeneous audiences.
- Feedback in mass media is slow and weak.
- Content delivered via mass communication can be
stored and preserved. A reader of newspapers can
read and re-read it for a long term.
SPEECH STYLES
INTIMATE
 this style is common when communicating between
people who are very close and know each other quite
well, with a maximum of shared background
information.
 this includes using private language exclusive within
families, very close friends, or groups. examples:
personal endearment like" baby" "mahal"," pangga"
etc.
 grammar is less concerned.
CASUAL
 This style is commonly used when talking to peers and
friends.
 This type of language allows us to use jargon, slang,
street language, gay language, or vulgar words. Some
of the vocabulary words used are' bro' (brother), beshy'
(best friend), and see ya' (see you).
 Less structured.
 Grammar is less concerned.
 Shared inside jokes and references.
CONSULTATIVE
 In this style, professionally or mutually acceptable
language is a must.
 The style is used in seminars, meetings, or when
talking to professionals like doctors, officers, and
colleagues.
 Somewhat structured and purposeful.
 Formal language is somehow a concern but may shift
into something less formal to ease down tension. (ex.
Use of ice breaker during meetings.)
FORMAL
 We use this style during formal settings.
 Examples are sermons by priests and ministers, State
of the Nation Address of the president, formal
speeches, or when an important speech is being
delivered for serious purposes.
 Highly structured and planned.
 Formal language is highly observed.
 Unlike the consultative style, this is somehow one-way.
FROZEN
 This is the most formal communicative style, often used
in a formal ceremony.
 Common examples are the Preamble to the
Constitution, Lord's Prayer, Allegiance to the flag. and
wedding ceremonies.
 Highly structured and planned.
 The language used in frozen remained unchanged for
a long time. This includes scripts for ceremonies.