ORAL COMMUNICATION

Unit 1: Lesson 1 Fundamentals of Communication

Communication – Process of sharing or conveying messages or information from
one person or another.
Context – words that help to explain its meaning
Communication can be:
 Face-to-face interaction
 Phone conversation
 Group discussion, meeting, interview

NATURE OF COMMUNICATION
 A process
 Occurs between two or more people (speaker&receiver)
 Expressed through written, spoken words, actions

ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
1. Speaker - source of info or message
2. Message - information conveyed by the speaker in words/actions
3. Encoding – process of converting message into words, etc.
4. Channel – medium or the means
5. Decoding – process of interpreting the encoded message
6. Receiver – recipient of the message ; decodes the message
7. Feedback – reaction/responses provided by the receiver
8. Context – environment where communication takes place
9. Barrier – factors that affect flow of messages/ communication

PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION
 The speaker generates an idea
 The speaker encodes an idea
 The speaker transmits/ sends out message
 The receiver gets the message
 The receiver decodes/ interprets the message based on the context
 The receiver provides feedback

MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
1. Shannon- Weaver Model (1949)
- mother of all communication models
- linear/ one way process
5 ELEMENTS:
 source – producer of message
 transmitter – encoder of message into signals
 channel – signals adapted for transmission
 receiver – decoder of message
 destination
MISSING – FEEDBACK
 2. Transaction Model – two-way process w/ the inclusion of feedback

3. Schramm Model

FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION
 Control – to control behavior
 Social Interaction – to interact w/others
 Motivation – motivates/encourages people to live better
 Emotional Expression – facilitates people’s expression of their
feeling and emotions
 Information dissemination – to convey information

FEATURES OF AN EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATOR

1. Completeness – should include everything that the receiver needs to hear from
him/her.
2. Conciseness- making it direct or straight to the point.
3. Consideration – consider relevant information about his/her receiver (mood,
background, race, etc)
4. Concreteness – concrete and supported by facts, figures and real-life examples
and situations
5. Courtesy – respecting the culture, values and beliefs of his/her receiver.
6. Clearness – use of simple and specific words to express ideas; focuses only to a
single objective.
7. Correctness – eliminates negative impact on the audience and increase the
credibility and effectiveness of the message.

BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION
 Emotional Barrier
 Use of jargon
Jargon- set of specialized vocabulary in a certain field.
 Lack of confidence
 Noisy environment

Lesson 2: Intercultural Communication

INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
- Happens when individuals interact, negotiate, and create meanings while
bringing their cultural background.
- Pertains to communication among people different nationalities
- Influenced by different ethnicities, religion and sexual orientations
- THE SENDING AND RECEIVING OF MESSAGE ACROSS LANGUAGES
AND CULTURES
DEVELOPMENTAL MODEL OF INTERCULTURAL SENSITIVITY
1. Denial – does not recognize cultural differences
2. Defense – starts to recognize cultural differences, resulting either superior view
on own culture or unjustified high regard for the new one.
3. Minimization – bank more on the universality of ideas more than the cultural
differences
4. Acceptance – begins to appreciate cultural differences in behaviors and
eventually in values
5. Integration – starts to go beyond their own culture
CHARACTERISTICS OF A COMPETENT INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATOR
1. Flexibility and ability to tolerate high levels of uncertainty
2. Reflectiveness and mindfulness
3. Sensitivity
4. Adaptability
5. Ability to engage in divergent thinking
6. Politeness
TYPES OF SPEECH CONTEXT
1. Intrapersonal – speaker act both as a sender and the receiver of message
2. Interpersonal – communication between and among people & establishes
relationship between and among them.
 Dyad Communication – com that occurs between 2 people
 Small group – involve at least 3, but not more than 10, in a face-to-
face interaction
3. Public – requires to deliver/send message before/in front of the group
- Can be informal or persuasive
4. Mass communication – takes place through television, radio, newspaper, and
other types of media
TYPES OF SPEECH STYLE
1. Intimate – private, occurs between/among family

2. Casual – common among peers and friends

- Jargon
- Slang
- Street language
- Gay language
- Vulgar words
3. Consultative – standard, professional or mutually acceptable style is a must.
Eg. Teacher-student, doctor-patient

4. Formal – used in formal settings, one way.

Eg. Sermons by priest, SONA

5. Frozen - “frozen” in time and remains unchanged, mostly occurs in ceremonies.

Eg. Preamble and constitutions, Lord’s prayer, Allegiance to country/flag
TYPES OF SPEECH ACTS
Accdng to. J.L Austin
1. Locutionary act – the actual act of uttering
2. Illocutionary act – social function of what is said
3. Perlocutionary – resulting act of what is said
Performatives – utterance said by the right person under the right
 circumstance results in a change in the world
SEARLE’S CLASSIFICATION OF SPEECH ACTS

1. Assertive – speaker expresses belief about the truth of a

Proposition,
- suggesting, putting forward, swearing,
boasting

2. Directive – speaker tries to make the addressee perform in an

action.
Ex. “Please close the door.”

3. Commissive – commits the speaker to doing something in the

Future.
- promising, planning, vowing, betting
Ex. “From now on, I will participate in our group activity.”

4. Expressive – speaker expresses his/her feelings or emotional

reactions.
5. Declaration – brings a change in a in the external situations.

COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGY

 Nomination – carries out a nomination to collaboratively & productively

establish a topic.
 Restriction – refers to any limitation you have as a speaker
 Turn-taking – process by which people decide who takes the
conversational floor.
- give all communicators a chance to speak
 Topic control – You may only have a turn to speak after the
chairperson directs you to do so.
- developEd by avoiding unnecessary
interruptions and topic shifts.
 Topic Shifting – moving from one topic to another.
- “By the way, anyway”
 Repair – how speaker address the problem in speaking,
Listening, comprehending
 Termination – participants’ close-initiating expressions that
end.
Topic initiator – signals the end of the discussion