PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION
PRELIM REVIEWER ARISTOTLE MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
MODULE 1: INTRO TO COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION
- transmission of thoughts from one mind to
others.
- a process in which people share thoughts,
ideas, feelings
- is a dual or two-way process of
transmitting messages
5 FACTORS
Sender (encodes)- speaker of the
communicator
Message (idea, opinion)- the idea being
transmitted
Channel (radio, tv, magazine, ftf)- the
medium
Receiver (decodes)- the target of the
communication
Feedback- reaction given
TURN TAKING- it is the turn where the
receiver changes its role from decoder to
encoder.
DIFFERENT STAGES OF COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
STIMULUS- perceived by our senses that
can trigger communication
IDEATION- your brain starts to process
what you have perceived
ENCODING- you are now starting to
compose the message
TRANSMISSION- you delivered the thoughts
RECEPTION- your friend received what you
have communicated
DECODING- the message will be processed
by the recipient of the message
UNDERSTANDING- the receiver will
interpret the message
ACTION- the receiver of the message will
react on the message received
MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
= SPEAKER-SPEECH-AUDIENCE-EFFECT
- most common model of communication
- golden rule to excel in public speaking,
seminars, lectures etc.
LASSWELL’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
= WHO-SAYS WHAT- IN WHICH CHANNEL-
TO WHOM- WITH THE EFFECT
- first popular communication
- 5W
SHANNON AND WEAVER MODEL OF
COMMUNICATION
= SENDER-ENCODER-CHANNEL-DECODER-
RECEIVER
- one directional
- describe the process on how various
communication technologies like telephone
transmitted
THE OSGOOD-SCHRAMM MODEL OF
COMMUNICATION
= ENCODER/INTERPRETER/DECODER
MESSAGE
DECODER/INTERPRETER/ENCODER
MESSAGE
- outlines the basic component of
communication between two people
- proposer the interpersonal
communication
BERLO’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
= SOURCE-MESSAGE-CHANNEL-RECEIVER
- operates the SMCR pattern
2 ASPECTS OF COMMUNICATION
A. VERBAL OR LINGUISTIC ASPECT- used of
words
B. NON-VERBAL OR EXTRALINGUISTIC
ASPECT- does not make use of words
= NON LINGUISTIC ELEMENTS
* Kinesics- body movements
* Proxemics- distance
* Chronemics- time ETHICS OF ORAL COMMUNICATION
* Haptics- touch
1. Ethical communicators are respectful of
* Olfactics- smell
their audiences
* Oculesics- eye movement
2. Ethical communicators consider the
* Gustatory- taste
consequences of their communication
* Physical Appearance- how the person
3. Ethical communicators respect truth
appears
4. Ethical communicators use information
= PARALINGUISTIC ELEMENTS properly
* Vocal Quality- quality of voice 5. Ethical communicators do not falsify
* Pitch- highness/lowness information
* Tempo- speed 6. Ethical communicators respect the rights
* Volume- loudness of others to information
* Juncture- pauses
BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
LEVELS OF COMMUNICATION
1. ETHNOCENTRISM- when people believes
INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION that their way of doing and seeing things
- communication within yourself are the right and only way
INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION 2. STEREOTYPING- when people
- communiation between one person to oversimplified clichés about people from
another person different cultures.
PUBLIC COMMUNICATION 3. PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIERS- undermining
- communication from one person to a huge of one’s confidence
group 4. LANGUAGE BARRIER- which means the
MASS COMMUNICATION team may not get all the input it needs
- involves the mass media 5. CONFLICTING VALUES- Culture is like an
ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION iceberg: what you see are the behaviors.
- takes place inside the organization
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
- involves person to person, person to
group, group to group
TECHNOLOGY-MEDIATED
COMMUNICATION
- used technology
PRINCIPLES FOR EFFECTIVE
COMMUNICATIONS
1. Accesible
2. Actionable
3. Credible
4. Relevant
5. Timely
6. Undestandable
MODULE 2: LISTENING
Hearing- unintentional and involuntary
Listening- purposeful and focus
- Listening is a primary means through
which we learn new information
- Listening is the learned process of
receiving, interpreting, recalling, evaluating,
and responding to verbal and nonverbal
messages.
REASONS FOR LISTENING
- Listening to what others say about us
helps us develop an accurate self-concept
- it can help us more strategically
communicate for identity needs in order to
project to others our desired self.
PURPOSE OF LISTENING ACCORDING
OWEN HARDIGE
1. to focus on messages sent by other
people or noises coming from our
surroundings
2. to better our understanding of other
people’s communication
3. to critically evaluate other people’s
messages 4. to monitor nonverbal signals
5. to indicate that we are interested or
paying attention
6. to empathize with others and show we
care for them
7. to engage in negotiation, dialogue, or
other exchanges
IMPORTANCE OF LISTENING
1. Stimulates better communication
between the parties involved
2. Facilitates the meeting of minds
3. Gives pleasure and even comfort
4. Assists in understanding of what is being
said 5. Enables to react to what is said
6. Enlarges one’s experience
7. Corrects problems of vocalization
8. More importantly, it decreases the
tensions of life
TYPES OF LISTENING
A. DISCRIMINATIVE LISTENING
- identifying the difference between tones
and sounds
B. INFORMATIONAL LISTENING
- entails listening with the goal of
comprehending and retaining information
C. CRITIC LISTENING
- it requires you to listen to a message and
assess whether the message and the
speaker are trustworthy
D. EMPATHETIC LISTENING
- most challenging form of listening and
occurs when we try to understand or
experience what a speaker is thinking or
feeling
TYPE OF LISTENERS
A. PEOPLE-ORIENTED LISTENERS
- concerned about the emotional states of
others and listen with the purpose of
offering support in interpersonal
relationships.
B. ACTION-ORIENTED LISTENERS
- focus on what action needs to take place
in regards to a received message and try to
formulate an organized way to initiate that
action.
C. CONTENT-ORIENTED LISTENERS
- listen to complex information and
evaluate the content of a message
D. TIME-ORIENTED LISTENERS
- more concerned about time limits and
timelines
THE LISTENING PROCESS
A. THE PHYSICAL OR ATTENTION STAGE or delivery
- the listener is readying himself/herself to 5. JUMPING TO CONCLUSIONS- Be patient
listen. 6. INTERRUPTING- Interrupting someone is
B. THE LOGICAL OR AUDITORY an almost certain sign that you don’t know
DISCRIMINATION STAGE or care about what the other person is
- the listener is choosing which among saying.
those information he/she heard will be 7. OVERREACTING TO EMOTIONAL
processed. WORDS- We will react from time to time to
C. THE SEMANTIC OR COMPREHENSION certain words or phrases that push our “hot
- the listener understands the information buttons
heard.
D. THE RETENTION STAGE
- the listener will remember or retain the
information heard
LEVELS OF LISTENING
1. IGNORING- listener does not show
interest to listen
2. PRETENDING- listening on the eye level’
listener only just pretends to listen
3. SELECTIVE LISTENING- listener choose
only the person who wants to listen.
4. ATTENTIVE LISTENING- listening from the
ears to process it in the mind.
5. SYMPHATETIC LISTENING- listening from
the ears to heart.
6. EMPHATIC LISTENING- more than just
listening to others
WAYS ON HOW TO BE AN ETHICAL
LISTENER AND SPEAKER
1. TURNING OUR DULL TOPICS- listeners
decide early on what topic is simply not
interesting
2. FAKING ATTENTION- we pretend to pay
attention though our minds are a thousand
miles away.
3. YIELDING TO DISTRACTIONS- outside
noises or movements often affect our
concentration
4. CRITIZING DELIVERY OR PHYSICAL
APPEARANCE- people abandon their good
listening habits when they become overly
critical of the speaker’s physical appearance
MODULE 3: INTERNATIONAL - social practices are constantly examined
COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION: and reexamined in the light of incoming
CONTRADICTION AND DIRECTIONS information
GLOBALIZATION OF COMMUNICATION 3. DISEMBEDDEDNESS
- implies the freedom of movement of - the “lifting out” of human interactions
ideas, information, images, and reporters from local contexts and restructuring them
- Globalization is a process that influences across time and space
and is influenced by many aspects of 2 DISEMBEDDING MECHANISMS
contemporary life, including the economy, = SYMBOLIC TOKENS
international relations, society, politics, - media of interchange which can be passed
and religion around, used to connect people across
large distances
INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATION
- examines how information is exchanged = DISEMBEDDING MECHANISM
across geographical and social divides - is the expert systems
EXPERT SYSTEMS- consist of people with
3 INTERRELATED AND INTERESTING
specialized knowledge and expertise in the
THEORETICAL CLAIMS
use of knowledge repositories and networks
a. material exchanges localize
that can be used to distribute knowledge
b. political exchanges internationalize
worldwide
c. and symbolic exchanges globaliz
CONTRADICTIONS AND DIRECTIONS
- GLOBALIZATION has negative as well as
THREE DYNAMIC PROCESSES
positive features
1. TIME AND SPACE COMPRESSION
- GLOBALIZATION influences are fracturing
- to recognize our place in the world
as well as unifying
- the when and where is connected
- GLOBALIZATION implies greater
- began in 18th century w/invention of
connectedness and de-territorialization
mechanical clocks and the global time zones
SEQUENTIALITY- succession of events over
time
SIMULTANEITY- 2 or more events that
occur at the same moment
SYNCHRONICITY- 2 or more events that
unfold together
2. GLOBAL CONSCIOUSNESS AND
REFLEXIVITY
= GLOBAL CONSCIOUSNESS
-“the scope and depth of consciousness of
the world as a single place”
= REFLEXIVITY
- represents the idea that knowledge spirals
in and out of the universe of social life
universe as an integral part of that process
MODULE 4: LANGUAGE AND
GLOBALIZATION: ITS IMPLICATION IN THE
WORKPLACE
RELATIONSHIP OF LANGUAGE AND
GLOBALIZATION
- GLOBALIZATION is readily increasing in
today’s world
- LANGUAGES the lifeline of globalization
= without LANGUAGE there would be NO
GLOBALIZATION
= without GLOBALIZATION there would be
no WORLD LANGUAGES
1. Language contributes to the formation of
culture
2. Languages are the essential medium
3. Knowledge of one or several languages
4. Allowing languages and their cultures to
spread
THE SPREAD OF ENGLISH AS AN
INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE IN THE
WORKPLACE
- GLOBALIZATION is making English
especially important not just in
universalities but also in the workplace
- GLOBALIZATION has influenced the
evolution of the English language the most
- ENGLISH is a world language now
- ENGLISH has a very large vocabulary and
absorbs many words from other languages
- ENGLISH SPEAKING WORKFORCE can help
economies integrate
- PROFICIENCY IN ENGLISH has become
something of a commodity
- MANY FIRMS have changed their
corporate languages to the common tongue
of English
THE GLOBALISATION OF THE ENGLISH
LANGUAGE
HJARVARD (2003)
- ENGLISH has come to occupy a singular
position among languages
- ENGLISH has become the LINGUA FRANCA
of the global network
- ENGLISH is the PROTOCOL for oral and
written communication across national
frontiers
- ENGLISH LANGUAGE has continued to
enjoy unique ascendancy
GREEN (2011)
- ENGLISH LANGUAGE has been in
widespread use around the world
- ENGLISH has become even more of a
world languages
- He argues that GLOBALISTION pushes
forward global English hegemony
MCKAY (2002)
- Argued that factors such as colonialism,
speaker migration, and new technology had
greatly contributed to making ENGLISH an
INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE and the major
reasons for the initial spread of English
CRYSTAL (1997)
- ENGLISH LANGUAGE has become the
language of international relations
- It is the language of the press, advertising,
and broadcasting
- It is the medium through which motion
pictures are propagated
- International travel and tourism are
conducted in English
- English plays a significant role in higher
education in many countries
GRADDOL (2001)
- Predicted that no other language will
appear within the next fifty years to replace
English as the global lingua franca.
- ENGLISH LANGUAGE is for many people in
the world today