# MODULE 1: SPEAKING WITH A PURPOSE

Communication
- Latin ‘communis’ means ‘to make common’.
- Sharing of an idea, thought, feeling, or information

Newman Summer (communication)

- Exchange of facts, ideas, opinions or emotions by two or more persons.

Allen Louis (communication)

- Sum of all things one person does.
- Telling, listening and understanding (systematic and continuous process)

M.T Myers and G.E Myers (communication)

- Special kind of patterning

The Communication Process

1. Source - sender
2. Message - set of signs & symbols; content that is shared
3. Channel - medium used to communicate
4. Receiver - whom message is meant
5. Noise - distortion in a message
6. Feedback - response

*** Sender and receiver of message is considered as one ***

Models of Communication
1. Lasswells’ Communication Model (1948)
Communicator => Message => Medium => Receiver => Effect
2. Shannon and Weaver’s Communication Model (1949)
Information Source => Encoder => Channel => Decoder => Destination
3. Schramm’s Communication Model (1954)
Source => Encoder => Signal <= Decoder <= Source
4. Charles Osgood’s Communication Model (1954)
Encoder/Interpreter/Decoder => Message => Encoder/Interpreter/Decoder

Fallacies of Communication
- Communication can solve problems
- The more we communicate, the better.
- Meanings are in words.
- Communication is a natural ability.
Types of Communication
1. Verbal Communication
2. Nonverbal Communication
3. Intrapersonal Communication
4. Public Communication
5. Mass Communication

Functions of Communication
1. Sharing of information
2. Education and Trainings
3. Socialization
4. Entertainment
5. Persuasion
6. Preservation of Culture

Principles of Communication
1. Clarity
2. Purposive
3. Continuous
4. Relational
5. Consistency
6. Timeliness
7. Adequacy
# MODULE 2: INTERCULTURAL AND GLOBAL COMMUNICATION

Culture
- (Keesing R.M. 1981) socially transmitted patterns
- Culture is a gaining experience
- Language and culture is inseparable

Culture is: (remember)

- A person’s heritage and world view
- The way a group of people agree to be
- The customs and civilization of a particular group of people
- The way we live, the way we behave our beliefs, values and customs
- A binding force that enablers a group of people to identify themselves ‘us’
- The way we do things round here

Implies that culture is pass through communication - then culture will pass through generations

Dimensions of Culture (Hofstede 1994)

Dimensions are important - cross cultural attitude(we are seeing our culture as more mataas
than others)

1. Power Distance
- degree of inequality (ex. Family, Education, Community)

2. Individualism vs. Collectivism

- Individualist side: Society free; striving for own growth and survival. Collectivist side:
Perspective of “we” rather than “I”.

3. Masculinity vs. Femininity

- basic attitude towards community life and its desirable goals.

4. Uncertainty Avoidance
- society’s tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity.

5. Long vs. Short Term Orientation

- connection bet. past , current and future; Connections of timeline.

6. Indulgence vs. Restraint

- personal happiness. Optimistic attitude towards life.
Ethics and Competence
Nelson Mandela
- “If you talk to a man in language he understands, that goes to his head. If you talk to him
in his language, that goes to his heart.”

Barriers to Intercultural Communication

1. Anxiety - when you are anxious.
2. Assuming similarity instead of differences - lacking emotions inappropriately
3. Ethnocentrism - to believe in the superiority of one’s culture
4. Stereotypes and Prejudice - Stereotyping: describe judgements. Prejudice: irrational
dislike, suspicion or hatred.

# MODULE 3: VARIETIES AND REGISTERS OF SPOKEN WRITTEN LANGUAGE

*** It is only through human interaction can we create culture ***

*** If we live with no variation...

...World has no balance ***

Pluralism - we are not seeing english as a single, but we are seeing it as a whole/plural

Spoken Language
- Form of dialogue
- Interlocutor
- Utterance of words or “fill-ups” or empty words

Written Language
- Monologue
- More organized, explanatory

Varieties of spoken language

1. Interactional - it includes a social function
2. Referential - provides the listener some information referring to objects or abstract
concepts
3. Expressive - shows the speaker’s judgements or feeling (emotions are visible tp the
language itself)
 4. Transactional - getting information or making a deal. There’s a specific purpose.
5. Phatic - small, plain talk.

Problems with Grammars

1. Basic Sentence Structure - subject and verb
2. Subject-verb agreement
3. Avoid passive tense
4. Short vs. long sentences
5. Correct punctuation

3 Concentric Circles of Braj Kachru

Inner Circle
- The main language of the country is english
- Norm providing (provide what the basis, rules, standard, guidelines)

Outer Circle
- English second language
- Norm developing (they research, explore the standard and guidelines)

Expanding Circle
- English is their Primary foreign language
- Norm dependent (depending on what is given)

Appropriate Models of English

ESL (English as a Second Language)

- It's already a part of our day to day activities

EFL (English as foreign language)

- English is being study

EIL (English as International language)

- Used as a way of cross-cultural communication

***All languages are unique

Interlocutor - this are persons included from the conversations

# MODULE 4: EVALUATING MESSAGES AND IMAGES

Message
- one of the elements that gives information and ideas to its intended receiver or audience
(Nordquist, R. 2017)

Message is conveyed by:

a. Words (speech or writing)
b. Other Signs and Symbols

Examples and Observations

1. Verbal and Nonverbal Content
- If nonverbal cues don’t align with verbal messages, ambiguity is introduced even
as uncertainty is increased.
2. Communication Messages
- Communication is effective only when the message is understood.
3. The Message in a Rhetorical Act
- Is an intentional, created and polished attempt .
- It is an effort of the speaker to persuade the audience.
4. The Message in Classical Rhetoric
- Effective use of logical, ethical and pathetic proof.
- The style of the speaker - how ethical, logical, how entertaining the message.
5. The Messages in the Media
- Well defined message has 2 key components:
- It’s simple, direct and concise
- Defines the issues in your own terms/words

The purposes of Message

1. Informative Messages
- Convey info
- Usual repetitive
- Everyday tasks
- Directions
- Codes
- Processes and procedures

2. Persuasive Messages
- Convincing other person
- AIDA - Attention, interest, desire, action

3. Goodwill Messages
- Show sense of kindness, friendliness, gratitude, regret, sympathy, etc.
Text Types
1. Narrative type of text
2. Descriptive type of text
3. Expository type of text
4. Persuasive type of text

Sexist Language
- From using politically correct words we eliminate discrimination.
- Political correctness promotes equality .
# MODULE 5: COMMUNICATION & TECHNOLOGY

Roles of Technology in Communication

1. Language - development of oral culture is where info was passed by word-of-mouth
2. Writing - Alibata; easy to understand than speech
3. Printing Press - Developed by Johann Gutenberg 1453; vernacular language
4. Telegraph and Telephone - first media to use electricity to communicate
5. Photography - preserve history. Produce better visuals.
6. Radio - first mass medium
7. Television - news & entertainment into home, leisure time
8. Computers and Internet - opened another phase of human communication. Click of
finger.

Social Media Etiquette

1. Maintaining a positive online presence
2. Being a responsible user
3. Tone of voice and attitude

Virtual Communication
- Interact w/o being in same room
- (ex. Instant messaging apps, video conferencing software, Email clients, social media,
phone calls)

Top Challenges while Working Remotely

- Your staff is in different timezones
- You can’t interpret body language in an instant message
- Company culture diminishes
- WFH has many distractions
- Communication can be confusing
- Remote teams feels isolated
How to Improve Virtual Communication
- Manage people, not technology
- Demonstrate cultural awareness for your team members
- Give easy access to information to get workloads done
- Schedule frequent team check-ins
- Be aware of time-zones differences
- Define channels for remote communication
- Do not monitor activity, measure results
- Trust your team to do good
- Kill time-sucking collaborative meetings
- Set an example of proper business communication
- Document and clarify tasks and processes.