ST.

LOUISE DE MARILLAC COLLEGE OF SORSOGON

BASIC-EDUCATION-SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT

(GRADE 11 MODULE-1)
Time Frame: 8 Hours

LESSON I-NATURE AND ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION

(Fundamentals of Communication & Intercultural Communication)

I. LEARNING COMPETENCIES:
1. Explain the functions, nature and process of communication.
2. Differentiate the various models of communication.
3. Use various strategies in order to avoid communication breakdown.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
At the end of lesson, the students are expected to:
1. identify the different models of communication
2. explain the elements of communication
3. use the various strategies in communication in any situation

VALUES INTEGRATION:
 Communicate sensitively, taking into consideration a listener’s gender, religion, beliefs, and
traditions.

let’s learn…
Communication is the key for us to have connections with one another, this lesson will help you enhance your
skills in communication for you to be an effective speaker and a receiver as well…

II. EXPLORE

What ideas pop in your mind when you see the photos below? What do you think is the purpose of
these photos in our daily lives?

Binggo! I guess you can now have a hint of what will be our first topic in this subject. In order to get more
ideas or learnings about the lesson, kindly read the stated information.

III. FIRM-UP

COMMUNICATION
 Communication is a process of sharing and conveying messages or information from one person to another
within and across channels, contexts, media, and cultures. There is a wide variety of contexts and situations
in which communication can be manifested; it can be a face-to-face interaction, a phone conversation, a
group discussion, a meeting or interview, a class recitation, and many others.

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Nature of Communication
1. Communication is a process.
2. Communication occurs between two or more people (the speaker and the receiver).
3. Communication can be expressed through words (verbal), actions (nonverbal), or both at the same time.

Elements of Communication
1. Speaker- the source of information or message.
2. Message- the information, ideas, or thoughts conveyed by the speaker in words or in actions.
3. Encoding- the process of converting the message into words, actions, or other forms that the speaker
understands.
4. Channel- the medium or the means, such as personal or non-personal, verbal or non-verbal, in which the
encoded message is conveyed.
5. Decoding- the process of interpreting the message of the speaker by the receiver.
6. Receiver- the recipient of the message, or someone who decodes the message.
7. Feedback- the reactions, responses, or information provided by the receiver.
8. Context- the environment where communication takes place
9. Barrier- the factors that affect the flow of communication

Models of Communication
1. Shannon-Weaver Model
Known as the mother of all communication models, it depicts communication as a linear or one-way
process consisting of five elements.
 Source – producer of message
 Transmitter- encoder of message into signals
 Channel- signals adapted for transmission
 Receiver – decoder of the message from the signal
 Destination

However, this model has been criticized for missing one essential element in the communication process,
and that is feedback.

2. Transaction Model
The transaction model is a two-way process with the inclusion of feedback as one element.
There is a collaborative exchange of messages between communicators with the aim of
understanding each other. It also shows the barrier, such as noise, may interfere with the flow of
communication.

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Functions of Communication
1. Control- Communication functions to control behavior.
2. Social Interaction- Communication allows individuals to interact with others.
3. Motivation- Communication motivates or encourages people to live better.
4. Emotional expression- Communication facilities people’s expression of their feelings and emotions.
5. Information dissemination- Communication functions to convey information.

Features of an Effective Communication

1. Completeness- is essential to the quality of the communication process on general.

2. Conciseness- does not mean keeping the message short, but making it direct or straight to the point.
Insignificant or redundant information should be eliminated from the communication that will be sent to
the recipient.
3. Consideration- the speaker should consider relevant information.
4. Concreteness- the message must concrete and supported by facts, figures, and real-life examples and
situations.
5. Courtesy- respecting the culture, values, and beliefs of his/her receivers.
6. Clearness- implies the use of simple and specific words to express ideas. It is also achieved when the
speaker focuses only on a single objective in his/her speech so as not to confuse the audience.
7. Correctness- correctness in grammar eliminates negative impact on the audience and increases the
credibility and effectiveness.

Verbal Communication and Nonverbal Communication

Verbal Communication refers to an interaction in which words are used to relay a message. For effective
and successful verbal communication, use words to express ideas which can be easily understood by
the person you are talking to. It considers appropriateness, brevity, clarity, ethics, and vividness.
Nonverbal Communication refers to an interaction where behavior is used to convey and represent
meanings. All kinds of human responses that are not expressed in words are classified as nonverbal
communication. Examples of nonverbal communication are stares, smiles, tone of voice, movements,
manners of walking, standing and sitting, appearance, style of attire, attitude towards punctuality and
space, personality and others.

Intercultural Communication
Definition and Nature of Intercultural Communication
 Intercultural communication-happens when individuals interact, negotiate, and create meanings while
bringing in their varied cultural backgrounds (Ting-Toomey, 1999).
 It pertains to communication among people from different nationalities (Gudykunst, 2003).Others look at
intercultural communication as communication that is influenced by different ethnicities, religions, and
sexual orientations.
 Both interpretations show that intercultural communication takes place when people draw from their
cultural identity to understand values, prejudices, language, attitudes, and relationships (Gudykunst &Kim,
2003) Intercultural communication is the sending and receiving of messages across languages and
cultures.
When you speak, your speech is continuously accompanied by gestures, facial expressions, and other body
movements that add to what you are saying in different ways. For example, nodding means “yes” in the Indian
subcontinent, Iran, most of Europe, Latin America, and North America. However, in Greece, Lebanon, Syria,
Palestine, Turkey, Macedonia, Bulgaria, and Albania, nodding indicates disagreement. Moreover, in the case of
Japanese culture, silence as a form of communication is more integrated in their customs than in Western
languages. It is therefore important for you to acknowledge and understand the many communication patterns
present in other cultures.

The Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity (DMIS)

The Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity (DMIS) offers a structure that explores how people
experience cultural differences. According to Bennett and Bennett (2004), it has six stages. These are the
following:
Stage 1: Denial - The individual does not recognize cultural differences.
Example: An individual in the denial stage might heard be saying, “All cities are the same, they all have
tall buildings, fast food chains, and coffee shops.”
Stage 2: Defense - The individual starts to recognize cultural differences and is intimidated by them, resulting to
or either a superior view on own culture an unjustified high regard for the new one.

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 Example: An individual in the defense stage might heard be saying, “This culture does not view life the
way we do, our culture is certainly better.” or “Their ways are better than my own, I wish I were one of
them.”
Stage 3: Minimization- Although individuals see cultural differences, they bank more on the universality of ideas
rather than on cultural differences.
Example: An individual in the minimization stage might heard be saying, “Once we see through the
cultural differences, we really are just the same.”
Stage 4: Acceptance- The individual begins to appreciate important cultural differences in behaviors and
eventually in values.
Example: An individual in the acceptance stage might heard be saying, “These people and I have
different values and experiences, and I think we can learn from one another.”
Stage 5: Adaptation- The individual is very open to world views when accepting new perspectives.
Example: An individual in the adaptation stage might heard be saying, “To address our issue, I have to
adjust my approach to consider both my own and my counterpart’s background.”
Stage 6: Integration- Individuals start to go beyond their own cultures and see themselves and their actions based
on multifarious cultural viewpoints.
Example: An individual in the integration stage might heard be saying, “I can look at things from the
perspective of various cultures.

Characteristics of Competent Intercultural Communicators

World Bank (2010) identifies the following traits that define a competent intercultural communicator.
1. Flexibility and the ability to tolerate high levels of uncertainty
2. Reflectiveness or mindfulness
3. Open-mindedness
4. Sensitivity
5. Adaptability
6. Ability to engage in divergent thinking (creative thinking) and systems-level (thinking how systems or
organization influences each other)
7. Politeness

We can refrain from showing bias when talking to someone by following the tips below.
1. Avoid stereotyping
2. Challenge gender norms; avoid using “he or man” to refer to a general group of people.
3. Do not talk down on younger people and the elderly.
4. Be sensitive to religious practices of others
5. Do not belittle people you perceive to be on a lower social class than you

Now that you have read and understood the nature and elements of communication, let us proceed to the
next part of this module in order to assess your new learnings…

IV. DEEPEN
Answer the following questions.

1. Based from your own understanding, discuss the nature, function and process of
communication. Use the format below.

NATURE

PROCESS FUNCTION
COMMUNICATION

2. Using Venn Diagram, differentiate the models of communication.

3. Write an essay with a minimum of 300 words and maximum of 500 words that shows your way to
communicate sensitively considering your listener’s gender, beliefs, religion and tradition.

Well done! You accomplished the first activity. Now let us enhance more your learnings by applying it in a
various situation to see how effective you are in terms of communication.

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Synthesis
How do you determine the functions of communication?
How do the Intercultural Communication help you in communicating?
How can you say that you are displaying an effective communication?

Values Integration Questions

What skills can you develop after analyzing the functions, nature and process of communication?
How will this lesson lead you to establish an effective communication with others?

V. TRANSFER

Select one from the given scenario and create a short but excellent script that shows an
effective communication.

SCENARIO 1:
- Your neighbor’s house is on fire. You call the fire department. You have to communicate the urgency of
the situation.

SCENARIO 2:
- You are at home browsing through your social media account and reading the posts in situation. Share
your thoughts or feelings with your family.

SCENARIO 3:
- Your best friend just broke up with his/her partner and you are about to give advice to help her overcome
the pain.

CRITERIA:
CONTENT – 50%
ORGANIZATION- 25%
RELEVANCE – 25%

Reference:

- Oral Communication in Context for Senior High School by C & E Publishing, Inc., Philippe John
Fresnillo Sipacio and Anne Richie Garcia Balgos

Congratulations for finishing this module.

Keep on learning!

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