ORAL COMMUNICATION REVIEWER

NI PIANGKOY

Communication is a process of sharing and conveying messages or information from one person

to another within and across channels, contexts, media, and cultures (McCornack, 2014). There is

a wide variety of contexts and situations in which communication can be manifested; it can be a

face-to-face interaction, a phone conversation, a group discussion, a meeting or interview, a letter

correspondence, a class recitation, and many others.

Nature of Communication

1. Communication is a process.

2. Communication occurs between two or more people (the speaker and the receiver).

3. Communication can be expressed through written or spoken words, actions (nonverbal), or both

spoken words and nonverbal actions at the same time.

Elements of Communication

Communication is divided into elements which help us better understand its mechanics or

process. These elements are the following:

1. Speaker – the source of information or message

2. Message – the information, ideas, or thoughts conveyed by the speaker in words or in actions

3. Encoding – the process of converting the message into words, actions, or other forms that the

speaker understands

4. Channel – the medium or the means, such as personal or non-personal, verbal or nonverbal,

in which the encoded message is conveyed

5. Decoding – the process of interpreting the encoded message of the speaker by the receiver

6. Receiver – the recipient of the message, or someone who decodes the message

7. Feedback – the reactions, responses, or information provided by the receiver

8. Context – the environment where communication takes place

9. Barrier – the factors that affect the flow of communication

Models of Communication
1. Shannon-Weaver Model
Known as the mother of all communication models, the Shannon-Weaver model (1949) depicts
communication as a linear or one-way process consisting of five elements: a source (producer
of message); a transmitter (encoder of message into signals); a channel (signals adapted for
transmission); a receiver (decoder of message from the signal); and a destination.
This model, however, has been criticized for missing one essential element in the communication
process: feedback. Without feedback, the speaker will not know whether the receiver understands
the message or not.
Functions of Communication
Basically, there are five functions of communication. These are control, social interaction,
motivation, emotional expression, and information dissemination.
1. Control – Communication functions to control behavior.
2. Social Interaction – Communication allows individuals to interact with others.
3. Motivation – Communication motivates or encourages people to live better.
4. Emotional expression – Communication facilitates people’s expression of their feelings and
emotions.
5. Information dissemination – Communication functions to convey information.
Features of an Effective Communication
1. Completeness
Complete communication is essential to the quality of the communication process in general.
Hence, communication should include everything that the receiver needs to hear for him/
her to respond, react, or evaluate properly.
2. Conciseness
Conciseness does not mean keeping the message short, but making it direct or straight to the
point. Insignificant or redundant information should be eliminated from the communication
that will be sent to the recipient.
3. Consideration
To be effective, the speaker should always consider relevant information about his/her
receiver such as mood, background, race, preference, education, status, and needs, among
others. By doing so, he/she can easily build rapport with the audience.
4. Concreteness
Effective communication happens when the message is concrete and supported by facts,
figures, and real-life examples and situations. In this case, the receiver is more connected to
the message conveyed.
5. Courtesy
The speaker shows courtesy in communication by respecting the culture, values, and beliefs
of his/her receivers. Being courteous at all times creates a positive impact on the audience.
6. Clearness
Clearness in communication implies the use of simple and specific words to express ideas. It
is also achieved when the speaker focuses only on a single objective in his/her speech so as
not to confuse the audience.
7. Correctness
Correctness in grammar eliminates negative impact on the audience and increases the
credibility and effectiveness of the message.
BARRIERS OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
-PHYSICAL BARRIERS
-SEMANTIC BARRIERS
-LANGAUAGE BARRIERS
-SOCIO-PSCHOLOGICAL BARRIERS
-CROSS CULTURAL BARRIERS
Verbal Communication and Nonverbal Communication
Verbal Communication refers to an interaction in which words are used to relay a message.
ATTRIBUTES
-VOLUME
PITCH
-RATE
-QUALITY
-PAUSES
-EMPHASIS
-VARIETY
Effective voice is……
-AUDIBLE
-PLEASANT
-FLUENT
-FLEXIBLE
FACTORS IN VERBAL COMMUNICATION
-APPROPRIATENESS
-BREVITY
-CLARITY
-ETHICS
-VIVIDNESS
-PRONOUNCIATION
-DIALECTS
-ARTICULATION
Nonverbal communication refers to an interaction where behavior is used to convey and
represent meanings
WAYS
SIGN LANGUAGE
ACTION LANGUAGE
OBJECT LANGUAGE
KINESICS- STUDY OF HAND ARM BODY
HAPTICS – TOUCH
PROXEMICS -SPACE AND DISTANCE
CHRONEMICS- TIME
VOCALICS – VOCALIZED BUT NON VERBAL

Definition and Nature of Intercultural Communication

Intercultural communication happens when individuals interact, negotiate, and create meanings
while bringing in their varied cultural backgrounds (Ting-Toomey, 1999).
SOCIAL SYSTEM - COMPROMISED BY VALUES,NORMS AND WAYS OF BEHAVING
DMIC- DEVELOPMENTAL MODEL OF INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
STAGE 1 DENIAL
STAGE 2 DEFENSE
STAGE 3 MINIMIZATION
STAGE 4 ACCEPTANCE
STAGE 5 ADAPTATION
STAGE 6 INTEGRATION
Types of Speech Context
-INTRAPERSONAL
-INTERPERSONAL (Dyad Communication – communication that occurs between two people)
(Small Group – This refers to communication that involves at least three but not more than twelve
people engaging in a face-to-face interaction to achieve a desired goal._)
-MASS
-PUBLIC
Types of Speech Style
-INTIMATE
-CASUAL
-CONSULTATIVE
-FORMAL
-FROZEN (UNCHANGING EVENTS)