Reviewer in Purposive Communication

Lesson 1

COMMUNICATION — (Etymology) Communis – Commonness

COMMUNICATION — (Etymology) Communicate – To Share

COMMUNICATION
- A process of sharing and conveying messages and information from one person to another
within and across channels, contexts, media and cultures. (McCornack, 2014.)

NATURE OF COMMUNICATION

1. Communication is a process.
● Process = Systematic, Complex, Dynamic
2. Communication occurs between two or more people.
3. Communication can be expressed through written or spoken words, actions (nonverbal),
or both spoken words and nonverbal actions at the same time.

Verbal Communication
– Words are used to exchange information, this can be in person or by telephone and can be
written or oral.

Written Types of Oral

Reports Face to Face

Memos Telephone Conversation

Emails Dictating Letters

Fax Group Discussions

Illustrations Meetings

Speech

Non Verbal Communication

– Nonverbal communication is the transmission of messages or signals through a
nonverbal platform such as eye contact, facial expressions, gestures, posture, and the
distance between two individuals

4. Communication is inevitable.
5. Communication is irreversible.
6. Communication is unrepeatable.

LESSON 2: COMMUNICATION ETHICS

Communication
— Derived from the Latin word "communicare" which means "to share"
— Process of expressing and exchanging verbal/non-verbal information, thoughts, ideas,
and feelings between two or more people
— Conveying meaning using mutually understood symbols, gestures, and behaviors.
— Involves a series of actions that lead to a particular result such as the passing on of a
message and an exchange of ideas among others.
— Is used to meet the purpose of a person.
— The person could be to inform, to persuade, or to entertain.

Forms of Communication
1. Written
2. Verbal
3. Non-Verbal
4. Visuals

Written Communication
— Involves text or words encoded and transmitted through memos, letters, reports, on-line
chat, short message service or SMS, electronic mail, journals and other written documents.

Verbal Communication
— Involves an exchange of information through face-to-face, audio, and/or video call or
conferencing lectures, meetings, radio, and television.

Non-Verbal
— Involves the use of the following to convey or emphasize a message of information:
• Voice - tone, speech, rate, pause, volume.
• Body Language - facial expressions, gestures, postures, and eye contact.
• Personal space or distance - area of space and distance that a person that a person from
different culture, personality, age, sex, and status adopts and puts for another person
• Personal Appearance- how himself/herself presents to a particular situation, whether formal
or informal.

Visuals
— Involve the use of images, graphs, charts, logos, and maps.

Communication can be intended or unintended.

Intended Communication
— Refers to planning what and how you communicate your ideas to other people who are
older than you are or who occupy a higher social or professional position such as your parents,
teachers, and supervisors among others

Unintended Communication
— Happens when you unintentionally send non-verbal messages to people you are
communicating with, or when you suddenly make negative remarks out of frustration or
anger.

Communication is a process that requires you to:

— Know your Audience
— Know your Purpose and Identify the Topic
—Expect Objections
—Establish Credibility with your Target Audience
—Present Information Clearly and Objectively
—Develop a Practical, Useful Way to Seek Feedback

LESSON 3: COMMUNICATION MODELS

The Sender (or the speaker)

holds an idea that needs to be conveyed as a message in oral or written form influenced by
experiences, knowledge, skills, situation, purpose, and attitude toward self and the listener. The
sender's goal is to transfer the message by all means.

The Receiver (or the listener)

decodes the conveyed message. He/She filters the message based on his/her frame of
reference, which includes the level of knowledge about the subject, proficiency, language
experiences, values, and attitudes.

The Message
is any idea delivered by the sender to the receiver. A message can be in verbal form and/or
non-verbal content.

The Channel
is the medium or means through which the message is transmitted.

The Noise
is also known as the barrier that affects the message from being sent, received, or understood.

Noise Classifications:
Physical Noise is the noise from the environment such as beeping cars.
Semantic Noise is the different understanding of the meaning of the message sent which
considers language, culture, or handwriting.
Psychological Noise depends on one's concept or mentality towards the message or the
speaker such as prejudices.
Physiological Noise relating to physiology/ relating to the human's functioning.

The Situation
Is the time and place in which communication occurs.

The Feedback
is the receiver's message that he or she sends to the source in response to the sender's
message.

The Models of Communication Linear, Interactive and Transactional

Linear Communication Model

● Sender - Message - Receiver
Shannon and Weaver were the first to present the Linear Model of Communication in 1949's
The Mathematical Theory of Communication (Gavi, 2013).

Interactive Communication Model

●
In the more complex interactive model, the sender channels a message to the receiver and the
receiver then sends feedback and channels a message to the original sender. In this context,
the interactive model is like two linear models piled on top of each other.

Transactional Communication Model

Transactional model of communication that takes into account "noise" or interference in

communication as well as the time factor.

It also takes into account changes that happen in the communicators' fields of personal and
common experiences. The model also labels each communicator as both sender as well as
receiver simultaneously.

The transactional model is a more complex understanding of communication because it

considers social, relational, and cultural contexts and their influence on the communication.

Social context refers to the stated rules or unstated norms that guide communication.
Relational context involves the social history and relationship between/among people.
Cultural context incorporates the aspects of human identity, specifically the sexual
characteristics, ethnic group, way of life, sexual orientation, social class, and skill.

Communication skills are the tools that we use to remove the barriers to effective
communication.

Communication Barriers

Barriers in Communication (that have to do with the COMMUNICATOR)

Unwillingness to say things differently
Unwillingness to relate to others differently
Unwillingness to learn new approaches
Lack of Self-Confidence
Lack of Enthusiasm
Voice quality
Prejudice

Barriers in Communication
(that have to do with the RECEIVER)
Selective Perception
Unwillingness to Change
Lack of Interest in the Topic/Subject
Prejudice & Belief System
Rebuttal Instincts
Personal Value System
Here-and-Now internal & external factors

External Barriers in Communication

Environment
The venue
The effect of noise
Temperature in the room
Other People Status, Education
Time

Ideally, fast, simple, and accurate communication is the basis of any successful business
transaction, classroom discussion, family affairs, etc.

Principles
The principles of communication describe the characteristics of communication which people
need to understand and learn. The notion of the basic principles of general communication
builds relationships with people.
8 Key Principles of Communication

Communication involves symbols

● A symbol is an arbitrary representation of something else.
Communication requires meaning
● Meaning and context may vary. A single symbol or message can also have multiple
meanings when used in different contexts.
● Verbal and nonverbal influence on Meaning. Accompanying verbal and nonverbal
symbols will also impact meaning. For instance, the same words send different
messages depending on how they are delivered.
● Meaning and the medium are interconnected. The medium, or the means through
which a message is conveyed, will also impact the meanings of a message.
Communication is Culture Related
● The diversity of cultures establishes various assumptions and takes different
knowledge for granted.
Communication is relational.
● All communication contains both a content (message) level and a relational level,
which means that as well as conveying information every message indicates how the
sender of a message and the receiver of that message are formally and personally
related.
Communication involves frames.
● Communication is very complex, but the use of frames helps people make sense of
things.
Communication is both presentational and representational.
● Representation describes factors that convey information; presentation displays the
particular version of the facts or events.
Communication is never neutral.
● It always conveys the perspective or worldview of the person sending a message.
Communication is a transaction.
● Communication as a transaction, or the construction of shared meanings or
understandings between two (or more) individuals. This constitutive approach to
communication maintains that communication creates or brings into existence something
that has not been there before.

LESSON 4: COMMUNICATION ETHICS

Communication Ethics
1. Uphold Integrity.
2. Respect diversity of perspective and privacy.
3. Observe freedom of expression effectively.
4. Promote access to communication.
5. Be open-minded.
6. Develop your sense of accountability.
Guidelines for Effective Communication
1. Be clear with your purpose.
2. Support your message with facts.
3. Be concise.
4. Provide specific information in your feedback.
5. Adjust to the needs, interests, values, and beliefs of your audience.
6. Observe communication ethics.
7. Be your natural self and appear very confident.

LESSON 3: PROCESS APPROACH TO WRITING

Pre-Writing
— Prewriting is the process of coming up with the ideas for your essay.
— This is not formal, polished writing.
— Many types of prewriting: Brainstorming, Freewriting, Clustering, Outlining.

Brainstorming – Just Think!

Freewriting – Just Write!

Clustering – Mind Mapping!

Outlining
—Outlining comes after you already have the ideas for your paper.
—It is a way of laying out your thoughts before you begin writing.
—Use bullet points to write down each concept you want to mention in the order you want to
mention them.
—For more detail, see the Writing Center's handout on outlining.

Drafting
—The draft is the first attempt to organize information.
—Typically called a rough draft for a reason.
—YOU WILL MAKE MISTAKES!
—Your essay structure does not need to be perfect.

Revising
— Reviewing the content of the text.

Editing
—Editing is eliminating punctuations, grammar, and spelling mistakes.
—Should be saved for the end of the writing process.
— SpellCheck can be a false friend!
CHECKLIST FOR EDITING
— Have you read your work aloud to listen to the problem?
— Did you check every possible misspelling in a dictionary? Have you avoided run-ons?
— Are you using verbs, pronouns, and modifiers correctly? Have you used your
punctuation correctly? Are your capital letters correct?