🌐

Media and Information Literacy

01
Created @August 31, 2022 10:00 AM

Created by

Modified @October 12, 2022 9:14 AM

Class MIL 01

Instructor Rovielyn Loretero

Synchronous https://meet.google.com/cib-jhsm-vvs?pli=1&authuser=1

Class Orientation

Media and Information Literacy 01 1

Media and Information Literacy 01 2
Media and Information Literacy 01 3
 Performance Task

Media and Information Literacy 01 4

 Entrep Fair - around December or next year

What is communication and how does it affect Media and Information Literacy?

1. What is communication?

Communication as we have learnt last school year, it is the process

where information or message is being exchanged by the sender to
the receiver, and vice versa. It may be in verbal, non-verbal, or in
written form.

2. How Communication affects Media and Literacy?

Communication affects Media and Information Literacy in a way

that it allows us to be more open to the public. In today’s time it is
very easy to spread or share news to others, even our own opinions
about a controversy or social issue can be transmitted through
media.

Also, communication is greated affected by MIL, example is during

the pandemic. We mostly do communication through online not
face to face communication that we used to have, now we
abbreviate words. This combination ultimately affects human
communication skills.

3. What is Media and Literacy (MIL) all about?

Media and Information Literacy are the competencies (knowledge,

skills and attitude) that allow people to engage with media and

Media and Information Literacy 01 5

 other information providers effectively and develop critical thinking
and life-long learning skills for socializing and becoming active
citizens.

Learning Competencies

The learners will be able to:

define communication and media (SSHS)

identify the 2 basic types of communication (SSHS)

discuss the elements of communication and communication models (SSHS)

describe how communciation is affected by media and information

(MIL11/12IMIL-IIIa-1)

identify the similarities and differences of media literacy, information literacy,

and technology literacy (MIL11/12IMIL-IIIa-2)

define Media and Information Literacy (SSHS)

Communication
act or process of using words, sounds, signs, or behaviors to express or exchange
information or to express your ideas, thoughts, feelings, etc., to someone else —
Merriam Webster

exchange of information and the expression of feeling that can result in

understanding — Cambridge Dictionary

can be transmitted through technology or vocalization or body presentation

Media and Information Literacy 01 6

 Two Basic Types of Communication

Non-Verbal Communication - first to develop by humans since prehistoric times

signs (basic units of semiotics and communication): Semiotics - study of signs

and process of using them

signals - have a tangible equivalent of a message

❗ but signs are more complex in their meanings

symbols

colors

gestures

body language

Verbal Communication - use of speech, language, vocalizations

oral

written

3 Types of Signs:

1. Icon - meanings behind icons give a connection to a person or to a group of

people (ex. crucifix is an icon used by Christian groups)

2. Symbol - a symbol's meaning is personal at most.

can have an abstract or metaphorical meaning

ex. necklace can be a symbol of a mother's love, if that necklace is being

used by her child and treats it as such.

3. Code - a more structured and tangible way of conveying messages semiotically.

(ex. flag semaphores and Morse Code)

Types of Non-Verbal Communication

1. Kinesics - study of communication through the use of body movement, head

movement, posture, eye contact, and facial expressions

2. Haptics - study of communication using the sense of touch.

Touch - necessary for a person's social development and has varying

degrees of importance.

A hug and an embrace may feel welcoming to people who know each other,
and threatening to those who are strangers.

3. Vocalics and Paralinguistics - although Verbal Communication uses our vocal

cords to convey meaning, it has structure, language, metrics, and the like.

In Vocalics, it is more raw and prehistoric in its use. It can be in a form of an

utterance, or voicing out an expression, which can be manipulated through

Media and Information Literacy 01 7

 the use of volume and pitch.

4. Proxemics - use of distance between the communicator and the people around
them to convey messages and meanings.

also affects the manner you communicate. A person would communicate

differently when faced with a teacher than someone who has a more
intimate relationship with, like a sibling.

5. Chronemics - use of time to convey meanings.

It's how we see fixed time cycles and how it is different to other cultures, as
well as our view of personal time versus biological time.

Filipino Time means differently outside of the country.

6. Artifacts and Environment - use of tangible things within or without our reach.

Physical characteristics can affect the way we communicate (e.g. how we

perceive people with tattoos).

Our environment can also give an impression to other people (e.g. "His table is
messy, thus he is disorganized.")

Types of Verbal Communication

1. Representational Verbal Communication: Conveying factual information and

saying it as it is

2. Presentational Verbal Communication: Information that is influenced by beliefs,

perspective, personal bias, emotions, and culture

Functions of Verbal Communication

1. To influence. Communication is used to influence other people into their way of

thinking

2. Representation: Represents ideas, facts, experiences, and the like as it is.

3. Emotions. Communication that maintains relationships, conveys feelings,

builds up emotions and feelings, and to share them with others.

4. Poetic: Uses form and structure to the message that will be attractive to other
people.

Kenneth Burke developed a Pentad that conveys this:

1. Act: What happened?

2. Scene: Where it happened?

3. Agent: Who did it?

4. Agency: How was the act done?

5. Purpose: Why did it happen?

Later on, Burke added a sixth element, Attitude, that tells the
intention or the feeling of the Agent towards the Act.

Media and Information Literacy 01 8

 Process of Communication
1. Source/Sender

Creates the message

Source of message

Where the message comes from

2. Message

The information being shared

Sent thru a communication channel/medium

3. Channel/Medium - Broadcasting, internet, paper/pen, speech, etc.

4. Receiver

Accepts the message

Analyze, asses, and sorts out the message

5. Feedback - Generated by the receiver as a response to the message which is sent

back to the sender

The Message and Feedback can be in the form of Verbal or Non-

Verbal type of Communication, and may be interpreted by both the
Source and the Receiver similarly or differently, depending on their
background, societal influences, culture, education, etc.

Nowadays, there are so many communication Channels available

that finding the right one is important for the Message to be
effectively sent out.

Importance of MITL
to be able to identify which channel is appropriate to use for the Message,

how to effectively assess the Message once received,

and;

to understand that Receivers have potential varied feedback. This eventually makes
us responsible
for communication Source.

💡 The communication process was first introduced by American

Mathematicians Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver in 1948.

Shannon-Weaver's Communication Model

Media and Information Literacy 01 9

 showed clarity and simplicity, which they eventually upgraded to include noise or
entropy

Elements of Communication

1. Sender (Information source)

2. Encoder (Transmitter)

3. Channel

4. Noise

5. Decoder (Reception)

6. Receiver (Destination)

❓ How is communication affected by media and information?

Media Information

Communication data, knowledge derived from study, experience, or instruction, signals or

Tools symbols

Knowledge of specific events or situations

Media and Information Literacy 01 10

 Levels of Intimacy in Today’s Communication
10 - most intimate; involves visual or auditory interaction

1 - least intimate

“The speed of communication is wondrous to behold. It is also true

that speed can multiply the distribution of information that we know
to be untrue”

—Edward R. Murrow

Media and Information Literacy 01 11

 Media Literacy - ability to read, analyze, evaluate and produce communication in a
variety of media forms

Understanding info from television, radio, newspapers, etc.

Information Literacy - ability to recognize when information is needed and to locate,

evaluate, effectively use, and communicate information in its various formats

As info is available in different formats, we question its validity and accuracy

Technology Literacy - ability to use digital technology, communication tools or

networks to locate, evaluate, use, and create information

❓ How are the literacies connected

The three literacies are intertwined since information is shared through different
media platforms, and media platforms continue to develop as new technology
develops. Hence, building literacy in media, information, and technology would build
effective communication.

Media and Literacy

Media - physical objects used to communicate with, or mass communication through
physical objects such as radio, television, computers, film, etc.

refers to any physical object used to communicate messages.

Literacy - ability to identify, understand, interpret, create, communicate and compute,

using printed and written materials associated with varying contents
Media Literacy - Ability to access, analyze, evaluate, and create media in a variety of
forms

aims to empower citizens by providing them with the competencies (knowledge and
skills) necessary to engage with traditional media and new technologies.

Discerns which information is factual through critical thinking

Allows you to think independently

Understand the role and functions of media in democratic societies

Understand the conditions under which media can fulfill their functions

Critically evaluate media content in the light of media functions

Engage with media for self-expression and democratic participation

Reviewing skills (including ICTs) needed to produce user-generated content

One of the most current concepts that focus on creating media messages.

Media and Information Literacy 01 12

 💡 MEDIA LITERATE people are more abled in figuring out the complex
messages we get from the media tools.

Video Context:

Information - broad term that covers processed data, knowledge derived from study,
experience, instruction, signals, or symbols.

Available in the libraries, community resources, media, the internet, and more

INFORMATION LITERACY - ability to recognize when information is needed, and to

locate it in various formats

Media and Information Literacy 01 13

 Define and articulate information needs

Locate and access information

Assess information

Organize information

Make ethical use of information

Communicate information

Use ICT skills for information processing

💡 INFORMATION LITERATE people are those who have learned how to learn.

They know how knowledge is organized and how to find information in

such a way that people can learn from them.

Video context:

Media and Information Literacy 01 14

 Technology - branch of knowledge that deals with the creation and use of technical
means and their interrelation with life, society, and the environment, drawing upon such
subjects as industrial arts, engineering, applied science, and pure science
Technology Literacy - ability of an individual, either working independently or with
others, to use technological tools responsibly, appropriately, and effectively. Using these
tools an individual can access, manage, integrate, evaluate, create and communicate
information.

💡 TECHNOLOGY LITERATE people know how to access different applications

and know what to use when giving and receiving information.

❗ Without technology and media, informing everyone about current news would
be difficult.

Video context:

Media and Information Literacy 01 15

 Learning Objectives: Module 2

Media and Information Literacy 01 16

 What MIL is
MIL is about empowerment.

MIL is a set of competencies.

MIL is both a content and a process.

MIL includes understanding media and information industries, why they do what
they do.

MIL is a lifelong learning skill.

MIL is about analysis of media and information as a basis for creating meaningful
media messages.

MIL includes evaluating information as a basis for making good decisions.

MIL includes analysis of messages and how media creation is affected by

technologies and algorithms.

💡 According to UNESCO, MIL includes information and communication literacy

and digital literacy.

It is defined as a set of competencies that empowers citizens to access, retrieve,

understand, evaluate and use, create, as well as share information and media
content in all formats.

Media and Information Literacy 01 17

 💡 Media and Information Literacy is a composite concept.

MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY - essential skills and competencies that allow
individuals to engag with media and other information providers effectively, as well as
develop critical thinking and life-long learning skills to socialize and become active
citizens.

Responsible use of social media THINK: https://youtu.be/qKxJA7bE-xw

T.H.I.N.K.
Is it True?

Is it Honoring?

Is it Informative?

Is it Necessary?

Is it Kind?

Media and Information Literacy 01 18

 Why do we use media?

Updating things

form of communication

Risks of media:

Unreliable information

Jakarta, tourist would bomb the country

Social networking entice people to waste time

Inability of in-person interaction

ADHD, loneliness, depression, anxiety

Negative Impacts of Media:

depression

low grades

low self-esteem

social anxiety

Tips in Using Social Media

1. Refrain from posting confidential information

2. DON’T post inappropriate content

3. Use privacy settings and follow password recommendations

4. DON’T believe everything you read

5. Be positive (not covid AHHAHHA)

6. DON’T delete all evidence of yourself from the internet

7. Interact with companies you are interested in

Media and Information Literacy 01 19

 Traditional to New Media
Learning Objectives: Module 3

PRE-INDUSTRIAL AGE (Before 1700s)

People discovered fire

Developed paper from plants

Forged weapons and tools with stone, bronze, copper and iron

Energy used was wind, water, people and animals

Coal could be burned for fuel but it wasn't possible to mine deeply into the ground

Communication through clay tablets, papyrus

INDUSTRIAL AGE (1700s to 1930s)

Used the power of steam

Developed machine tools

Media and Information Literacy 01 20

 Established iron production

Manufactured various products (including books through the printing press)

Use of printing press for mass production of magazines and newspapers

Not colored

Motion picture photography and projection during the 1890s

ELECTRONIC AGE (1930s to 1980s)

People harnessed the power of transistors that led to

Transistor radio

Electronic circuits

Early computers

In this age, long distance communication became more efficient

INFORMATION AGE (1900s to 2000s)

People advanced the use of microelectronics with the invention of:

Personal computers

Mobile devices

Wearable technology

Moreover, voice, image, sound and data are digitalized.

The internet paved the way for faster communication and the creation of social
networks

Media and Information Literacy 01 21

 TRADITIONAL MEDIA TO NEW MEDIA

Traditional media - are those that transmit information without the use of the Internet or
any digital platform.
New media - are on-demand and interactive.

People were transformed from mere consumers or receivers of information to

producers of information.

Speed

Accuracy

Value of truthful and insightful journalism

Regulation

Freedom of speech

TRADITIONAL MEDIA

Media experience is limited

One-directional

Sense receptors used are very specific

Print media and sense of sight

Radio and sense of hearing

Media and Information Literacy 01 22

 NEW MEDIA

Media experience is more interactive

Audiences are more involved and can send back feedback simultaneously

integrates all the aspects of old media

The Evolution of Social Media - YouTube

Outcome of many years of planning and development

1997 to 2000s

The first social media website was called six degrees

Socialize and communicate with anyone who created a profile

The creation of ICQ (I Seek You)

Instant messaging allowed people to communicate more conveniently

2003, LinkedIn

Job seekers post CVs

Employers post Job Offerings

MySpace became the #1 most visited in June 2006

Facebook replaced MySpace

Mark Zuckerberg and his roommate became the most visited social media in
the world

BILLION users worldwide

2005, flickr

Created by Ludicorp, Vancouver

Photo-sharing

2006, Twitter

Media and Information Literacy 01 23

 Created by Dorsey

500 million users

Famous peeps

Yahoo bought flickr and tumblr

2010, Instagram

Popular photo-sharing platform

Bought by facebook

300m users

2011, Snapchat

Image messaging system

Calling, videocalling, texting

60m users

Social media strengthens relationships, provide entertainment

https://youtu.be/Ko6J9v1C9zE

"The medium is the message"

—Marshall McLuhan

A deliberately paradoxical statement

Throughout history, what has been communicated has been less important than the
medium of communication.

Roles of Media
Media and Information Literacy 01 24
 1. Channel

a. Inform citizens of what is happening

b. Provides opportunities for people to communicate, share ideas, speculate, tell

stories and give information

2. Resource Center

Educate the audience

Acts as a gateway of information for the society's consumption

becomes a keeper of memories of the community

Preserver of heritage

Source of academic knowledge

3. Watchdog

Media and Information Literacy 01 25

 Exposes corrupt practices of the government and the private sector

Creating a space wherein governance is challenged or scrutinized by the

governed

Also guarantees free and fair elections

a person or organization that makes sure that companies, governments, etc.,

are not doing anything illegal or wrong

4. Advocate

Bridges the gap of digital divide through its diverse source or formats

act of pleading or arguing in favor of something, such as a cause, policy or

interest; active support of an idea

Media and Information Languages

Media and Information Literacy 01 26

 Genre, Codes, and Conventions
Language - method of human communication, either spoken or written, considering of
the use of words in a structured and conventional way

building block of Verbal communication

sequence of symbolic sounds, structured and follows a set of rules to convey

meanings when arranged in a certain way

Characteristics of Language

1. Symbolic: A word is associated with a meaning that may be concrete or

abstract.

2. Follows a set of rules: These rules are called grammar, or else the message
may not be properly understood.

3. Relational and cultural: Words may have abstract meanings, but can also
mean something else based on the culture the language surrounds itself in.
Saying "I love you" may be often mentioned in other countries, but in some, it is
seldom used unless it is meant

Aspects of Language

Semantics - study of meaning behind the words used by people involved in the
communication process

Syntax - study of sentence structure, grammar, and the formation of sentences

in communication.

Pragmatics - study of HOW the words are used in context, interaction, and how
this can aid the communication process.

Phonetics - study of how we produce speech, sounds, utterances, acoustics,

its physical aspects, etc.

Phonology - related with phonetics, however, phonology is describe as the

study of languages and patterns found in speech

Morphology - if syntax is the study of sentences, then morphology is the study

of words, how they are formed and constructed.

For example, the plural of foot is feet, compare that to the plural word of
boot is boots. This exists in all languages.

💡 Media products can be classified into categories or genre such as horror,

comedy, action-comedy, science fiction (sci-fi), action and inspirational.

Genre - comes from the French word meaning ‘type’ or ‘class’

can be recognized by its common set of distinguishing features (codes and

conventions)

Media and Information Literacy 01 27

 💡 Media affects us not only through the information that they deliver but also
through their language, codes, and conventions.

Media Languages - are codes, conventions, formats, symbols, and narrative structure
that indicate the meaning or messages to an audience

‘Language’ in this sense means the technical and symbolic

ingredients or codes and conventions that media and information
professionals may select and use in an effort to communicate
ideas, information and knowledge.

❓ What are Codes & Conventions?

Codes - system of signs that when put together create meaning

Type of Codes

1. Technical Codes – ways in which equipment is used to tell the story. It includes
sound, camera angles, types of shots and lighting.

They may include, for example, ominous music to communicate danger in a

feature film, or high-angle camera shots to create a feeling of power in a
photograph.

2. Written Codes - refers to the case of letters, font, headlines, captions, speech
bubbles, language style

a. HEADLINES Assist to narrow the interpretation of an image.

b. TITLE the name of a book, composition, or other artistic work.

c. CAPTION Appear beneath an image and assist to clarify meaning

Media and Information Literacy 01 28

 d. BUBBLE SPEECH Used predominantly in comics to convey the narrative

3. Symbolic codes - include the language, dress or actions of characters, or

iconic symbols that are easily understood. For example, a red rose may be
used symbolically to convey romance, or a clenched fist may be used to
communicate anger.

a. COLORS All colors have connotations derived from their content

b. OBJECTS Can be used to assist in the suspension of disbelief and as plot

progression devices

c. SETTING Creates a sense of time and space

d. CLOTHING Including hair and makeup, assists in creating characters and

era

e. BODY LANGUAGE Central to develop mood and assist with character

creation

Types of Ominous Music

a. Major-sounding scales and chords create brighter, cheerier sound

b. Minor scales and chords create darker, sadder sound

❗ Story comes first.

Camera angles:

1. Wide shot

2. Long shot - enough head and feet room (whole body

3. Panning shot

4. Medium shot

5. Close up shot

6. Cut away shot

7. Panning shot

8. Handheld shot - quite shaky

9. Steady cam shot

10. Arc shot - 360 degrees

Media and Information Literacy 01 29

 11. Aerial shot

12. Tilt Up shot

13. Over the shoulder shot

14. High angle shot

15. Dutch angle shot

16. Low angle shot

Close-up or close-up in film making, television production, and still photography is a

type of shot that tightly frames a person or object.

This is often used to highlight details such as eye movement,

mannerisms and minimal yet impactful actions.

Full shot is another name for wide shot or long shot.

It shows the subject fully from head to toe.

This is used for dialogue sequences and they allow viewers to pick up on the
character’s movements and gestures.

It is also enough to establish the setting of the scene.

Medium Shot is also known as the waist shot because it frames the subject from the
waist up.

It is commonly used for interviews or newscasting because it directs the viewers to

the subject.

Extreme Long Shot - covers a wide area thus framing the subject including the vast
amount of its surroundings.

It is often used to provide context for the scene or show far transportation.

High-Angle Shot makes the subject look weak or vulnerable while a Low-
Angle Shot empowers your subject

Media and Information Literacy 01 30

 Camera Movements - include dolly, panning, tilting, and POV

Panning is often used to follow a subject's movements or in establishing the setting

of the scene.

Tilting is used similarly as panning, but the camera moves up and down.

A dolly or tracking is usually used for emphasis or to show an entrance

movement.

A point-of-view shot, or handheld shot makes the footage more engaging because
the audience takes a character’s view.

Media and Information Literacy 01 31

 a. Music To assist with the creation of the atmosphere

b. Dialogue Used to convey the narrative

c. Sound Effects Used as part of mise-en-scene to assist with the creation of realism

Media and Information Literacy 01 32

 Lighting with Zach King: https://youtu.be/6W70YkNjFKY
Symbolism in Film: https://youtu.be/WhijmmePlU8
Denotation - literal or obvious meaning
Connotation - potential or suggested meaning
Conventions - are the generally accepted ways of doing something.

In media context, refers to standard or norm that acts as a rule governing behavior.
It put sense to the codes. They are what you would expect to see in certain genre.

Media and Information Literacy 01 33