ORAL COMMUNICATION REVIEWER

MODULE 1
COMMUNICATION- is a transmission of thoughts from one mind to others, it is an
essential function of civilization. It consists of writing, reading, speaking, and
listening.
6 ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
1. SENDER- the person giving out the information
2. RECEIVER- the person receiving the information from the sender
3. MESSAGE- the information being sent
4. CHANNEL- is the format in which the information is being conveyed
5. NOISE OR INTERFERENCE-anything's that blocks or weakens the
communication
6. FEEDBACK- the response of the receiver to the information given by the
sender
MODULE 2
3 TYPES OF MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
1. LINEAR COMMUNICATION- ONE-WAY process of communication. It has NO
FEEDBACK from the receiver because the sender can only send information.
2. INTERACTIONAL COMMUNICATION- 2- WAY process of communication. This
time the receiver can send FEEDBACK to the sender.
3. TRANSACTIONAL COMMUNICATION- It is a SIMULTANEOUS sending and
receiving of message on a communication interaction. It is like a daily
conversation. ANYONE IN THIS COMMUNICATION CAN BE SENDER OR
RECEIVER
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VERBAL AND NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
VERBAL COMMUNICATION- Communication in which the sender uses words
whether spoken or written to transmit messages to the receiver. It is said to be the
most effective form of communication that leads to speedy interchange of
information and feedback.
2 TYPES OF VERBAL COMMUNICATION
• FORMAL COMMUNICATION- Also known as OFFICIAL COMMUNICATION.
Type of communication in which the sender follows a pre-defined channels
to transmit an information
• INFORMAL COMMUNICATION- Most commonly known as the GRAPEVINE
OF COMMUNICATION, Type of communication that does not follow any pre-
defined channels to transmit information.
NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION- It is a process of sending and receiving
messages without using words either spoken or written. This type of
communication uses signals, movements and tone to send messages.
TYPES OF NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
1. CHRONEMICS- This speaks about the personality of the sender/receiver like,
PUNCTUALITY, SPEED OF SPEECH
2. VOCALICS- The VOLUME, TONE OF VOICE AND PICH used by the sender.
3. HAPTICS- Expression of FEELINGS and EMOTIONS
4. KINESICS- It is the study of body language of a person, ex.., GESTURES,
POSTURES and FACIAL EXPRESSION
5. PROXEMICS- The distance maintained by a person while communicating with
others. Relationship of the person with others like, SOCIAL, INTIMATE,
PERSONAL and PUBLIC.
6. ARTIFACTS- Appearance of a person speaks about his/her personality for
example, WAY OF CLOTHING, LIFESTYLE...
MODULE 4

MODULE 5
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
• It is the verbal and non-verbal interaction between people from different
cultural backgrounds. “INTER”- is a prefix the means “between” so
intercultural is the communication between cultures.
TYPES OF INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
1. ENCULTURATION- Process by which an individual learns the traditional
content of a culture and wants to adapt their values.
2. ENTHOCENTRISM- It is believing that your culture, beliefs and values and
tradition of your own race is better than others.
3. STEREOTYPINGS- It is a set of ideas of that person in a certain topic, but that
idea is wrong.
6 WAYS OF ENHANCING INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
1) BREAKING ASSUMPTION- Individual should avoid assuming that they do
things the way others do.
2) INVOLVEMENT OF OTHERS- This helps to understand the context of usage of
certain words and symbols that helps one to understand how messages are
being interpreted.
3) EMPATIZING WITH OTHERS- These aspects involve an individual by putting
him/herself into the position of other cultures and trying to think and
communicate in their way
4) AVOIDANCE OF HEAD MENTALITY- Effective communication will be achieved
only when individuals treat each other's culture as equal and do not feel
superior to others.
5) DROPPING INSENSITIVE BEHAVIOR
6) BEING WISE
MODULE 6
FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION
1. REGULATION AND CONTROL- The speakers purpose here is to control others
by manage their behavior
2. SOCIAL INTERACTION- This is the primary reason why people communicate.
It allows people to be connected with each other
3. MOTIVATION- The speaker's purpose is to persuade another person to move
into action or change his/her opinion, attitude or behavior
4. INFORMATION- It enables humans to get to know and understand the world.
The speaker sends data, concepts and processes that may be useful to
others.
5. EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION- It can be verbal or non-verbal. The speaker here
can appeal to the listeners feeling and encourage him or her to act in a
particular and move into action.
MODULE 7
TYPES OF SPEECH CONTENT
INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION- Takes place within a single person, often
purpose of clarifying ideas or analyzing a situation
• INTERNAL DISCOURSE- Involves thinking, concentration, and analysis even
daydreaming and nocturnal dreaming.
• SOLO VOCAL-Includes speaking aloud to oneself, this may be done to clarify,
thinking or rehearsing something.
• SOLO WRITTEN- Deals with writing not intended for others, ex... Journal,
Diary.
INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION- Involves a direct face-to-face relationship
between sender and receiver of a message. It involves not only the words used but
also the various of non-verbal Communcation. THE PURPOSE OF THIS IS TO
INFLUENCE HELP AND DISCOVER AS WELL AS PLAY TOGETHER.
• DYADIC COMMUNICATION- Involves 2 people
• SMALL GROUP- Involves 3 or more persons
• PUBLIC COMMUNICATION- Involves a large group with primarily one-way
monologue style generating only minimal feedback. Information sharing,
Entertainment and persuasion are commonly purpose of public
communication.
• MASS COMMUNICATION- TV, RADIO, NEWS, BOOK, BILBOARDS, INTERNET
and any other types of media
MODULE 9
TYPES OF SPEECH STYLE
• INTIMATE- It is a conversation between friends or person related to you or
shared experience with you, even without correct linguistic forms you can
still understand each other.
• CASUAL- Speech among acquaintances that do not require background
information. The use of SLANG is common, and interruption is often. It is
used when there are no social barriers to consider.
• CONSULTATIVE-Requires TWO WAY participation and interruption can occur.
This is to ask/consult something you don’t know like direction, doctors'
checkup.
• FORMAL- Is used for imparting information. Technical vocabulary and exact
definitions are important.
• FROZEN- Style whose quality is STATIC, RIYUALISTIC and even ARCHAIC. It
uses fixed and static language, with long sentences and a good command of
grammar. It is typically used in formal situations, such as ceremonies, rituals,
or speeches, for ex, prayers, oath, lupang hinirang

MODULE 9
TYPES OF SPEECH ACT
SPEECH ACT- Is the utterance that serves function of communication. We perform
speeches when we offer an apology, greetings, request, compliments, etc. It
includes real life interaction and require not only knowledge of language but also
appropriate use of that language within a given culture
3 TYPES OF SPEECH ACT
LOCUTIONARY SPEECH ACT- Occurs when the speaker performs an utterance
(locution), which has meaning in the traditional sense.
-UTTERANCE- It is where something is said. (SOUND MADE). Which does not know
the meaning
-PROPORTIONAL- Where particular reference is made. Something is referred but
no communication may be intended
ILLOCUTIONARY SPEECH ACT- The performance of the act of saying something
with specific intention.
PERLOCUTIONARY SPEECH ACT- Happens when the speaker says it has an effect
on the listeners. Attempts to get someone else to do something.

MODULE 10
7 TYPES OF COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES
• NOMINATION- Presenting a particular topic clearly, truthfully and saying only
what is relevant.
• RESTRICTION- Constraining the response/reaction with a set of categories.
• TURN-TAKING- Recognizing when and how to speak because it is one’s turn
• TOPIC CONTROL- Keeping the interaction going by asking questions and
eliciting a response.
• TOPIC SHIFTING- Introducing a new topic which is related to the previous
one.
• REPAIR- Overcoming communication breakdown to send more
comprehensible message.
• TERMINATION- Using verbal or non-verbal signals to end a conversation or
interaction.

MODULE 11
TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO PURPOSE
• INFORMATIVE- This speech serves to provide interesting and useful
information to your audience.
• DEMOSTRATIVE SPEECHES- It has similarities with informative speech, but
demonstrative speech also teaches you something by demonstrating what it
is or how it is done.
• PERSUASIVE- Works to convince people to change in some way: they think,
the way they do something or to start doing something that they are not
currently doing.
• ENTERTAINING- In this kind of speech, the speaker provides pleasure and
enjoyment that makes the audience laugh, smile and relax

MODULE 12
TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO MANNER OF DELIVERY
• MANUSCRIPT- The manuscript method of delivering a speech involves
writing a manuscript used for reference during the speech and for official
 records. Manuscript delivery should avoid reading the manuscript word for
word, otherwise the speaker risk sounding mechanical, the use of eye
contact and the facial expression helps bring personality to this type of
speech delivery
• MEMORIZATION- Memorization involves memorizing a speech word for
word. This can run the risk of sounding as mechanical as the manuscript
method. As the manuscript method, memorizing key talking points gives the
speaker a more personal approach. Add personality with voice inflection, eye
contact and facial expression.
• IMPROMPTU- The impromptu method involves speeches with little time or
no time for preparation and speech writing. The typical organizational format
includes a main point, proof, additional proof if possible and a conclusion.
• EXTEMPORANEOUS- This methos of speech has more preparation than the
impromptu. It involves writing, rewriting, editing. In addition, the delivery is
practiced, recited, and main points are memorized. Typically, the speaker
uses an outline for the main points and the exact words are not concrete
until the delivery is given. Audiences typically perceive extemporaneous
speeches as spontaneous, while the speaker still maintains control of the
speaking points.

MODULE 13
PRINCIPLE OF EFFECTIVE SPEECH DELIVERY
- ACCORDING TO RESEARCH, AN EXCELLENT PRESENTATION IS 38% YOUR
VOICE, 55% NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION AND JUST 7% OF YOUR CONTENT,
IN OTHER WORDS YOUR DELIVERY MATTERS MORE THAN WHAT YOU SAY, AND
THIS EXERCISE HELPS YOU REFINE IT.
1. ARTICULATION- Pronouncing the words and speaking with clear diction that
effectively transmits the message of the speaker
2. MODULATION- The capability to adjust or manipulate the resonance and
timbre of vocal tone
3. STAGE PRESENCE- The ability to own the stage, able to fill the space and
project his/her personality to the audience. The opposite offstage presence is
STAGE FRIGHT, the topmost fear in the world of public speaking.
 4. FACIAL EXPRESSION, GESTURES, AND MOVEMENT – The message of any
speech is reinforced, clarified, and complemented by non-verbal
communication such as facial expression, gestures and movement.
5. AUDIENCE RAPPORT- Able to deliver a speech that would appeal to the
audience and connect with them to a deeper level. To do this, one must do
audience analysis.

MODULE 14
PRINCIPLE OF SPEECH WRITING: ANALYZING THE AUDIENCE
• DEMOGRAPHIC AUDIENCE ANALYSIS- The aim of a demographic audience is
to discover who you are speaking to.
Ex... HOW OLD ARE THEY? MEN? WOMEN? MIXED? WHAT RACE?
• PSYCHOLOGICAL AUDIENCE ANALYSIS- Covers both knowledge/ lack of
knowledge and the beliefs of you audience.
Ex... WHAT DO THEY KNOW ABOUT YOUR TOPIC? WHAT DO THEY DONT KNOW?
• CONTEXTUAL AUDIENCE ANALYSIS- The aim is to discover how the speaking
event itself may influence your audience’s state of mind.
Ex... IS THERE ATTENDANCE VOLUNTARY OR MANDATORY? WHAT HAS THE
AUDIENCE BEEN GOING THROUGH IN THE DAYS OR WEEKS PRIOR TO YOUR
SPEECH?

MODULE 15
CHOOSING AND NARROWING SPEECH TOPICS
A SPEECH IS MEANT TO IMPART A MESSAGE TO LISTENERS.
• The first step in choosing a topic is BRAINSTORMING. Brainstorming involves
generating many potential topic ideas in a fast-paced and non-judgmental
manner. It is narrowing a topic to much concrete and clean information.
TIPS!!!!!!
1. Brainstorming topics that you are familiar with, interest you, and/or are
currently topics of discussion
 2. Choosing a topic appropriate for the assignment/occasion.
3. Choosing a topic that can make relevant to your audience
4. Choose a topic that you have the resources to research (access to
information, people to interview, etc.)

MODULE 16
SOURCING THE INFORMATION AND OUTLINING SPEECH
CONTENTS
▫ CHRONOLOGICAL OUTLINE- A historical/time approach like form the past to
present
▫ SPATIAL/GEOGRAPHICAL OUTLINE- Going from one place to another, from
one direction to another
▫ CAUSE AND EFFECT OULTINE- Involves discussion of both cause and effect of
an issue
▫ PROBLEM AND SOLUTION OUTLINE- Explains a message and suggest a
possible solution
▫ TOPICAL OUTLINE- Divides the topic into subtopics based on the importance
or interest value or simple because the topic requires it for topics that do not
fall under any of the previously mentioned outlines

MODULE 17
SPEECH VIEWING