Activity-based:

Lesson 1: Preparing For my Future

Lesson 2: Becoming a Catalyst of Change
Lesson 3: Imbibing Different Perspectives about Living One’s Life
Lesson 4: Communication Situations
Lesson 5: Interlanguage (no activity yet)

Lesson 1
Communication
- is the transaction of a business or purpose
- two kinds of participants: sender and receiver

Different definitions:
● According to G.G. Brown
- Communication is the transfer of information from one person to another
- whether or not it elicits confidence the information transferred must be
understandable to the receiver

● According to Fred G. Meyer

- Communication is the intercourse by words, letters or messages

● Communication process refers to the way of sharing information verbally or

nonverbally between the sender and receiver.

● Communication bridges the gap and resolves human conflict

● According to an article of Richard Nordquist (2019)

- Communication is the process of sending and receiving messages through
verbal or nonverbal means, including speech, or oral communication; writing,
and graphical representations (such as infographics, maps, and charts); and
signs, signals, and behavior.

Types of Communication
1. Verbal vs. Non-Verbal
2. Spoken vs. Written
3. Formal vs. Informal
 4. Synchronous vs. Asynchronous -Synchronous communication is communication that
takes place in real-time, such as a conversation with a friend. In contrast,
asynchronous communication is communication that is not immediate and occurs
over long periods of time, such as letters, email, or even text messages.
5. Recorded vs. Unrecorded

Types of nonverbal communication

1. Facial expressions
2. Gestures
3. Proximity
- How close you are to your audience when you speak sends a nonverbal
message
4. Touch
- communicates affection, but it also communicates power
5. Eye contact
- Good eye contact often conveys the trait of honesty to the other party.
6. Appearance

Elements of Communication
1. Context
- refers to the environment of communication in which the interaction happens or
takes place
- Communication context is the prime element of every communication process
- For example, you may feel comfortable sharing your personal information with
close friends rather than colleagues.
- For example, Ela is talking to her husband informally, so she feels very
comfortable. Therefore, the social context has been designed from this
communication process.
- The context will be physical-context if they communicate face to face.
2. Sender
- also known as the encoder of the message
- significant element of the communication process
3. Encoder
- transforming abstract opinions and ideas into symbols such as words, pictures,
signs, and marks.
 - For example, Ela has converted her thoughts into words to convey the message
to her husband called encoding.
4. Message
- refers to the information, ideas, feelings, opinion, thought, attitude, and view
that the sender wants to deliver to the receiver
- key element of any communication process
- senders need to ensure that the main objective of the message is clear and
understandable.
5. Channel
- Channel is the way or tool of transmitting the message.
- also known as a medium in communication that conveys the message from
sender to receiver.
- In face-to-face communication, the sender’s senses, such as hearing, seeing,
smelling, touching, and tasting, are the channel of transferring the information.
- The most common example of communication channels is TV, Radio,
Newspapers, Social media, and five human senses.
6. Decoder
- “the process of” translating an encoded symbol into the ordinary
understandable language in contrast to the encoder.
- the receiver converts the symbols into thoughts received from the sender.
7. Receiver
- is a person for whom the message is targeted
- the receiver is the audience of the communication process
8. Feedback
- refers to the response of the receiver or audience.
- helps the sender in confirming the correct interpretation of the message by the
decoder

9. Noise
- refers to the communication barrier or obstacles to effective communication.
- unwanted element of the communication process that communicators always
want to avoid during the interaction.
- The five types of noise in communication are Physical noise, Physiological noise,
Psychological noise, Semantic noise, and Cultural noise.

Principles in Ethical Communication

 ● Ethical communication is fundamental to thoughtful decision-making and responsible
thinking.
● Ethical communication is also accepting responsibility for the messages you convey to
others and the short-term or long-term consequences of your communication.
● Misleading your listeners and delivering a message that is clandestine (secret) or not
truthful is the antithesis (opposition) of ethical communication.
● What is a principle?
- A principle is a rule or belief governing one's personal behavior.

15 Principles of Ethical Communication

1. Learn to listen
2. Wait for your turn
3. Speak only when required
4. Speak softly
- Even if you are right, be polite.
- Speaking softly must not be misunderstood for speaking in a low tone. Your pitch
should be a depiction of your confidence. Low pitch indicates low self
confidence.
5. Be audible
- raise your voice to an audible frequency
6. Present the facts correctly
- Misinterpretation and manipulation with the facts is not at all ethical.
7. Do a little homework
- Clueless uttering words without research or facts may sound unprofessional.
8. Be short and precise
- What you speak should be understandable by others.
9. You are not Mr. Right
- Look at the bigger picture instead of focusing on personal gains.
- Assuming yourself to be superior and others as inferior seems discourteous.
- You may have a good idea but others may have a great one.
10. Define your limits
- Speaking anything and everything is so not advised. You need to draw borders.
- A few things need to be kept private. Not everything is to be spoken in public.
11. Speak for yourself and not for others
12. Don’t hesitate
- Hesitation is an indication of lack of self confidence.
 - Be confident even if you don’t know what to say.
13. Respect the opinions of others
- The difference in cultures and traditions should not be an obstacle in building a
healthy relationship.
14. Take stands
- If you know you are speaking the truth don’t dither (be indecisive).
15. Include everyone
- Everyone should have an equal say in any decision making process.

Lesson 2

Local Communication (or Intercultural Communication)

● According to Milton J. Bennett (1992)
- defines culture as “learned and shared values, beliefs, and behavior of a group
of interacting people”.
- ‘Intercultural’ refers to what happens when people from two groups come
together.
- INTERCULTURAL is what happens when the two (or more) culturally-different
groups come together, interact and communicate.

Intercultural Communication vs. Cross-cultural Communication

● Intercultural communication involves interactions among people from different
cultures, whereas, cross-cultural communication involves a comparison of interactions
among people from the same culture to those from another culture.”
● Also how people interact with differences
● Intercultural communication: local; Cross-cultural communication: Outside local

Intercultural Competence
● the ability to function effectively across cultures
● is a valuable asset in an increasingly globalised world

Global Communication
 ● Refers to the people or nation of the world, considered as being closely connected by
modern telecommunications
‘

Cultural Awareness and Sensitivity

● WHAT IS CULTURAL AWARENESS?
- is knowing that there are multiple different cultures - based on religion, ethnicity,
nationality, and other factors- that have different attitudes and outlooks.

● WHAT IS CULTURAL SENSITIVITY?

- involves accepting those differences without insisting your own culture is better,
or that everyone should do it your way (Sherman, 2018)

Gender Sensitivity
● WHAT IS GENDER SENSITIVITY?
- refers to the aim of understanding and taking account of the societal and
cultural factors involved in gender-based exclusion and discrimination in the
most diverse spheres of public and private life.
- being appreciative of others' feelings. In that context, gender sensitivity is about
being considerate of the opposite gender's feelings. The reason this is important
is because men and women think differently, and obviously, have varying
perspectives.

● WHAT IS GENDER-SENSITIVE LANGUAGE?

- is the realization of gender equality in written and spoken language.
- It is attained when women and men and those who do not conform to the
binary gender system are made visible and addressed in language as persons
of equal value, dignity, integrity, and respect.
Political Correctness
● WHAT IS POLITICAL CORRECTNESS?
- is used to describe language, policies, or measures that are intended to avoid
offense or disadvantage to members of particular groups in society.

Lesson 4
Types of Communication According to Context
● Intrapersonal Communication
- Communication that occurs in you own mind
- Basis of your feelings, your feelings, biases, prejudices, and beliefs
● Interpersonal Communication
- Communication between two people but involve more in informal
conversations.
● Group Communication
- Communication in small groups consists of three or more people who share a
common goal and communicate collectively to achieve it.
● Public Communication
- Public communication happens when a person or a group of people gather
and start sharing information to an audience or give a presentation on certain
topics to deliver a message.

Lesson 5

Varieties of English

Varieties of English -Australian English, New Zealand English, Canadian English, South African
English, Indian English and Caribbean English

Filipino English –Pinglish

Chinese English – Chinglish
Singapore English - Singlish
Taglish

Difference between American and British English

● In Pronunciation

American British
Often o-fen of-ten

Behind bi-haynd ba-haynd

Car car caah

● In Use of Words

American British

Counter clockwise anti-clockwise

attorney barrister

Parking lot Car park

cab taxi

fries chips

stove cooker

flyover overpass

yard garden

vacation holiday

elevator lift

truck lorry

● In Spelling

American British

favor favour

theater theatre

liter litre

color colour

tire tyre
 ● In Expression/Slang

American British

Man dude bloke

drunk wasted pissed

sausage sausage bangers

Bachelor party Bachelor party Star light

tired tired knockered

Japanese’ use of English

English word Japanese’ use of English word

ticket chiketo

taxi takushi

limousine rimujin

headphone hedohon

teacup tikapu

Mass communication masakomi

High sense Hai sensu

Examples of Interlanguage
: Mek mi tell unuh bout mi likkel bwoy; im luv kaan.
Let me tell you about my little boy; he loves corn.

: Weee, gwan mi fren.

Ohhh, go on my friend

: Ah, whey dem did deh?

Where did they go?
Interlanguage
- "[Interlanguage] reflects the learner's evolving system of rules, and results from a
variety of processes, including the influence of the first language ('transfer'),
contrastive interference from the target language, and the overgeneralization of
newly encountered rules." (David Crystal, "A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics")

Kinds of Text
1. Expository
- Expository texts, or informational texts, are non-fiction texts that give facts and
information about a topic
- Descriptive: tells what something is
- “Descriptive” expository texts
- Author describes a topic by listing characteristics, features, and examples.
- Sequence/Procedure: tells how to
- Cause/Effect: tells why something happened
- Problem/Solution: tells a problem, give solution
- Compare and Contrast: tells how 2 things same and different
- Enumerative: list on topic
2. Narrative
- an imaginative story to entertain people.
3. Argumentative
- one that has the purpose of showing opinions in favour of a particular subject,
and of convincing or persuading the reader about some ideas or a particular
position.