Purposive

Communi-
cation

DR. MILAGROS M.
VILLAS
CHEd Prescribed Topics
 Topic 1-Communication Process,
Principles and Ethics
Communication – is t he transaction of a business or purpose by two kinds of participants –
sender and receiver with an intended purpose or goal..
Different definitions as to what communication is:
1. ” Communication is transfer of information from one person to another,whether or not it
elicits confidence. But the information transferred must be understandable to the receiver –
G.G. Brown.
2. “Communication is the intercourse by words, letters or messages”- Fred G. Meyer.
3. The communication process refers to the way of sharing information verbally or non-
verbally between the sender and receiver.
4. Communication bridges the gap and resolves humans conflict, it is also a tool to redefine the future
through effective communication. According to an article of Richard Nordquist (2019)
“communication is the process of sending and receiving messages through verbal or nonverbal means,
including speech, or oral communication; writing, and graphical representations (such as infographics,
maps, and charts); and signs, signals, and behavior. (Source: J.R. Mortega, 2020).
Types of Communication
1. Verbal vs. Non-Verbal

2. Spoken vs. Written

3. Formal vs. Informal

4. Synchronous vs. Asynchronous -Synchronous communication is communication that takes place in

real-time, such as a conversation with a friend. In contrast, asynchronous communication is
communication that is not immediate and occurs over long periods of time, such as letters, email, or
even text messages.

5. Recorded vs. Unrecorded

Sources: J. Mortega (2020). Types of Communicaiton.

There are some types of nonverbal communication and the effects they can have on the success of your communication:

Facial expressions: Your teenage cousin we referred to at the beginning of this section might have told you he was happy, but his apathetic
facial expression may have communicated different information. Facial expressions — happy, sad, angry — help you convey your message.
Be aware of your facial expression when you talk and particularly when you listen, which is when it’s easy to forget.

Gestures: When you speak, a gesture can make your message stronger. Pointing out something you want your listener to look at more closely
is an example of nonverbal communication that makes your message understood. Motioning warmly toward a coworker who deserves special
recognition, making a fist to show frustration or anger, such gestures help further engage your audience when you speak.

Proximity: How close you are to your audience when you speak sends a nonverbal message. If your size is imposing and you leave a very
small distance between you and your listener, it’s likely your nonverbal communication will be a bit threatening. On the other hand, giving
someone too much space is an awkward nonverbal communication that might confuse your listener.

Touch: Shaking an audience member’s hand, putting your hand on his shoulder: these are nonverbal cues that can affect the success of your
message. Touch communicates affection, but it also communicates power. In fact, when women touch a listener, it’s often assumed that they’re
being affectionate or conveying empathy, but when a man touches a listener, it can be taken as a sign of communicating power or even
dominance.

Eye contact: Making and maintaining eye contact with an audience when you’re verbally communicating or listening communicates to the
other party that you’re interested in and engaged in the conversation. Good eye contact often conveys the trait of honesty to the other party.

Appearance: Your clothing, hair, and jewelry are also a part of nonverbal communication. If you put a dachshund pin on your lapel each
morning (because you have a pet dachshund), that says something about you as a person. Similarly, the quality and condition of your clothing,
how it fits, if it’s appropriate for the season — all of these things speak non-verbally about you as a communicator.

Nonverbal communication reveals a lot about you as a communicator and how you relate to other people. It pays to be aware of the elements
of your nonverbal communication so you can maximize the impact of your message.
Elements of Communication
Communication basely is a process which explain who, says what sender, in which channel, to whom, with what
effect. ( Lasswell : 1960 )
◦ The elements of communication are:
Context,
Sender,
Encoder
Message,
Channel,
Decoder,
Receiver,
Feedback, and
Noise
Source: M. Kobiruzzaman. (2019).Communication Elements- 9 Elements of Communication

Process
Communication is a process
Being a two-way transaction, communication involves a process., which is, it follows, a step-by-steps flow of action.

1. The communication process refers to the way of sharing information verbally or non-verbally between the sender and receiver.

*Verbal communication means communication through spoken words. Nonverbal communication refers to nonverbal cues such as
tone of voice, facial expression, movement, eye contact, body language, and so more.

2. Communication is a process where people (communicator) sending stimulus in purpose to change or to make behavior of other
people.( Hovland, Janis & Kelley : 1953 )

3. Communication is a process sending information, idea, emotion, ability, etc. By using symbols such as words, pictures, numbers, etc.
( Berelson dan Stainer : 1964 )

4. Communication is a process which make something which belong to one person become belong to 2 persons or more. ( Gode : 1959 )

5. Communication is a process sending information, idea, emotion, ability, etc. By using symbols such as words, pictures, numbers, etc.
( Berelson dan Stainer : 1964 )
Please watch presentation on Communication and Globalization.

https://www.slideshare.net/RyanBuer/globalization-and-communication
Principles in an Ethical
Communication
What Is Ethical Communication?

Ethical communication is fundamental to thoughtful decision-making and responsible thinking. It is

about developing and nurturing relationships and building communities within and across contexts,
cultures, channels and media. Ethical communication is also accepting responsibility for the messages
you convey to others and the short-term or long-term consequences of your communication. Whether
you are talking to a close friend or addressing the workforce in an all-staff meeting, your message must
be truthful and consistent with your value system. Misleading your listeners and delivering a message
that is clandestine or not truthful is the antithesis of ethical communication.

What is a principle?

A principle is a rule or belief governing one's personal behavior.

Principles
15 Principles of Ethical Communication
1. Learn to listen
There is a famous story of three dolls. They were exactly similar in appearance. King Raghavendra was asked
to find the difference between them. He measured all aspects of the dolls but couldn’t find any difference. He
was getting more and more curious. He constantly tried to find what was missing. But he failed miserably.
Then a wise woman broke the code. The 1st doll had holes in one ear and mouth. She passed what she heard.
The second had holes in both the ears. She listened from one ear and passed from the other. The third had hole
in only one ear. She was considered the wisest because she was a good listener.
What I conclude from this story is that before speaking, first we need to listen. Learning different perspectives
and then analysis is sagacious.
2. Wait for your turn
Interrupting in the middle of a conversation is very rude. It won’t be received well. It might even be taken in
an offensive way.
A lways wait for your turn to come and then present your views.
Even if you don’t agree with the opinions of others, wait patiently for them to complete. May be they have
something interesting to convey. Once they are done, present your views for or against them.
Note down the points you found invalid and retrospect them later.
3. Speak only when required

Your words are worth millions. So, use them judiciously. Speaking unnecessarily may annoy others. It
is considered unintelligible.

Genius minds focus less on speaking and more on working. Let your actions speak louder than your
words.

4. Speak softly

Shouting or speaking in a loud voice doesn’t make things geniune. It makes things worse. Even if you
are right, be polite.

Speaking on the top of your voice is considered unethical.

Speaking softly must not be misunderstood for speaking in a low tone. You pitch should be a depiction
of your confidence. Low pitch indicates low self confidence.
5. Be audible

Don’t be so polite that people find it difficult to hear. Even if you have a valid argument, nobody is going to
take notice if you don’t speak it loud enough. Don’t shout but at least raise your voice to an audible frequency.

Your presence will be valuable only when your voice reaches to others.

6. Present the facts correctly

Your opinions matter but the facts are paramount. Don’t tamper with them. Present them as they are.
Misinterpretation and manipulation with the facts is not at all ethical.

7. Do a little homework

Speaking without prior knowledge of the topic may lead you in trouble. A little homework may help you in
enhancing your presentation. Make notes of important points. Practice elocution in front of a mirror. It will be
of great help.

Clueless uttering words without research or facts may sound unprofessional.

You would be able to stand against any backlash and counteract if you haven’t got your facts sorted.
8. Be short and precise

Speak to the point. Presenting your story in a limited number of words is a talent not possessed by all. Be brief
and concise. Only speak what is required. Important piece of information may be missed out by others if you
drag things too much. Everyone of us have a limited grasping power. So, try to deliver what is necessary.

What you speak should be understandable by the others. There is no point of showing off your vast knowledge
in front of someone who doesn’t understand it. Know where the others stand and modify yourself accordingly.

9. You are not Mr. Right

People have different takes on different situations. If you have a point of view, it is most likely that others have
theirs too. What you consider best may not be acceptable to the others.

Look at the bigger picture instead of focusing on personal gains.

Assuming yourself to be superior and others as inferior seems discourteous. Rather, look at things with an open
mind-set.

You may have a good idea but others may have a great one. So, listen to the views of others and then come on a
conclusion.
10. Define your limits

In public, one needs to circumspect thoroughly before opening their mouth. Speaking anything and everything is so not
advised. You need to draw borders. A few things need to be kept private. Not everything is to be spoken in the public.

11. Speak for yourself and not for others

Others have a mouth of their own. They can present their side of the story. You need not take charge for them. Even if
you do so, you will be held responsible not the other person.

Remember, when you speak for others you are making a fool of yourself. If the other person chooses to keep mum then
you are no one to take stand on his behalf.

12. Don’t hesitate

Hesitation is an indication of lack of self confidence. Facing a large number of people may make you nervous. But
stick to your job. With experience you will eventually get better. If you are not able to deliver a speech in front if a few
people, how do you imagine to be a leader some day?

Don’t be distracted or distract others. Be confident even if you don’t know what to speak. The confidence in your voice
covers up for the lack of your awareness. Even if you present wrong facts with confidence, people might considered
them true.
13. Respect the opinions of others

People don’t think alike. We come from different backgrounds. The difference in cultures and
traditions should not be an obstacle in building a healthy relationship.

People treat you the way they want you to treat them. If you want respect then learn to give respect.

14. Take stands

If you know you are speaking the truth don’t dither. If you are right, stand up for your. No body will do
it on your behalf, if you won’t do it for yourself

15. Include every one

Every one should have an equal say in any decision making process.

Sometimes brightest of ideas come from the strangest minds. If everyone is not given equal
opportunity, you may miss on some really good ideas.
5. Be short and precise
Speak to the point. Presenting your story in a limited number of words is a talent not possessed by all. Be brief and concise.
Only speak what is required. Important piece of information may be missed out by others if you drag things too much.
Everyone of us have a limited grasping power. So, try to deliver what is necessary.

What you speak should be understandable by the others. There is no point of showing off your vast knowledge in front of
someone who doesn’t understand it. Know where the others stand and modify yourself accordingly.
6, You are not Mr. Right
People have different takes on different situations. If you have a point of view, it is most likely that others have theirs too.
What you consider best may not be acceptable to the others.
7. Look at the bigger picture instead of focusing on personal gains.
Assuming yourself to be superior and others as inferior seems discourteous. Rather, look at things with an open mind-set.
You may have a good idea but others may have a great one. So, listen to the views of others and then come on a conclusion.
8. Define your limits
In public, one needs to circumspect thoroughly before opening their mouth. Speaking anything and everything is so not
advised. You need to draw borders. A few things need to be kept private. Not everything is to be spoken in the public.
 9. Think twice before speaking.
Your statements may backfire. So, be very careful while making bold statements.
10. Speak for yourself and not for others
Others have a mouth of their own. They can present their side of the story. You need not take charge
for them. Even if you do so, you will be held responsible not the other person.
Remember, when you speak for others you are making a fool of yourself. If the other person
chooses to keep mum then you are no one to take stand on his behalf.
11. Don’t hesitate
Hesitation is an indication of lack of self confidence. Facing a large number of people may make
you nervous. But stick to your job. With experience you will eventually get better. If you are not
able to deliver a speech in front if a few people, how do you imagine to be a leader some day?
12. Don’t be distracted or distract others. Be confident even if you don’t know what to speak. The
confidence in your voice covers up for the lack of your awareness. Even if you present wrong facts
with confide