REVIEWER IN ORAL COMMUNICATION

First lesson
Communication
- Is a word originate from the word “communis”, which mean common.
- Communication, therefore, is an act by which a person shares knowledge, feelings, ideas
and information, in ways such that each gains a common understanding of the meaning,
intent and use of the message.

Communication is a process of sharing and conveying messages or information from

one person to another.

Nature of Communication
1. Communication is a process.
2. Communication occurs between two or more people (the speaker and the receiver).
3. Communication can be expressed through written or spoken words, actions (non-verbal),
or both at the same time.

Elements of Communication

1. Speaker – the source of information

or message.

2. Message – the information, ideas, or

thoughts conveyed by the speaker in
words or in action.

3.Encoding- the process of converting

the message into words, actions, or
other forms that the speaker
understands

4. Chanel- the medium or the means,

such as personal or non-personal,
verbal or non-verbal

5. Decoding- the process of

interpreting the encoded message of
the speaker by the receiver.

6. Receiver- recipient of the message

or someone who decodes the message.
Feedback- the reactions, responses,
or information provided by the
receiver

8. Context- the environment where

communication takes place
9. Barrier- the factors that affect the
flow of communication. Example of
this is noise.

Functions of Communication

Control – Communication functions to control the behavior.

2. Social Interaction – Communication allows individuals to interact with others.
3. Motivation – Communication motivates or encourages people to live better.
4. Emotional expression – communication facilitates people’s expression of their feelings
and emotions.
5. Information dissemination- Communication functions to
convey information.

Features of an Effective Communication

1. Completeness – Complete communication is essential to the quality of the communication

process in general. Hence, communication should include everything that the receiver needs
to hear for him /her to respond, react or evaluate properly.

2. Conciseness – Conciseness does not mean keeping the message short, but making it
direct or straight forward. Insignificant or redundant information should be eliminated from
the communication that will be sent to the recipient.

3. Consideration – To be effective, the speaker should always consider relevant information

about his/her receiver such as mood, background, race, preference, education, status, and
needs, among others. By doing so, he/she can easily build connection with the audience.

4. Concreteness- Effective communication happens when the message is concrete and

supported by facts, figures, and real-life examples and situations. In this case, the receiver is
more connected to the message conveyed.

5. Courtesy- The speaker shows courtesy in communication by respecting the culture,

values, and beliefs of his/her receivers. Being courteous at all times creates positive impact
on the Audience.

6. Clearness- Clearness in communication implies the use of simple and specific words to
express ideas. It also achieved when the speaker focusses only on a single objective in
his/her speech so as not to confuse the audience.

7. Correctness- Correctness in grammar eliminates negative impact on the audience and

increases the credibility and effectiveness of the message.

Second lesson
MODELS OF COMMUNICATION

1. Shannon-Weaver Model
It is known as the mother of all communication models, this model depicts communication as
a linear or one way process consisting of five elements;
1. Source- producer of message
2. Transmitter- encoder of message into signal
3. Channel- signals adapted for transmission
4. Receiver- decoder of the message from the signal
5. Destination- receiver of the message

2.Transaction Model
Two- way process of communication.

BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION
There are instances when miscommunication and misunderstanding occur because of a
certain Barriers. To become an effective communicator, you should recognize, these barriers
that hinder the communication process. This will enable you to control the situation, reset
conditions, and start anew. The table below presents some barriers to effective
communication with corresponding solutions.

Emotional barriers are mental walls that keep you from

openly communicating your thoughts and feelings to others.
• To resolve these kind of emotions, politely ask the
other person to give you a moment so you can relax or calm
yourself.

Use of jargon are the use of unfamiliar words that breaks

the communication.
• To avoid communication breakdown due to lack of
clarity, adjust your language; use layman’s term.

Lack of Confidence can be a major barrier to effective

communication. Shyness, can hinder your ability to make your
needs and opinions known.
• Look for opportunities in your school or community that
will help you find your strengths and improve your abilities.

Environmental noise is a noise that physically disrupts

communication, such as very loud speakers or unnecessary
noise.
• Recognize that noise is a common barrier. Make some
adjustments by looking for a quiet place area where you can
resume the conversation or ask the someone to minimize the

TYPES OF SPEECH CONTEXT

1. Intrapersonal – This refers to the communication that centered on one person where the
speaker acts BOTH sender and receiver of the message.
Example:
1. You spent the night thinking and analyzing why a student from the other class talked to
you on the way home and decided it probably meant nothing.
2. You felt happy while thinking about how your teacher appreciated you for submitting
your project before the due date and you reflected on why this was so.

2. Interpersonal – This refer to communication between and among people and establishes
personal relationship between and among them.

TYPES OF INTERPERSONAL

1.Dyad Communication – Communication that occurs between two people.

Example: You provided comfort to a friend who was feeling down.

2. Small Group – Refers to communication that involves at least 3 but not more than
twelve people engaging in face to face interaction to achieve a certain goal. In this type,
participant are free to share their ideas.
Example:
You are having a discussion with your group mates on how to finish the assigned tasks.

3. Public – This type refers to communication that requires you to deliver or send the
message before or in front of a group.
Example: You deliver a graduation speech

4. Mass Communication- Refers to communication that takes place through a television,

radio, newspaper, magazines, books, billboards, internet, and other types of media.
Example: You are a student journalist articulating your stand on current issues through
the school’s newspaper.

TYPE OF SPEECH STYLES

1. Frozen style
• Also known as fixed speech, it is the highest form of communicative style which is often
used in respectful situations or formal ceremonies like Shakespearean plays, weddings,
funerals, and more. It uses the complex grammatical sentence structure and vocabulary that
are only known by experts in that field.

2. Formal Style
• This type uses formal words and expressions and is mostly seen in writing rather than
speaking. It also disallows the use of ellipsis, contractions, and qualifying modal adverbials.

3. Consultative Style
• The third level of language. It is basically unplanned speech since the speaker uses the
participation and feedback of the listener. The speaker will supply background information,
while again, the listener participates continuously.

4. Casual Style
• Also known as informal style, it is usually used between, friends, or even insiders who have
things to share. In this type, there is a free and easy participation of both speaker and
listener.
5. Intimate Style
• The last type is used in talks between two very close individuals. It is described by an
economy of words, with a high chance of nonverbal communication. Like casual,
there is also a free and easy participation of both speaker and listener.