REVIEWER
Oral Communication in Context (First Quarter)
COMMUNICATION
The process of sharing and conveying
messages or information from one person to
another within and across channels, contexts,
media, and cultures.
NATURE OF COMMUNICATION
1. It is a process.
2. It occurs between two or more people.
3. It can be expressed through written or spoken
words, actions, or both at the same time.
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
1. SENDER / SPEAKER – transmit a message or
convey an expression through words or actions
2. MESSAGE – the information, idea, thought, or
emotion conveyed through words or actions
3. ENCODING – the process of speaking, writing,
acting, or conveying the message
4. CHANNEL – medium used to send or convey the
message
5. DECODING – the process of interpreting /
understanding the message received
6. RECEIVER - the recipient of the message
7. FEEDBACK – the reaction / response to the
message received
8. CONTEXT – the environment / setting where
communication takes place
9. BARRIER – the hindrance / problem faced in the
communication process
COMMUNICATION PROCESS
 Sender generates a message and encodes it
 Message is transmitted through a channel
 Receiver gets the message
 Receiver decodes / interprets the message
 Receiver provides a feedback or response
FEATURES OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
1. COMPLETENESS – include all important,
relevant, and necessary information.
2. CONCISENESS – make your message direct and
straight to the point. Don’t be redundant and
don’t use insignificant words.
3. CONSIDERATION – consider the receiver’s
mood, background, race, preference, education,
status, and needs.
4. CONCRETENESS – Support claims with facts,
figures, and real-life examples.
5. COURTESY – show respect to cultures, beliefs,
values, and norms.
6. CLEARNESS – use simple and specific words and
focus on a single objective at a time.
7. CORRECTNESS – correct grammar, terms, and
codes increases credibility and effectiveness.
MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
ARISTOTLE’S MODEL
• Devised during 5 BC.
• A linear or one-way model.
• Focused on the speaker and the message.
• “Setting” dictates the message.
• The three settings were legal, deliberative, and
ceremonial.
• Examples are presentations, public speeches,
campaigns, eulogies, wedding toasts, etc.
SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL
• By Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver
• Based off of the Telephone model.
• Gave the concept of “Noise” which hampers
communication.
• Just like how a telephone call might have issues
with the signal or connection, problems present
themselves in the middle of the communication
process.
• Criticized for lacking the element of “feedback”.
BERLO’S MODEL
• By David Berlo
• Based off of the Shannon-Weaver Model.
• Designed to improve technical communication.
• Emphasized concepts under each element of
communication
SCHRAMM’S MODEL
• By Wilbur Schramm
• Modified the Shannon-Weaver Model.
• Each person has a “field of experience” that
should overlap for communication to take place.
• Introduced the concept of “feedback”.
WHITE’S MODEL
• By Eugene White
• Tells us that communication is circular and
continuous and has no beginning nor end.
• Communication can be observed from any point
in the cycle.
HELICAL MODEL
• By Frank Dance
• Presents the concept of time where continuous
communication process is important.
• Communication is dynamic.
• Communication progresses as an individual gets
older and his experience and vocabulary
increases.
TRANSACTIONAL MODEL
• Two-way and interactive process.
• A person can be the speaker and the receiver in
a conversation. The roles of both communicators
reverse each time in the communication
process.
• The “noise” or problems in communication can
happen in any point of the communication
process.
 FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION
1. CONTROL – manage actions and behaviors.
2. SOCIAL INTERACTION – to interact, socialize,
form bonds, and strengthen relationships.
3. MOTIVATION – to make someone feel better /
believe they can be better.
4. EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION – to express feelings.
5. INFORMATION – to make others aware of data. It
also includes communicating to be informed.
KINDS OF NOISE
1. PHYSICAL NOISE – environment / surroundings
2. PHYSIOLOGICAL NOISE – within / on the body
3. PSYCHOLOGICAL NOISE – withing the mind
4. SEMANTIC NOISE – with words or language used
VERBAL AND NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
VERBAL – an interaction in which words are utilized
to relay a message.
NONVERBAL – an interaction where meaning is
conveyed without using words.
1. PARALANGUAGE – the “how” of saying
something. (tone, volume, speed, pitch, manner)
2. GESTURES – small movements, usually by the
hand or the head.
• Emblem – generally known meaning
• Emphasizing – punctuates / highlights
• Illustrating – forms a mental image
• Regulating – control actions
3. FACIAL EXPRESSION – configuring facial
features to express feelings / emotions.
4. POSTURE AND PERSONAL APPEARANCE – the
way one carries and dresses oneself.
5. CHRONEMICS (LANGUAGE OF TIME) – the use of
time to depict meaning, position, or power.
6. PROXEMICS (LANGUAGE OF SPACE) – the use of
space to show meaning, importance, and
association.
7. HAPTICS (LANGUAGE OF TOUCH) – the use of
touch or body-to-body interaction to express.
8. LANGUAGE OF COLORS – nonverbal signals and
meanings of colors and hues.
9. LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS – the meaning behind
the different types if flowers.
SPEECH CONTEXT
INTRAPERSONAL – communicating with self
INTERPERSONAL – communicating with others
• Dyadic – two people
• Small Group – three or more (all are equal)
• Public Comm. – one person to a group or
towards an audience
• Mass Comm. – tv, radio, print, social media
• Organizational – within an organization
• Intercultural – with other cultures
TYPES OF SPEECH (BY PURPOSE)
1. INFORMATIVE – gives data / imparts knowledge
• Definition – discusses the meaning
• Demonstrative – how to do something
(guide/tutorial)
• Explanatory – concepts and complex topics
• Descriptive – creates a vivid picture
2. PERSUASIVE – convinces, calls to action, or
change opinions
3. INSPIRATIONAL – uplifts and motivates
4. ENTERTAINMENT – lets the audience enjoy
COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGY
1. NOMINATION – start a conversation
2. RESTRICTION – setting rules / boundaries
3. TURN-TAKING – everyone gets to speak
4. TOPIC CONTROL – develop topic / stay on topic
5. TOPIC SHIFTING – change the topic
6. REPAIR – solve communication issues
7. TERMINATION – end a conversation
SPEECH STYLES
1. INTIMATE – private topics and sensitive talks
2. CASUAL – conversational, daily chats, simple and
relatable
3. CONSULTATIVE – conversation with a more
knowledgeable other or with someone of a
higher position / status.
4. FORMAL – imparts information while using
correct grammar, good diction, technical
vocabulary, and exact definitions.
5. FROZEN – static, ritualistic, memorized and
recited.
SPEECH ACTS
LOCUTION – utterance / producing sounds or words
ILLOCUTION – intention or purpose
PERLOCUTION – response or feedback
SPEECH ACT CATEGORIES
1. ASSERTIVE – express a belief or own truth
2. DIRECTIVE – makes the receiver perform an
action.
3. COMMISSIVE – makes a commitment.
4. EXPRESSIVE – show feelings or emotions.
5. DECLARATIVE – takes effect after being uttered
by the right person under the right
circumstances.
PREPARED BY: JOHN BENJ C. ORTIZ