COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES
• NOMINATION - strategy is used when the
speaker is trying to open a topic.
• RESTRICTION - This involves a constrained
or limited conversation between a
speaker and a listener.
• TURN TAKING - refers to the process by
which people in the conversation
decide who is to speak next.
• TOPIC CONTROL - when a conversation
is bound only to a specific topic where
the speaker is required to talk only
about a given topic.
• TOPIC SHIFTING - It involves moving from
one topic to another.
• REPAIR - It refers to how the speakers
address the problems in speaking,
listening, and comprehending that they
may encounter in a conversation.
• TERMINATION - It is a communicative
strategy of artistically ending a
conversation.
COMMUNICATION SHIFTS
• LANGUAGE FORM - Even when people
are communicating using the same
language, miscommunications still
happen when the speaker uses
terminologies that are not familiar to the
listener. To overcome this kind of
miscommunication, the speaker must
avoid using jargons (technical terms) or
unfamiliar words to clearly express
his/her ideas.
• QUALITY & DURATION OF INTERACTION -
This is achieved when the speaker and
the listener are able to exchange
related information which improves their
reception and overcome barriers in their
communication.
• RELATIONSHIP OF SPEAKER - The speaker
should choose a familiar topic which he
is willing to discuss and explain at the
extent of his knowledge. Likewise, it is
important to consider the depth of the
relationship to the listener to avoid
misunderstandings.
• ROLE & RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE SPEAKER
- These serve as the lifeline of the quality
of interaction in communication
because the speaker handles the pros
and cons of the feedback received.
• MESSAGE - It is the core concept of the
interaction. To be an effective
communicator, you need to make sure
that your messages are clear, concise,
accurate.
• DELIVERY - It is always better to use
simple, straightforward, and specific
words and appropriate tone to avoid
misunderstanding.
ORAL COMMUNICATION – Q2 REVIEWER
PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE SPEECH WRITING
• AUDIENCE PROFILE - It means looking
into the background of the target
audience.
o Demography - age range,
gender, educational
background, nationality, religion,
economic status, academic or
professional designations
o Situation - time, venue, occasion,
size
o Psychology - values, beliefs,
attitudes, preferences, cultural
and racial ideologies and needs
• LOGICAL ORGANIZATION - It means
effectively taking the information to be
presented and arranging it in a logical
order. A good outline helps the author
see all the ideas are in line with the main
idea or message.
Different Types of Outline
1. Biographical - It presents descriptions
about a life of a person
2. Categorical/Topical - It presents related
categories supporting the topic
3. Causal - It presents cause and effect
relationships
4. Chronological - It presents the idea in
time order
5. Comparison/Contrast - It presents
comparison/contrast of two or three
points
6. Problem-solution - It presents identified
problem, its causes and recommended
solutions
Parts of an outline
1. Purpose - To inform, to persuade, or to
entertain the audience
2. Specific Purpose
3. Topic
4. Pattern - Type of outline to be used
5. Introduction - Gets the attention of the
audience and present the subject or
main idea of the speech
6. Body - Provides as explanation,
examples, or details that can help the
speaker in delivering his speech
7. Conclusion - Provides a summary,
emphasizes the message, and calls for
action
• DURATION - It is important to make the
speech concise by eliminating
insignificant and redundant information,
and as much as possible all the words
short and simple.
• WORD CHOICE - The key aspect is to
choose words that not only convey the
topic, but are easily understood and
convincing for the audience.
• GRAMMATICAL CORRECTNESS - When a
message is relayed with the correct
CANDICE KRISTINE ARADA
 grammar, the purpose and meaning of
the message is easier to understand.
PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE SPEECH DELIVERY
• ARTICULATION - Articulation refers to the
clarity of sounds and words a person
produces. If the speaker is articulate,
he/she pronounces and enunciate
words clearly.
• MODULATION - If the speaker’s voice is
modulated, his/her audience will pay
attention. The speaker’s words will be
heard clearly, and the speech will be
more interesting.
• STAGE PRESENCE - Stage presence refers
to the ability of the speaker to acquire
and keep the audience's attention
through his or her presentation style. To
achieve stage presence, the speaker
must consider his/ her appearance
before the audience, body posture,
tone of the speech, and use of the
stage space.
• FACIAL EXPRESSION - Using appropriate
facial expressions can help the speaker
in conveying his/her message to the
audience. Facial expressions can help
set the mood of the speech.
• GESTURE & MOVEMENTS - Using gestures
and movements correctly can help the
speaker convey his message correctly
and he/she will appear confident and
relaxed.
• AUDIENCE RAPPORT - Rapport is the trust
and connection that a speaker must
establish with his/her audience. The
speaker may build his/her rapport with
the audience by establishing eye-to-eye
contact and having his/her audience’s
best interests at heart.
TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO DELIVERY
• IMPROMPTU SPEECH - This is a speech
that has no advanced planning or
practice.
• EXTEMPORANEOUS SPEECH – speaking
with limited preparation and guided by
notes or outline
• MANUSCRIPT SPEECH - is the word-for-
word iteration of a written message
• MEMORIZED SPEECH – reciting a written
message word-for-word from memory
TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO PURPOSE
• INFORMATIVE SPEECH - provides the
audience with information about a topic or
to expand their knowledge about a topic
with which they are already familiar.
Types of Informative Speeches
1. Speech about Objects or People
- Tangible Items
- Gadgets, Products, Structures, or People
- Visual Aids
2. Speech about Processes
- Process/Sequence of Events
ORAL COMMUNICATION – Q2 REVIEWER
3. Speech about Events
- Event that happened, is happening, or
might happen in the future.
4. Speech about Concepts
- Beliefs, Knowledge, Theories, Principles,
Ideas
Organizational Patterns
1. Chronological Pattern
- History, development, or evolution
- Sequential order
2. Spatial Pattern
- Physical Structure of an Object
- Geography
3. Topical/Categorical Pattern
- Main features
- Descriptions
- Categories
4. Cause-Effect Pattern
- Relationships of phenomena
5. Comparison-Contrast Pattern
- Compare
- Objects, Events, or Concepts
- Similarities and Differences
• PERSUASIVE SPEECH - aims to influence the
audience to accept the speaker’s position
or stand on an issue.
Qualities Of An Effective Persuasive Speech
1. Well-defined Goal
- Guide questions: What is your specific
goal in mind? Do you expect your
audience to think differently, act
differently, or both after they listen to
your speech?
2. Clear Main Point
- Guide questions: Is the main point of
your speech clear to you? Is it specific
and focused?
3. Sufficient Supporting Ideas
- Guide question: Do you have factual
statements, reliable sources, or solid
evidence to support your main point?
Do you have enough supporting
statements?
4. Logical reasoning/Concrete Reasons
- Guide question: How will you state your
arguments? Usage of any of the
following: deduction, induction,
causation, analogies.
5. Effective and Powerful Ways to Gain the
Attention of your Audience
- Guide question: A powerful and
relevant question, Striking statistics,
Shocking Incident, Memorable
Anecdotes Humorous
observations/experiences
6. Compelling Ideas to Make your Target
Audience Feel and Think
- Guide question: Do you appeal to your
listeners' minds? Do you appeal to your
listeners' hearts?
CANDICE KRISTINE ARADA
 7. Salient Motives to Target the Salient
Needs of your Audience
- Guide question: Do you motivate your
audience by incorporating ideas and
thoughts important to their growth and
development as individuals?
Types of claims in Persuasive
1. Claim of Fact - This type of claim makes
an assertion based on evidence that
can be proved or
disproved.
2. Claim of Value - This type of claim states
that one thing is better than another
because of one's perception on good
or bad.
3. Claim of Policy - This type of claim poses
questions that may influence rules and
regulations.
• ENTERTAINMENT SPEECH – aims to amuse
audience.

ORAL COMMUNICATION – Q2 REVIEWER CANDICE KRISTINE ARADA