COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES

Nomination- Speaker carries to collaboratively and productively establish a topic. Basically,

when you employ this strategy, you try to open a topic with the people you are talking to
Restriction- Refers to any limitation you may have as a speaker. On some cases of
communication, there's instructions that must be followed. Those instructions confine you as
a speaker and limit what you can say
Turn-taking- Pertains to the process by which people decides who take the conversational
floor. Primarily, the idea is to give all communicators a chance to speak
Topic Control- Covers how procedural formality or informality affects the development of
topic in conversation
Topic Shifting- Involves moving from one topic to another. It is where one part of a
conversation ends and where another begins
Repair- Refers to how speaker address the problems in speaking, listening and
comprehending that they may encounter in a conversation
Termination- Refers to the conversation participants' close initiating expressions that end a
topic in a conversation

INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION 6 STRATEGIES (DMIS)

1. Denial: The stage where individuals fail to recognize cultural differences or consider them
to be irrelevant.
2. Defense: The stage where individuals perceive other cultures in competitive or polarized
terms and may exalt their own culture over others.
3. Minimization: The stage where individuals assume that their own cultural worldview is
shared by others and may disregard or neglect the importance of cultural differences.
4. Acceptance: The stage where individuals recognize and respect different beliefs, values,
and behaviors shaped by culture.
5. Adaptation: The stage where individuals can adopt the perspective of another culture
and interact authentically with people from different cultures.
6. Integration: The stage where individuals have internalized multicultural awareness and
can interact productively across cultural differences.

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
1. Extemporaneous: A style of communication where the speaker prepares and plans the
speech in advance but delivers it without a fully written script, allowing for flexibility and
adaptation.
2. Impromptu: Spontaneous communication that is delivered without any prior preparation
or planning, requiring the speaker to think on their feet and respond in the moment.
3. Manuscript: Communication that involves reading from a written script, following the
written words closely, and maintaining a formal tone.
4. Memorized: Communication where the speaker memorises the speech or presentation
word-for-word and delivers it without any reference to written notes or prompts.

PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH WRITING

1. Choosing the topic: The process of selecting a subject for your speech that aligns with
your interests, knowledge, and audience's needs.
2. Analyzing the audience: Understanding the demographics, interests, and expectations of
your audience to tailor your speech content, language, and delivery to effectively engage
and connect with them.
3. Sourcing the information: Researching and gathering relevant and credible information
from reliable sources to support your speech and enhance its credibility.
4. Outlining and organizing: Creating a clear and logical structure for your speech,
including an attention-grabbing introduction, main body with key points and supporting
evidence, and a memorable closing statement

TYPES OF OUTLINES
1. Chronological outlines- historical or time approach like from past to present.
2. Spatial or geographical- going from one place to another, from one direction to another.
3. Cause and effect- Organizing your speech by presenting the causes and effects of a
particular topic or situation. This outline structure explores the relationship between actions
and their consequences.
4. Problem solution outline: Organising your speech by identifying a problem and
presenting potential solutions. This outline structure highlights issues and offers practical
ways to address them.
5. Topical outline: Organising your speech based on different topics or categories. This
outline structure allows you to explore various aspects of your subject in a structured
manner.

PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH DELIVERY

1. Articulation: Clear and precise pronunciation of words and sounds in speech.
2. Modulation: Variation in pitch, tone, and volume of the voice during speech to add
expressiveness and emphasis.
3. Stage presence: The ability to project confidence, engage the audience, and command
attention while delivering a speech.
4. Stage fright: Nervousness or anxiety experienced by speakers before or during a speech.
5. Facial expression: Use of facial muscles to convey emotions, attitudes, and intentions
during a speech.
6. Gesture and movement: Purposeful use of hand gestures, body movements, and
posture to enhance the delivery of a speech.
7. Audience rapport: Connection and understanding established between the speaker and
the audience.

Communication strategies – use to achieve a healthy and successful communication

Cohen 1990 – used to start and maintain a conversation

Type of communication strategies

Nomination – beginning of the interaction

Restriction – limitation
Turn taking – equal opportunities
Topic control – keeping conversation by going on by asking question
Topic shifting – introduction of topic
Repairs – overcoming communication breakdown
Termination – close initiation expression

Intercultural communication - Cultures

6 stages of DMIS
1st stage: Denial – does not recognize
2nd stage : defense – competitive
3rd stage : minimization -occurs when people assume that their district cultural
World view is shared by others
4th stage: acceptance – people recognize others cultures/belief
5th stage: adaptation – to adapt to others culture
6th stage: integration – appropriate and authentic ways

Principles of speech writing

1.choosing topic
2.analyzing the audience
3. source the information
4.outlining and organising the speech content

5 types of OOSC
Chronological outlining – history/time
Spatial/geological outlining – place
Cause and effect – pros and cons
Problem and solution – outlining
Topical outlining – subtopic