Oral Communication Reviewer (2nd Quarter)

❖ Module 4.1:Types of Speech According to Purposes

1. Informative Speech(Expository Speech)
An informative speech gives,rather than asks or takes and the demands on the
audience are low.Listeners are asked to attend,to comprehend,to understand,to
assimilate,but not to change their beliefs and behaviours.An informative speech
can be organized in a topical,chronological,or spatial pattern.
⮚ Six Designs of Informative Speech
● Spatial Design:this describes places and objects using geographic directions
transporting audience into an imaginary journey.
● Categorical Design:This classifies subjects through categories in order to organize
meaningful information.
● Comparison and Contrast:This is a comparative design enhancing the audiences
understanding through citing similarities and differences between subjects.
● Sequential Design:This design illustrates chronological order of developing
ideas;providing essential steps and process to be followed.
● Historical Design:This is similar to sequential design where it follows a definite
time perspective starting with the present and tracing back to theorigin of the
concepts.
● Causation Design:This design gives explanation on the causes and effects of what
happens and why things happen with respect to existing conditions.
● Structuring a Informative Speech:
Introduction
Body
Conclusion

General Types of Informative Speeches:

A. Speeches about objects,people:These types of speechs are about things in

our sensory and physical word,things you can see hear and smell and
feel,and taste.
B. Speeches about events:these types of speeches are aboutanything that has
or will happen.
C. Speeches about processes:these types of speeches take the audience
through a series of eventswhich lead them to a specific result or product.
D. Speech about concepts:These types of speeches are dealing with
theories,ideas,belief,and other abstract principles.

2. Persuasive Speech: Gronbeck explained that persuasive speaking is the process

of producing oral messages that increase personal commitment,modify beliefs,
 attitudes,or values.The general purpose of persuasion is to change or reinforce
attitudes of behaviors.The speaker or writer who persuades make a very different
demand on an audience. This is a kind of speech that moves the audience to
action.
⮚ Types of Persuasive Speech
1.Speeches of Reinforcement: These speeches seek to increase adherence to or
rejection of a particular set of values.
2.Speeches of Modification: These speeches seek specific psychological changes
in one`s belief state, attitude towards an object, or basic values.
3.Speeches of Actuation: These speeches seek a set of specific actions from its
adherence; making a set of needs for the audience, and demonstrating that a
certain cause of action will satisfy needs.

3. The Entertainment Speech: this is a kind of speech that transmits a feeling of

pleasure and goodwill to the audience. The speaker in this kind of speech is
gracious, genial, good natured, relaxed , and demonstrates to the listeners that he
or she is enjoying the pleasant job of speaking to them. Speeches to entertain
usually work within the cultural framework of a particular group of society.

⮚ Anecdote of Entertainment Speech( Gronbeck, et.al, 1994.)

1. Relate a story or anecdote,present an illustration, or quote an appropriate passage.
2. State the essential idea or point of view implied by your opening remarks.
3. Follow with series of additional stories,anecdotes,or illustrations that amplify or
illuminate your central idea,arrange those supporting materials so they are
thematically or tonally coherent.
4. Close with a restatement f the central point you have developed,as in step 1,you can
use quotation or one final story that clinches andepitomizes your speech as whole.
❖ Module 3.4 Types of Communicative Strategy
● Defines communicative strategy as mutual attempts of two interlocutors to agree on a
meaning in situations where requisite meaning strategies do not seem to be shard.A
systematic technique employed by a speaker to express his own idea when faced with some
difficulties.
● Conversation Analysis; Conversation is considered as any spoken encounter
or oral nteraction and sometimes it is understood in a more restricted
way.Conversation has no specific setting,no time or place,no required roles,no
pre specified agenda and a quorum of two or more people..
● Conversation analysis according to Paltridge is an approach to analysis of
spoken discourse that looks at the way people manage their everyday
conversational interactions.
⮚ Basic Structures of Conversation According to Psathas
1.Order produced is orderliness

Conversation is the result of coordinated practices of the participants who achieve

orderliness,and they react.

2.Order is produced,situated and occasioned

The participants in a conversationare responsible in producing order in any situation or occasion.

3.Order is repeatable and recurrent

The patterns of orderliness found in conversation are repeated,not only in the talk of an
individual speaker but across groups of speakers.

● Sequence and Structures of Conversation

1.Opening Conversation-Point out that part of the structure of conversational opening has to do
with the positioning of topics within the conversation openings which allow further talk once the
person’s attention has been obtained

2.Topic Management- Richard and Schmidt state that the eay topics are selected for discussion
within conversation and the strategies speakers use to nominate, develop,or change topics
constitute another important dimensions of conversational organization.

3.Turn Taking-happens when one person speaks at a time,then gives a turn to the next speaker,or
the next speaker take up a turn without being given.

•Gap (Silence)

Happen when there is lengtened transition soace,it is interpreted as distance,absejce of

familiarity,or ignorance.

•Overlaps

Occur in a conversation when there are two speakers who speak at the same time.

•Adjacency Repairs

Are utterances produced by two successive speakers in a way that the second utterancr us
identified as related to the first ine;this is an expected follow up to that utterance.

4.Feedback- Also termed as back channel which indicates understanding,listening ot following

the other speaker’s utterance.

5.Repair-defines repair as the treatment of trouble occuring in interactive language.This is also

how speakers correct things by checking their understanding of conversation,solving problems
such as errors or mistakes which can interrupt talk-in-interaction.
6.Closing Conversation-a cooperative activity,which is sensitive to the sequential context and its
local organization of speakers turn in an ongoing discourse.

Examples:Ok then,All right,So,Well I suppose,I’m afraid

 Module 4.2 Speeches according to Delivery

1.Reading from a Manuscript

Read speech is a manner of speaking where a written speech is read and delivered word for
word. This is a preferred mode of presentation when accurate wording is imperative and when
time constraints are severe. Examples of manuscript presentations are: Official Proclamations,
Legal Announcements, Professional Papers, and Mass Media Presentation.

Below are the advantages and disadvantages of this presentation.

Advantages:

a. Requires at least as much skill as making a memorized speech.

b. Requires lesser time for practicing the delivery of the speech.

C. Requires no familiarization with ideas and thoughts in the speech.

Disadvantages:

a. Speakers may just tend to read and wvill not communicate at all.

b.Speakers may be so engrossed with the manuscript and may tend todisregard their audience.

c. Speakers may tend to lose eye contact and mental contact with theirlisteners.

Suggestions on how to Read from a Manuscript:

a. Write your message in an oral style.

b. Use bold and big font size in writing the final draft of your manuscript.

C. Familiarize the ideas and wordings of your manuscript.

d. Practice reading your manuscript and maintain good eye contact with audience.

e. Record your speech and listen to how you read; correct yourself for some mispronunciations
and over phrasing of words.

f.Continue practicing until you have mastered the conversational style of presenting the
manuscript.
2. Memorized Speech

This is a written speech which is mastered and delivered entirely from memory.This kind of
speech requires the speaker a considerable memory skill in order not to forget his or her
presentation.

Advantages:

a. Enhances the speaker's memory as he or she is forced to memorize the speech.

b. Requires speaker's expertise in oral communication.

c. Develops speaker's general platform behavior.

Disadvantages:

a. Speakers may tend to forget if memory is not good.

b. Speakers may sometimes present a soliloquy instead of a public speech.

C. Discourages speaker to react with the feedback of the audience.

d. Spontaneous and natural presentation may not be practiced.

Suggestions on Delivering a Memorized Speech

a. Write the speech in advance before the actual delivery.

b. Memorize the speech fully to confidently communicate with the audience.

C. Develop a mastery on enunciation, gestures, and proper presentation.

d. Focus on communicating with the audience and not on your speech.

3. Impromptu Speech

This is a speech where the speaker develops his or her ideas, thoughts, and language at the
moment of delivery. Impromptu speaking situations may occur in offices, meetings, and college
classes. Relying on one's previous knowledge and prior experiences are important factors in
delivering this speech.

Advantages:

a. There is spontaneity and naturalness in the speech presentation.

b. Exhibits speaker's wit and good oral communication skills.

c. Develops speaker's mental alertness.

Disadvantages:

a. May show speaker's disorganized and erroneous language during delivery.

b. Some important points or ideas may not be presented due to lack of time and preparation.

Suggestions on Delivering an Impromptu Speech:

a. Be mentally alert and rely on your previous knowledge and experiences

b. With few minutes to prepare, jot down the main ideas into a short outline.

C. Stick to the main points by presenting your ideas chronologically.

d. Make your presentation short and summarize your conclusion.

4. Extemporaneous Speech

This is a speech where the topics or ideas are prepared beforehand; however the speaker will
compose his or her views and language only at the moment of delivery. This is also a speech that
is practiced but not written or memorized.

Advantages:

a. Shows speaker's pontanuity and naturalness in speaking.

b. Allows speaker to monitor and adjust to the audience's response.

C. Develops speaker's careful organization of ideas and choice of words.

Disadvantages:

a. Lacks the preciseness and careful presentation of the speaker's thoughts and language.

b. Speaker's main points may not be presented well.

Suggestions on Delivering an Extemporaneous Speech:

a. Write a brief outline to serve as guide in the presentation of your main points.

b. Use a more spontaneous and natural language.

C. Adjust to your audience and adjust to their responses.

d. Monitor the responses of your audience and make necessary adjustments on the flow of your
thoughts right on the spot.

e. Organize your thoughts carefully and choose your words appropriately.

f.Be natural and conversational as you create a direct contact with your audience.

May the odds be in your favor this Finals Examination.You can

do this!
Sumulung tamu!