A process, an act and an art of making a speech.

Public speaking

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Topics to cover:
 PUBLIC SPEAKING- HISTORY AND METHODS
 DIFFERENCE B/W CONVERSATION AND PUBLIC
SPEAKING
 SPEECH STRUCTURE
 ELEMENTS OF A GOOD SPEECH
Definition.
 Public Speaking
What is Public Speaking?
Public Speaking is a ‘formal’ face-to-face communication method
where a person(s) uses the medium of speech to Inform and/or
Influence a group of listeners (an audience).

Why is developing Public Speaking skills important?

It is beneficial in many different areas.
● Class projects
● Job/internship presentations
● Club/organization meetings or events
● Speech at a family gathering such as a wedding, birthday, anniversary, etc.
Public speaking-history.

Public speaking evolved with the development of

democracy in Athens.
It gave birth to sophism which lead to logical reasoning and
argumentation in order to persuade people. Finally, the art
of rhetoric or oratory developed.
 Aristotle’s three rules and Cicerso’s five
canons of Public Speaking

Aristotle’s (384-322BC) three rules Cicero`s five Canons

1. LOGOS- Logical arrangement of the 1. INVENTION- Developing the ideas.
Words of the speaker. 2. ARRANGEMENT- Creation of structure.
2. ETHOS- Credibility/character of the 3. STYLE- Determining how to present an
speaker. argument.
3. PATHOS- Ability to create a connection 4. MEMORY- Learning and memorizing the
b/w audience and the speaker. It comes speech making it natural.
with an emotional appeal. 5. DELIVERY- effective use of voice and body
language.
 The differences between the classical style and the
modern style are as follows:
POINT OF CLASSICAL STYLE MODERN STYLE
DIFFERENCE
VOCABULARY Demanded the use of extremely refined It believes in the use of simple and formal vocabulary,
and polished vocabulary. It propagated and discourages the employment of difficult and
the adoption of the highest and the most uncommon, or unfamiliar words.
dignified words.
SENTENCE It requires the use of complex sentence It promotes the use of simple, formal, and
STRUCTURE structures. grammatically accurate sentence structures.
AUDIENCE The classical style was not very It believes that successful and effective communication
particular about showing empathy to the means displaying a very high degree of empathy to the
audience. Listener’s background was not audience. Your speech or presentation must be easily
taken into consideration. understandable for the audience.

OVERALL STYLE Complicated and extremely formal Simple, easy, conversational, yet formal
SCOPE It was leveled at a limited number of It is for an extremely large number of audiences.
audiences.
 Three main types of public speaking

1. Speeches that inform:

Explain, report, describe, clarify, define and demonstrate. Such speeches can move an audience to action or belief.
Their primary purpose is to present facts, details, and examples

2. Speeches that persuade

Are designed to convince and the goal is to influence the audience’s beliefs or attitudes.
This can be accomplished by using your own credibility, appealing to your audience’s emotions, reason, or sense of
right and wrong

3. Speeches that entertain

use humor to influence. Once the audience is warmed up, one main idea is presented, still on a light note. Finally
bring up the punch line.
Note: This is the most difficult of all presentations because it requires great ease and elegance and depends to a
large degree on the charisma of the speaker.
to isolate and understand the primary purpose of your talk
 Four basic methods of delivery

1. Reading a manuscript verbatim- A written speech is read out.

2. From memory- If you do have the ability to commit your entire speech to memory, you may do so.
If you choose to speak without notes make certain you have the necessary delivery skills.
3. Speaking impromptu- With little or no preparation and without the use of notes. Know what you’re
talking about! Include experience. It automatically sounds natural and spontaneous.
Impromptu speaking follows three basic rules:
(a) Have something important to say; (b) Make your audience understand or believe it, and (c) Speak
simply, directly and meaningfully.
 Four basic methods of delivery

4. Speaking extemporaneously-
Includes brief notes and is carefully prepared and practiced in advance. However, the exact wording is
chosen at the time of delivery. 
Advantages:
It gives the speaker more control over thought and language.
Offers greater spontaneity and directness.
It is adaptable to a wide range of situations.
It sounds spontaneous.
you are free to establish your ideas, can establish strong eye contact, gesture naturally, and concentrate
on talking with your audience rather than speaking at them.
 Differentiate between public speaking and
conversation 1/2

• Public speaking is the process of speaking to a group of people in a structured, deliberate manner
intended to inform, influence, or entertain the listeners.
• Conversation is a form of interactive, spontaneous communication between two or more people who are
following rules of etiquette.
• There are three key differences that set public speaking apart from conversation: organizational
structure, use of formalized language, and method of delivery.
• Speeches involve thoughts that are logically organized and structured, whereas conversations may
wander around subjects.
• Speeches use formalized language, while conversation may use slang, profanity, or poor grammar.
• Speeches are often delivered in deliberate, intentional settings and contexts, whereas conversations may
arise spontaneously.
Differentiate between public speaking and conversation 2/2
consideration Public speaking conversation examples

Structure and Deliberate and spontaneous Public speaking: Cliff prepares an outline by which he will
organization planned deliver his speech's key messages.
Conversation: Dorothy and Skye have no agenda for their
coffee date.
Language and Informal: Public speaking: "Our first-quarter sales results indicate a rise
vocabulary Formal: common in profits."
professional/academi Conversation: "Nice to see ya! Wanna sit outside for dinner?"
c
Delivery Part of a formal Part of a casual Public speaking: On a stage at a business conference, at the
method event gathering podium of a college lecture hall
Conversation: Around a kitchen table, during a walk around a
lake.
Time limits Bound by a precise Not bound by a Public speaking: Precisely 20-22 minutes in length
time limit precise time Conversation: During lunchtime and into the afternoon.
limit
 The speech structure
1. INTRODUCTION
2. BODY
3. CONCLUSION
 Purpose and ingredients of an Introduction

 Build enthusiasm for speaker

 Get attention
 Build enthusiasm for topic
 Startle the audience with an
 Establish
a welcoming arresting statement/argument
atmosphere
 Arouse curiosity
 Boost credibility of speaker
 Make an argument.
 Show a roadmap.
Body.

1.Elaborate on the subject.

2.Give a division of the subject
3.Emphasize the changes between the divisions
4.Give relevant examples to support your stand.
 The Conclusion

Two Purposes
Restate the thesis
 Let the audience know Summarize the key
you are ending. points
Hive a statement of
 Reinforce the central
the conclusion-
idea.
main message.
 The two important dimensions of public
speaking skills.

1. Communication (speaking) skills: 2. Knowledge of the topic: The speaker must conduct thorough
Speaking skills must be studied and research on the topic. One should be well-versed in the topic.
worked on to become an excellent speaker. This means that the speaker must know the following:
For example, learning storytelling  History
techniques, attention-getting techniques,  Background
learning how to use humor, how to  Different aspects of the topic
maintain audiences’ interest throughout the  All possible perspectives on the topic
speech, how to organize ideas, etc.  Different views on his topic
   All major and minor details of his topic
 Implications for future development
 Elements of a Good Speech:

1. Attitude/posture appropriate to or expressive of an action, emotion, etc. A

confident presence is an aspect of your credibility and persuasiveness.
2. Rehearsal
3. Vocal expression/voice tone and mood.
4. Nonverbal expression
 VOCAL EXPRESSION-/voice and tone.

You must speak loudly enough to be heard, clearly enough to be understood, and slowly
enough for your audience to keep up.

There are five dimensions of voice that can be manipulated for greater effect.
1. Volume - Speak louder or softer for emphasis.
2. Pitch - Stay at an appropriate mid-range level.
3. Rate - Accelerate for a few sentences to excite, slow down and pause to emphasize some
words.
4. Articulation - Speak clearly with full voice.
5. Quality - The personality of your voice, resonant, throaty, nasal, etc.
Be appropriate in tone.
TONE is simply the author’s attitude toward the subject. Tone must be
inferred through the use of descriptive words.
 More words of tone.

 Bitter  Tasteful/distasteful
 Serious  Nonchalant/relaxed
 Witty  Angry
 Playful  Attached/Detached
 Tender  Innocent
 Sympathetic  Poignant
 Haunting  Compassionate
 Mysterious  Humorous
 Suspenseful
 MOOD: the overall feelings or emotions that are
created IN THE AUDIENCE.

Cheerful
Furious
Relieved
Disappointed
Gloomy
Dreamy, foggy
Bleak
Content
Uncertain
Satisfied
Bittersweet
Angry
Relaxed
Motivated
Lazy
Inspired
Hopeless
Confident
Tense
Eerie/strange
 Body language- Impact percentage
E Y,
H
H AT
W YOU
E G
AR DOIN E?! N ON E OF
YOUR  Verbals 7%
U YS THER
G !
V ER BUSINESS
O  Tone of Voice 38%
 Non Verbals 55%

WOULD YOU
GUYS KEEP IT
QUIET UP
THERE?!
Nonverbal Expression

Gesture naturally, as you would when you talk with friends.

1. Free your hands as much as possible to “allow” that to occur.
2. Make the manuscript your friend with large font, double spacing, and only complete sentences
on one page.
3. Use the stand for your notes.
4. Keep your hands out of your pockets.

Clothing and accessories are an aspect of your persuasion.

“The outside appearance is frequently an index to the mind, and we should be careful what signs we
hang out for the world to judge of our faith.”
1)Dress appropriately to the occasion.
2)Don’t hide under hats or behind sunglasses.
3)Watch dangling jewelry.
 Rehearsal: Practice! Practice! Practice!

 Prepare speaking outline

 Practice aloud
 Polish & refine delivery
 Present under similar conditions
Rehearsal :Points to Remember

 Check facts for accuracy

 Adapt remarks to occasion
 Adapt remarks to audience
 Create a sense of
anticipation
 MUST DO’S IN A PUBLIC SPEAKING
1. Smile and develop eye contact.
2. Be conversational/natural
3. Relax
4. Be yourself. Move normally, but
less.
5. Know your Audience
6. Be confident
7. Claim Attention and stay focused.
The message, not the messanger is
important.
8. Wrap up your speech on time
9. Be flexible
10. Connect with your people during the
presentation
11. Face your Audience
12. Use more gestures
13. Use simple and understandable
language.
14. Avoid repetition of the works or phrase .
DON'TS IN A PUBLIC SPEAKING
1.Do not get fearful.
2. Do not rush through your
presentation
3. Do not stick your hands in your
pockets
4. Do not underestimate your
Audience
5. Do not point fingers
6. Do not hurt people’s feelings
7. Do not dictate
8. Don`t apologize, hide behind the stand,
wear hats.
9. Don`t give up. Try to make it perfect.
10.Do not up an aggressive face.
1 1.Don’t make things that you are not sure
about.
 FACTORS INFLUENCING A PUBLIC
SPEAKING
The positive outcome of a speech does not depend solely on the oratory skills of the
speaker. It is influenced by many factors such as:

 The topic of the presentation

 The attitude of the audience
 The quality of material
Thorough knowledge about the Matter
 The length of the speech
 Body language
 Supporting pictograms, diagrams etc.
 Pitch variation and so on…..
 Stage fright

The biggest horror in public speaking is GLOSSOPHOBIA. It a term used to refer to stage fright and speech
anxiety.
According to different research conducted on the issue, people’s biggest fears can be ranked as follows:

1. Death
2. Snakes
1. Public speaking

Therefore, feeling nervous and fearful before public speaking is absolutely normal.
 You can reduce stage fright by

 Preparation & rehearsing 75%

 Deep breathing 12%
 Mind Control 10%
Tips for overcoming fear

 Pick your own subject matter

 Follow the “as if” principle
 Put on a happy face
 Think positively
 Picture your audience as friendly
 No apologies
 Visualize yourself succeeding.
 7. While speaking, don’t evaluate yourself.
 33
5 Tips to Overcome Nervousness

Know your Audience Imagine yourself giving

and your Space a great Presentation

Know your Subject Focus on your message

Never Apologize
and your Speech not on Yourself
Eye Contact
Speaker

Section 1 Section 2 Section 3

The speaker has three major sections to make eye contact with

Speaker

Section 1 Section 5
Section 2 Section 3 Section 4
Audience

The larger the audience, the more sections you need to establish for effective eye contact
 Room Setting
Speaker

Audience members should be able to easily see the speaker and visual aids the speaker presents.

Podium
Audience Audience

Audience Audience Audience

 Seating Arrangement
(Screen or Blank Wall – elevated if possible)

Overhead Projector
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Registration Table

Back of Room
Task

On a random topic given by audience or the teacher, try to speak for 1 minute.