Purposive Communication
Create only those
I. Communication for Various
Purposes:
Preparing a Speech or an Oral Report
Speech is a study of how people generate shared
meaning through the use of verbal and nonverbal
symbols.
Communication skills are vital for a student ‘s
academic success and future career prospects.
Things to Consider to Have an Effective Speech
and to be a Good Public Speaker:
1. Audience
Know the profile of your listeners. It is important
that you know who will listen to you, their age,
gender, educational background, religion, economic
status, and interests.
2. Logistics
It is something basic or essential for every speaker
to know who is organizing the event. Know who will
be introducing you and who will be speaking before
and after you (Venue and Facilities)
3. Content of Report / Speech / Lecture
If the purpose of the event is to inform just like in a
convention, conference, or a training seminar, it is
expected that you are able to contribute new
information.
Preparing an Effective Presentation
 An effective presentation is more than just
standing up and giving information.
 A presenter must consider how best to
communicate the information to the
audience. Oral presentations require a good
deal of planning to avoid mistakes and
miscommunication.
Tips to Create an Informative and Interesting
Presentation:
1. Organize your thoughts. Start with an outline and
develop good transitions between sections.
Emphasize the real-world significance of your
presentation.
2. Have a strong opening. Why should the
audience listen to you? One good way to get their
attention is to start with a question, whether or not
you expect an answer.
3. Define terms early. If you are using terms that
may be new to the audience, introduce them early
in your presentation. Once an audience gets lost in
unfamiliar terminology, it is extremely difficult to get
them back on track.
4. Finish with a bang. Find one or two sentences
that sum up the importance of your presentation.
How is the world better off as a result of what you
have done?
5. Design PowerPoint slides to introduce important
information. Consider doing a presentation without
PowerPoint. Then consider which points you
cannot make without slides.
slides that are necessary to improve your
communication with the audience.
6. Time yourself. Do not wait until the last minute to
time your presentation. You only have 15 minutes
to speak, so you want to know, as soon as
possible, if you are close to that limit.
7. Create effective notes for yourself. Have notes
that you can read. Do not write out your entire talk;
use an outline or other brief reminders of what you
want to say. Make sure the text is large enough that
you can read it from a distance.
8. Practice, practice, practice. The more you
practice your presentation, the more comfortable
you will be in front of an audience. Practice in front
of a friend and ask for their feedback. Record
yourself and listen to it critically. Make it better and
do it again.
Presenting Effectively
When you start your presentation, the audience will
be interested in what you say. Use these tips to
help keep them interested throughout your
presentation:
1. Be excited.
2. Speak with confidence.
3. Make eye contact with the audience.
4. Avoid reading from the screen.
5. Blank the screen when a slide is
unnecessary.
6. Use a pointer only when necessary.
7. Explain your equations and graphs
8. Pause. Pauses bring audible structure to
your presentation.
9. Avoid filler words.
10. Relax.
11. Breathe.
12. Acknowledge the people who supported
your presentation.
TYPES OF INFORMATIVE SPEECHES
1. Definitional Speech - the speaker attempts
to explain or discussed the meaning of
concepts, theories, philosophies, or issues
that may be unfamiliar to the audience.
2. Descriptive Speech - provides a detailed
description of a person, place, event, etc. It
is commonly used to provide the audience a
clear picture or visually imagine the subject
of the speech.
3. Explanatory Speech - like descriptive
speech but focuses on reports of current
and historical events, customs,
transformations, inventions, policies,
outcomes, and options.
4. Demonstration Speech - is to provide a
chronological explanation in order to
accomplish a certain process.
Persuasive communication
 aims to influence or change the perspective,
decision or response of the audience. It is
commonly used in political speeches,
courtrooms or in any form of advertisement.
ETHOS - Writers or speakers convince their
audience through their goodwill and
trustworthiness.
LOGOS - The writers use logic, reasoning, and
rationality to convince audiences.
PATHOS - Writers uses love, fear, empathy, anger,
etc. that strongly appeals to the emotions of the
audience.
General Types of Special-Occasion Speeches
Special-occasion speeches aims to set the mood
of the attendees of a certain event. It is commonly
short and straight to the point.
Two Groups of Special-Occasion Speeches
CEREMONIAL SPEECHES
 Speeches during ceremony or ritual where
formality or etiquette is observed. It includes
the speeches of introduction, acceptance,
farewell, dedication and eulogies
INSPIRATIONAL SPEECHES
 The goal of inspirational speech is to arouse
an emotional state of an audience and
provoke them.
Primary Types of Speech Delivery
1. Manuscript Speaking
Allows the speaker to read a word-for-word
written speech that is previously prepared.
2. Memorized Speech
It is memorizing the entire speech for later
presentation.
3. Impromptu speech
Speeches that are asked to deliver with little
or no preparation.
4. Extemporaneous speech
Allows you to deliver a speech with a
prepared structure, outline or notes.
II. COMMUNICATION FOR WORK
PURPOSES
Writing
- is defined as the activity or skill of marking
coherent words on paper and composing text.
- Writing is a way to inform, educate, express,
emotions knowledge, etc.
FOUR MAIN CATEGORIES OF WRITING
1. EXPOSITORY WRITING
-The main purpose of expository is to explain
KEY POINTS IN WRITING AN EXPOSITORY
ESSAY OR ARTICLE
▫️Usually explains something in a process.
▫️It is often equipped with facts and figures.
▫️It is usually in a logical order and sequence
2. DESCRIPTIVE WRITING
- the main purpose of descriptive writing is to
describe.
-it is a style of writing that focusses on describing a
character, an event, or a place in a great detail.
KEY POINTS IN WRITING AN DESCRIPTIVE
ESSAY OR ARTICLE
▫️It is often poetic in nature.
▫️It describes places, people, events, situations, or
locations in a highly detailed manner.
▫️The author visualizes what he or she sees, hears,
tastes,
3. PERSUASIVE WRITING
- The main purpose of persuasive writing is to
convince.
- To convince others to agree with the author's point
of view, persuasive writing contains justifications
and reasons.
KEY POINTS IN WRITING A PERSUASIVE
ESSAY OR ARTICLE
▫️Persuasive Writing is equipped with reasons,
arguments, and justifications.
▫️In Persuasive Writing, the author takes a stand
and ask you to agree with his or her point of view.
▫️It asks for readers to do something about a
situation (this is called a call to action.)
4. NARRATIVE WRITING
- The main purpose of narrative writing is to tell a
story.
KEY POINTS IN WRITING A NARRATIVE ESSAY
OR ARTICLE
▫️A person tells a story or event.
▫️Has characters and dialogue.
▫️Have definite and logical beginnings, intervals, and
endings.
WORKPLACE COMMUNICATION
- Includes a vast variety of media (emails, texts,
voicemails, notes, etc.) in transmitting information
within an organization.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF WORKPLACE
COMMUNICATION
1. Verbal (in person communication)
- It allows that the sender and the receiver of the
message to see the facial expression and body
language of each other
2. Body Language and Facial Expression
- body language and facial expressions support
your words
3. Phone Conversations
- Phone is a vital communication tool nowadays.
- in communicating using phone calls, you should
answer it clearly and slowly in a way that the
person on the other line will clearly understand.
4. Written Communication
-this type of communication often leads to
misunderstanding because people read between
the lines, associate emotions and form assumption
while reading.
NETIQUETTE
- is the proper etiquette in using the internet
- online environment is widely used to communicate
with your colleagues, supervisors or clients around
the world
GUIDELINES IN COMMUNICATING ONLINE
• know your context
• Remember the human
•Recognize that text is permanent
•Avoid Flaming
• Respect privacy and original ideas.
TEXTING
-is a useful way to exchange short messages but it
is not advisable for long or complicated messages.
EMAIL
-it can be a formal or informal but it is advised to
use a professional tone.
MEMOS
- Memoranda, or memos, are one of the most
useful documents in professional settings.
- Memos are " in house " documents sent only
within an organization.
- This is used to pass or request information outline
policies present short reports and purpose ideas.
MEMO FORMAT
- The main formatted portions of a memo are the
logo or letterhead (OPTIONAL), the Header Block,
and the Message.
MEMO HEADER BLOCK
-The header appears at the top side of your memo,
directly underneath the word MEMORANDUM in
large, bold, capitalized letters.
MEMO MESSAGE
- Memos are very direct, concise and
straightforward.
- Letter as the most common form of written
communication. It contains brief message often
sent to recipients outside the organization.
It is printed on the letterhead paper that represents
the business or organization, limited to one or two
pages.
STRATEGIES FOR EFFECTIVE LETTERS
 Use clear, concise, specific and respectful
language.
 Use words that will contribute to your
purpose.
 The content of your letter must focus on one
idea.
 Each part of the letter should communicate
a complete message.
 Letter must be free from errors.
III. Communication for Academic
Purposes
Academic Writing
- is any writing done to fulfil a requirement of
a college or university
KNOWING HOW ACADEMIC WRITING IS DONE
1. Choose a topic . Look for any topic that
interests you.
2. Consider the rhetorical elements . These
are (a) purpose for writing, (b) expected
audience, (c) stance—whether serious,
objective, critical, opinionated, curious,
passionate, or indifferent— and tone—
whether funny, ironic, reasonable,
thoughtful, angry, or gentle, (d) genre that
calls for either formal or informal language—
such as memo, letter, report, abstract,
research, personal essay, narrative, review,
and proposal, (e) medium—print, spoken,
or electronic, and (f) design— format,
typefaces, illustrations, and audio-visual
materials.
3. Generate ideas and text . Aim to find the
best information from credible sources.
4. Organize your ideas . The organization
needed depends on rhetorical elements, like
purpose, audience, stance and tone, genre,
and medium.
5. Write out a draf . Consider your genre,
medium, and design when deciding on
register and style of writing.
6. Revise, edit, and proofread . Pay special
attention to correctness of language
(grammar, mechanics, style).
7. Evaluate your work .
THE STRUCTURE OF ACADEMIC TEXTS
Most texts use the IMRD structure—the
acronym for introduction, methods and materials,
results, aim and discussion. The aim and research
questions, which are usually found after the
introduction, together with a conclusion and
references, complement the structure (Berger,
2016; “The Structure of Academic Texts,” 2017).
1. Aim . This is the general purpose of the
text, and it appears after the introduction.
(Example: “To investigate how effective
nursing interventions are for smoking
cessation”)
2. Research questions . The questions,
which are placed after the aim, limit or
specify the aim. (Questions for the cited
aim: “What nursing interventions exist?” and
“How many patients are still smoke-free
after one year?
3. Introduction . This comes before the aim
and the research questions.
4. Methods and materials . Mention what
procedure you followed to achieve your aim
and answer your research questions.
4. Position Paper (a clear and arguable
position, background information, good
reasons, convincing evidence, appeals to
readers, a trustworthy tone, consideration of
any other positions)
5. Abstract , such as informative, descriptive,
critical abstracts (a summary of basic
information, objective description, brevity)
6. Evaluation (a concise description of the
subject, clearly defined criteria, a
knowledgeable discussion, a balanced and
fair assessment, well-supported reasons)
7. Laboratory Report (an explicit title, abstract,
purpose, methods, results and discussion,
references, appendices, appropriate format)
8. Literary Analysis (an arguable thesis,
careful attention to the language of the text,
attention to patterns or themes, a clear
interpretation)
9. Proposal (a well-defined problem, a
recommended solution, a convincing
argument for your solution, possible
questions, a call for action, an appropriate
tone)

5. Results . Present the results objectively

without interpreting them because the
interpretation will appear in the discussion
section.

6. Discussion . This is where you interpret

your results.

7. Conclusions . Make a general

statement about your aim and your results;
focus on the implications of your results and
mention the need for further research.

8. References . Indicate all cited

sources of data, and use the American
Psychological Association (APA) style of
documentation.

KEY FEATURES OF ACADEMIC TEXTS

Whatever format is followed for the presentation
of ideas, the various academic texts are identified
through their basic features (Bullock & Weinberg,
2009).
1. Literacy Narrative (well-told story, vivid
detail, clear significance)

2. Article/Book Review (a summary of text,

attention to context, a clear interpretation,
support for your conclusions)

3. Research Report (a tightly focused topic,

well-researched information, various writing
strategies, clear definitions, appropriate
design)