CHAPTER 3 Presentation Skills

CHAPTER IV
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Identify factors that promote and affect good oral presentation,

and necessary personal preparations before and during presentation
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 CHAPTER 3 Presentation Skills

PRESENTATION
SKILLS

This chapter presents the pointers to better presentation.

Presentation skill is a crucial skill that you must acquire since you
are experiencing a lot classroom and research presentations.
Note that the discussions here can be strengthened when you
apply them properly and keep on practicing. Remember, a
polished presenter was once a rigid rock. So keep practicing;
keep improving.

Lesson 1: The Good Presenter

Lesson 2: Information: Graphics and Organization

Lesson 3: The PowerPoint Presentation

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LESSON 1 The Good Presenter

PRESENTATION SKILLS
Presentations skills and public speaking skills are very useful in many aspects of work
and life. Effective presentations and public speaking skills are important in business, sales and
selling, training, teaching, lecturing, and generally feeling comfortable speaking to a group of
people.

Developing the confidence and capability to give good presentations, and to stand up in
front of an audience and speak well, are also extremely helpful competencies for self-
development and social situations.

Presentation skills and public speaking abilities are not limited to certain special people -
anyone can give a good presentation, or perform public speaking to a professional and
impressive standard. Like most specialisms, this requires preparation and practice.

The formats and purposes of presentations can be very different, for example: oral
(spoken), multimedia (using various media - visuals, audio, etc), powerpoint presentations,
short impromptu presentations, long planned presentations, educational or training sessions,
lectures, and simply giving a talk on a subject to a group on a voluntary basis for pleasure.
Even speeches at weddings and eulogies at funerals are types of presentations.

Generally, at the end of the end of the lesson you should be able to:

a. Recognize pointers to achieve clarity and effectivity of good presentation; and

b. Realize the importance of self-preparations for the presentation.

MAKING A QUALITY PRESENTATION

1. Planning your Presentation

a. Assembling your best material
 Think about the goal of your presentation. Always begin with the
end mind when it comes to planning a presentation. Think

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about what you’re trying to convey , and the best means to do

so in the time that you have .
 Try jotting down the most important points .
 Presentations often involve sharing information. However, it
isn’t enough to bombard your audience with facts.
b. Consider your audience because they will come into the presentation with
certain expectations . You should know a bit about your audience,
background , and their beliefs. This can help you structure your presentation
based around the audience needs.
c. Select your main points. What statements , facts m and points best illustrate
the theme of your presentation? These should be included in the body of
your work. Also, think about the length of your presentation . A 10-minute
presentation, for example, should include no more than 3 points.
d. Find your best supporting information . Comb through the research you
are presenting . Look for your most solid supporting information . This
should be the information that will really get the audience thinking and can
inspire change .

2. Finding a Trajectory for the Presentation

a. Start with the solid introduction . Once you’ve assembled your information ,
you can get started on outlining your presentation .A presentation must
start with a solid introduction that grabs the audiences attention.
b. Present your work in the body of presentation . You should make up 60 %
to 70% of your presentation., so put all your best points here . Think of your
body as the path to your point.
c. Use linking statements to make your points clear. Linking statements are
transitional statements that help bridge the gap between ideas . This
signals to your audience you’re going to switch topics, so your
presentation doesn’t get confusing.
d. Make sure your visuals and graphics on your slides . Your audience may
get bored with data and lecturing . Its good idea to add graphics to your
slides to shake things up . A short video may also help.
e. Conclude your presentation . A conclusion should summarize your points ,
and leave your audience considering the topic you presented . The
conclusion should only take up 5 to 10% of your presentation , so keep it
brief.

3. Practicing your Presentation

a. Strive for 1 to 2 minutes of talking to per slide . Time yourself as you
practice . Going over 1 to 2 minutes per slide can bore your audience.
b. Keep your information relevant to the theme . As you read through your
presentation , be on the lookout for irrelevant information. There may be
some facts that are interesting , but do they really illustrate the point?
When looking for areas to trim down , cut information that does not
speak to your theme .
c. Listen to yourself presenting . It’s a good idea to record yourself and then
play the recording back . Listen to yourself talk to see what you need to
work on.
d. Practice until you have little need for your notes . It can be distracting if
someone is reading from a script during a presentation. A small index card
with key points jotted down can help , you want to minimize your need for
notes . Keep practicing until you can deliver your presentation smoothly
without fumbling with your notes .

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4. Tips on Preparing for the Presentation

- Giving a presentation terrifies most of us , especially when we are
talking before the crowd of people about an unfamiliar topic.
a. Focus on your presentation . Having a long rambling presentation that is
hard to follow is not going to win you any audience interest, You need to
make sure that your presentation is clear and focused and that any aside
s you throw into it are to back up the main point
b. Less is more. You don’t want to overwhelm your audience with information
and important points . Even if they’re interested in your topic they’ll
starting spacing out and then you’ve lost them. Stick to your 3 points and
overall point and make sure you only use the information ,that you need
to support and clarify the points .
c. Decide whether to use the media or not . It isn’t always necessary to use
powerpoint , or visuals representation , especially if you’ve already an
engaging speaker and have interesting subject matter . In fact , a lot of
times , using visual media simply distracts from the focal point , that is
the presentation .
d. Practice. This is one that for some reason , lack of of time perhaps ,
people neglect to do and it is absolutely the key to giving a good
presentation .
e. Visualize success. It may seem like a silly thing to do , but visualizing a
successful presentation can actually help you achieve a successful
presentation.
f. Dress appropriately. You want to dress for success . Wearing nicer clothes
can help get you into the mindset of giving a good presentation . You also
want to be comfortable , however , so you should try to find a reasonable
medium between dressing super snazzy and dressing comfortably.

FACTORS AFFECTING EFFECTIVE DELIVERY OF PRESENTATION

1) Audience Analysis
If the speaker has analyzed the audience in a proper way before presentation, his
presentation will be more effective. On the other hand, poor or improper audience analysis
leads to ineffective presentation. The style of the presentation is largely dependent upon the
type and size of the audience. If audience is large, presentation should be more formal whereas
informal presentation can work in small audience.

2) Communication Environment
Communication environment affects the effectiveness of the presentations. Much of the
audience notices the physical things surrounding the speaker, the stage, lighting arrangement,
background, etc. Proper arrangement of these things can enhance the impact of the
presentation. If there is noise in the surrounding environment, it detracts the audience from
listening and consequently leaves unhealthy messages.

3) Personal Appearance
Personal appearance of the speaker has great impact on the audience. Well dressed up
person can deliver good presentation. Therefore, the speaker should wear neat and clean
clothes and take time to check his appearance just before starting presentation.

4) Use of Visuals
Visuals can enhance the professional image of the presentation. Different research
studies demonstrate that presenters using latest visual techniques are perceived as better
prepared, more persuasive, more credible and more interesting than speakers who do not use

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visuals. But visuals work only if the technology on which they depend works well. Therefore,
presenter should check the equipment in advance before presenting.

5) Opening and Closing of Presentation

The beginning and closing of a presentation are the positions of emphasis. Those
presenters who can open the presentation with interesting remarks which are likely to create
more interest and enthusiasm for listening the presentation. On the other hand, presenters with
poor opening are likely to leave the audience bored. Similarly, the ending of the presentation
has profound impact on the audience. Endings, with vivid and positive pictures are more likely
to have profound impact on the audience.

6) Organization of Presentation
Clarity in presentation is essential that comes with proper organization of the
information. Organizing the information in a proper manner can make the message more
understandable, keep the audience happy and boost the image of the speaker. Proper
organization of presentation enhances the effectiveness of the presentation. On the other hand,
improper organization of the presentation will not influence the audience. Improper
organization of presentation is reflected as follows:
i) Taking a long time to get to the point.
ii) Inclusion of irrelevant material.
iii) Leaving out necessary information.
iv) Mixing up of ideas.

To overcome these problems, presentation can be organized in one of the five standard
patterns:
i) Chronological: It starts with past, moves to the present and ends by looking ahead.
ii) Problem-Causes-Solution: It explains the symptoms of the problem, identifies its
causes and suggests the remedial measures.
iii) Excluding Alternatives: It shows the symptoms of the problem, suggests possible
solutions, explains the reasons why these don't work and ends the discussion with a
solution that will work.
iv) Pros-Cons: It explains the advantages and disadvantages of problem(s).
v) 1-2-3: It discusses three aspects of a topic: introduction, body and conclusion.

7) Language and Words

The quality of presentation is affected by the language and words. To make the
audience understand the message, the speaker has to talk in the language known to the
audience. To enhance the impact of presentation, he should choose the catchy words that
appeal to the heart and emotions of the audience. If the language spoken by the presenter is
different from audience's language, and words used are stereotyped, it is likely to have least
impact on the audience.

8) Quality of Voice
Quality of voice of the presenter affects the effectiveness of the presentation The . voice
modulation is likely to have greater impact upon the audience whereas monotonous voice will
bore the audience.

9) Body Language
The effectiveness of the presentation is also affected by the body language of the
speaker. A speaker having eye contact with audience is likely to impress more than a speaker
reading out the handouts. A speaker who looked more at the audience is judged as better
informed, more experienced, more honest and friendliest than a speaker who delivers the
speech with less eye contact. With eye contact members of audience feel that speaker is talking
to them.

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Similarly, confidently moving speakers are likely to have more impact than nervous speakers.
To calm one's nervousness, one should be well-prepared, take several deep breaths, relax one's
muscles, pause and look at the audience and use body energy in strong gestures and
movement.

10) Answering Questions

The effectiveness of presentation is also affected by presenter's skill in handling
questions asked at the end of presentation. A speaker who answers the audience's questions
and handles hostile questions with tact is likely to influence the audience more. On the other
hand, a speaker who answers rudely will leave negative impact upon the audience.

NON-VERBAL CUES THAT WILL IMPROVE YOUR PRESENTATION SKILLS

There are categories that make up non-verbal communication. Each category is equally
important, as they all work together to create the message you want (or don’t want) to get
across (Duffy and Groves, 2018).

Facial Aspects
Your face will say something before your mouth ever does. It
can be hard for your face not to show what you are really
thinking on the inside, so become aware of what it is doing as
you speak. If you do not, you may become a victim of a face
that contradicts the message coming out of your mouth. Some
examples of facial aspects to consider are eye contact, eyebrow
movements, and smiling/frowning. When controlled, it can be a
great asset to your presentations by conveying your emotions,
creating interest, and complementing the content you share.

Paralinguistic
These are aspects of spoken communication that do not involve
words. Tone of voice, speed and breathing, pronunciation,
articulation, pauses, and punctuation are a few examples of
paralinguistic communication. Breathing techniques can be used
to help calm nerves while presenting. Look them up online or
YouTube and practice. You may even think about joining a
meditation or yoga Paralinguistic communication can also be
used in presentations to add emphasis, give meaning to words,
and create emotions in the audience.

Posture
This is the position of your spine and strategically changing your
location to connect your message with the audience. Posture,
stance, pace, and personal space all fit into this category. Use
this communication in your presentations to convey openness,
feelings of confidence, and comfort. Remember to stand up
straight!

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Personal Space
Closely related to body language, spatial awareness
affects control and interest of your audience. You can use
proximity to your audience to control those all-so
common side-bar conversations. Have you ever been in
a presentation or class where the instructor came right
up next to you? It can definitely get your
attention! Movement toward your audience while
listening to and answering questions will convey interest
in your audience and what they have to say. By walking
toward the audience, you are showing them you want to
engage with them. But be careful – it can also create an
uncomfortable environment when you put yourself in
someone’s personal space.

Gestures
This communication is moving part of your body, usually
your head or hands, to express and emphasize an idea.
This includes pointing at a slide, holding up a number in
conjunction with a number displayed on the presentation,
nodding, and using your hands to mimic your words,
such as conveying size. This is helpful for adding
emphasis, repeating, showing clarity, and directing
attention in your presentations.

APPLICATION

I want you to watch the video in the link below and accomplish the task on the table after
watching it.
Video link: https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=8eLdbKXGzk&t=13s
Video title: Good Presentation vs Bad Presentation
Bad Presentation Good Presentation
Observation: Observation:

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LESSON 2 Information: Graphics & Organization

Apart from diagrams, graphic presentation is another way of the presentation of data and
information. Usually, graphs are used to present time series and frequency distributions.
Learning Outcomes:
1. Recognize the graphic information and other forms of data; and
3. Create and present using any types of graphic organizer and outline in any forms and
formats.

General Rules for Graphic Presentation of Data and Information

There are certain guidelines for an attractive and effective graphic presentation of data and
information. These are as follows:

1. Suitable Title – Ensure that you give a suitable title to the graph which clearly indicates
the subject for which you are presenting it.

2. Unit of Measurement – Clearly state the unit of measurement below the title.

3. Suitable Scale – Choose a suitable scale so that you can represent the entire data in an
accurate manner.

4. Index – Include a brief index which explains the different colors and shades, lines and
designs that you have used in the graph. Also, include a scale of interpretation for better
understanding.

5. Data Sources – Wherever possible, include the sources of information at the bottom of the
graph.

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6. Keep it Simple – You should construct a graph which even a layman (without any
exposure in the areas of statistics or mathematics) can understand.

7. Neat – A graph is a visual aid for the presentation of data and information. Therefore, you
must keep it neat and attractive. Choose the right size, right lettering, and appropriate lines,
colors, dashes, etc.

BASIC TECHNIQUES IN ORGANIZING INFORMATION

1. Brainstorming
It is a group creativity technique by which efforts are made to find a conclusion from a specific
problem by gathering a list of ideas spontaneously contributed by its members.

Four Brainstorming Tips Suggested (Mark Nichol, 2018)

A. Cubing
In this strategy, a topic or idea is examined in 6 viewpoints.
a. What is the topic?
b. What is it like or unlike
c. What does it make you think of?
d. What constituent parts is it made of?
e. How can it be used?
f. How can you support or oppose it?

B. Free Writing
- In this technique, just keep on writing and not minding errors in spelling and grammar. The
objective here is to just write what comes to your mind. Have a quantitative goal like coming up
with 500 words or more. Then review what you have written later and hopefully come up with a
specific topic that would interest you.

C. Listing
List down what comes to your mind. If your intention is to come up with topic to write about,
enumerate them. An important reminder in using this technique is not to list your ideas in an
outline form because an outline will require you to organize items and your thoughts which is a
principle contrary to brainstorming.

D. Mapping
Mapping, also known as clustering and webbing, is a graphic form of listing that simply involves
jotting down ideas on a large writing surface and then making connections by associating
similarly themed ideas with color-coded circles or underlines of distinct patterns and then
indicating other relationships by linking with lines.

2. Graphic Organizers
A graphic organizer, also known as knowledge map, concept map, story map, cognitive
organizer, advance organizer, or concept diagram, is a communication tool that uses visual
symbols to express knowledge, concepts, thoughts and ideas and the relationship between
them.
The main purpose of a graphic organizer is to provide a visual aid to facilitate learning
and instruction. (Wikipedia.com) It is easier for the writer to explain his/her ideas if s/he is able
to present the graphic devices in such a way that can help others focus on the relationships of
the ideas presented with other details.

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Types Of Graphic Organizers Which You Can Use In Writing

A. Concept Maps

Concept Maps graphically

illustrate relationships
between two or more
concepts and are linked by
words to describe their
relationships.

B. Webs

Web shows how different

categories of information
relate to one another.

C. Mind Maps

Mind Maps are visual

representations of hierarchical
information that include a central
idea or image surrounded by
connected branches of associated
topics or ideas.

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D. Flow Diagram or Sequence

chart

This type of graphic organizer

shows a series of steps or events
in the order in which they will take
place. They can be used in
outlining the events in the story,
or showing a procedure in a
scientific process.

E. Venn

It is used to identify similarities and

differences between two or more concepts

F. Organizational Chart

A chart that shows the structure of an

organization.

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G. Pie Chart

It is a type of circular graph, which

is divided into slices to illustrate a
numerical proportion.

H. Graph

1. Line Graph

2. Bar Graph

I. Table

It is a systematic arrangement
of data usually in rows and in
columns for ready reference.

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3. Outline
An outline is the general plan of what you intend to write. In preparing the outline, you
have to classify each information and its connection to your topic or subject. The sorted
information may be grouped according to content. From these grouped information, you can
already provide headings – main and subheadings – which are parallel in structure. In an
outline, have at least two topics after each heading and two for the subheadings.

a. Topic Outline
It is a form of outline that uses parallel phrases for the heading all throughout.
b. Sentence Outline
It is a form of outline that uses sentences for the heading all throughout.
c. Outline

There are two formats of outlining:

1. Number-Letter Format
2. Decimal Outline Format

1. Number-Letter Format
It is the use of the number, then letter in an outline. You use the Roman numerals for the main
heading. You start with Roman “I” for the heading, under are the subheadings or supporting
details which are indented and are marked by capital letters. If subheadings under letter “A”,
ident further and use Arabic numbers 1 and so on. In case of information not as important as
the subheading, ident and mark it with a small letter instead.

NUMBER LETTER FORMAT

I. Main Heading
A. Subheading
1. Supporting Details
2. Supporting Details

II. Main Heading

A. Subheading
1. Supporting Details
a. Example

2. DECIMAL OUTLINE FORMAT

It makes use of decimal numbers in place of the number-letters use. Arabic number 1 is used
instead of Roman “I” for the main heading. Number 1.1 is used in case there is a subheading;
numbers 1.2 if there is another subheading that follows it.

1. Main Heading
1.1 Subheading
1.1.1 Supporting Details
1.1.2 Supporting Details
2. Main Heading
2.1 Subheading
2.1.1 Supporting Details
2.1.1.1 Example

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APPLICATION

Give your ideas about the DIFFERENT PROBLEMS THAT OUR COUNTRY IS FACING
TODAY. Organize your ideas by using:

a. Graphic organizer (any of the types)(I)

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LESSON 3 The PowerPoint Presentation

Which slide is better? Tick the box beneath each slide to indicate your answer.

Good Presentation
Slideshows are quick to produce, easy to update and effective to inject visual interest
into the presentation. However, slideshows can also spell disaster even for experienced
presenters. The key to success is to make certain your slideshow is a visual aid and not a visual
distraction.

So at the end of this lesson you are expected to:

1. Recognize the different principles and guidelines of a good presentation;
2. Analyze a faulty slide; and
3. Make a presentation using the principles.

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Fonts
• Use no font size smaller than 24 point.
• Use the same font for all your headlines.
• Use bold and different sizes of those fonts for captions and subheadings.
• Clearly label each screen. Use a larger font (35-45 points) or different color for the title.
• Use larger fonts to indicate importance.
• Use different colors, sizes and styles (e.g., bold) for impact.
• Avoid italicized fonts as these are difficult to read quickly.
• Avoid very long sentences.
• Avoid abbreviations and acronyms.
• Use dark text on light background or light text on dark background. However, dark
backgrounds sometimes make it difficult for some people to read the text.
• Do not use all caps except for titles.

Design and Graphics

• Use colors that contrast and compliment.
• Too many slides can lose your audience.
• Keep the background consistent and subtle.
• Standardize position, colors, and styles.
• Limit the number of transitions used. It is often better to use only one so the audience
knows what to expect.
• Use one or two large images rather than several small images.
• Use quality clipart and use it sparingly. A graphical image should relate to and enhance
the topic of the slide.
• Check all images on a projection screen before the actual presentation.
• Avoid flashy images and noisy animation effects unless it relates directly to the slide.
• Keep the design clean and uncluttered. Leave empty space around the text and
graphical images.

Color
• Use no more than four colors on one chart.
• Check all colors on a projection screen before the actual presentation. Colors may
project differently than what appears on the monitor.

When presenting your research for a defence you only need to include the following
parts:
1. Introduction slide
 stimulate the interest of the panel
 1 slide
2. Research Title
 includes the title, names of the presenter, course and year level, and school name
 1 slide
3. Research Problem
 general and Specific
 1-2 slides
4. Theoritical Framewrork
 1 slide
5. Research Paradigm
 1 slide
6. Research Design/Methodology
 1 slide
7. Analysis
 includes the tables that show the result/findings of your study
 the number of slides depend on how many tables you have
8. Conclusions

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 1-3 slides
9. Recommendations
 1-3 slides
10. References
 1-2 slides
11. Closing slide
 this may include acknowledgment

APPLICATION

Analyze the slide below. Explain the possible principles that the slide has violated.

ASSESSMENT

Create a PowerPoint Presentation using the principles that we have discussed. You may
group yourselves with maximum of 5 members each for this activity. The content of your
presentation will be the research you have in your Senior High School or that of a friend you
know. Consider the pointers in the discussion above in considering the parts you have to
include in the slides.

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