ORAL COMMUNIICATION

2nd Quarter Reviewer

COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES
- Course of action that conveys information effectively.
- A blueprint in expressing information.

1. Nomination
- Speaker carries to establish a topic.
- Participants launch the topic they want to talk about in a clear and truthful manner.
Ex. “Hey Girl! Nice to see you today. How’s your trip?”
2. Restriction
- Constrains or restrict the response of the other person.
Ex. Homily of the priest, politician during aa proclamation rally, etc.
3. Turn-taking
- Facilitates participants’ understanding of each of the turns produced during a
conversation by allocating turns in order.
- People decide who takes the conversational floor.
• Informal- an interactant jumps in and starts talking
• Formal- permission to speak is requested
a. Turn-getting- move initiated by any interactant to get the attention
b. Turn-keeping- move to show that the interactant can keep the floor
c. Turn-yielding- the speaker would like to give the floor to someone
4. Topic Control
- Covers how procedural formality or informality affects the development of topic in
conversations.
- Limits the coverage of a discussion or conversation.
Ex. “This might not be the best venue for a discussion.” “Maybe we should reserve that
topic for another time.”
5. Topic Shifting
- Process by which the participants in a conversation move from a topic-in-progress to
a new topic at a potential point of topic closure, with or without a sequence closing
the topic-in-progress.
Ex. “By the way, there’s a new clothing shop down the street.” “In addition to what you
said, she is also smart.”
6. Repair
- Refers to how speakers address the problems in speaking, listening, and
comprehending.
- Self-righting mechanism in any social interaction (Schegloff et al, 1977).
- Code-switching, paraphrasing, and repeating
Ex. “I’m sorry, I take that back.” “Wait… do you mean..?” “It’s LeviOsa, not LevioSA.”
7. Termination
- Refers to the conversation participants’ close-initiating expressions that end a topic in
a conversation.
Ex. “That’s all for today’s class, goodbye!” “Never mind, it doesn’t matter. Let’s not talk
about it anymore.”
TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO PURPOSE

1. Informative Speech (Expository Speech)

- Aims to inform by giving instructions, explanations, or demonstrations.
- Shares or imparts new knowledge to the audience.
- Main purpose= provide useful information that the target audience can use in carrying
out a particular task or consider in arriving at decisions.
Ex. Reports. These usually cover what has been accomplished, the current state of affairs,
a compilation of information culled from different sources, and prediction of what is to
come.
Instructions. These include demonstrations and most of the TV ads.
2. Persuasive Speech
- Used to influence the thinking beliefs, or actions of the audience.
- The speaker may appeal to:
• Logic- soundness of truth or reasons presented
• Pity- stirring emotion of the listeners so that the matter presented wins their hearts
Ex. Debates, political campaign talks, appeals for donations, or making critical
comments/speeches in rallies.
3. Entertainment Speech
- Usually delivered to amuse the listeners and divert their attention from the usual daily
stress or problems they may face.
- Stories that are funny and light-hearted are important ingredients of this kind of
speech.
Ex. Stand-up comedy
4. Motivational Speech
Ex. Abraham Lincoln’s “The Gettysburg Address”

TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO DELIVERY

1. Manuscript Reading
- A speaker reads a prepared text or manuscript to the audience.
- Advantage: No single and essential word is left out and all significant points are
covered and conveyed.
- Disadvantage: The speech ay sound mechanical or forced and unnatural and lead to
the audience getting bored and uninterested. The speaker is also limited in his or her
use of nonverbal cues and is unable to react to the audience’s nonverbal cues.
- Reading a manuscript is most advantageous to public figures, media personalities,
and spokespersons for government and private organizations.
Ex. “High stakes” speeches such as the President’s address to Congress or a keynote
address.
2. Memorized Speech
- Like in Manuscript Reading, the speech is fully written out.
- The written speech is fully memorized- every word, every phrase, and every period.
 - Advantage: The speaker is in control of the wording which has been decided and
learned beforehand, the speaker can plan for, or fit into, exact timing, and the speaker
can use nonverbal language quite amply.
- Disadvantage: Time is required for memorization and there is a risk of forgetting
parts of the speech, the speech can sound stiff which reduces effectiveness, the
speaker can not respond to audience/feedback.
3. Impromptu Speech
- Made with no advance planning – delivered with little to no preparation.
- “Thinking on your feet” or “speaking off the cuff”
Ex. Responding to teacher’s questions, reacting to a classmate’s comment or statement,
unrehearsed class presentations.
4. Extemporaneous Speech
- Wherein the speaker prepares a speech outline or notes beforehand.
- The approach most communication teachers recommend for practice in delivering
speeches for varied situations.

PRINCIPLES IN SPEECH WRITING

1. Audience Analysis
- Entails looking into the profile of your target audience.
a. Demography- consider the age range, male-female ratio, educational background,
nationality, economic status, and academic or corporate designations.
b. Situation- consider the time, venue, occasion, and size/number.
c. Psychology- consider the values, beliefs, attitudes, preferences, cultural and racial
ideologies, and needs.
 2. Choosing a Topic
- Must be the level of knowledge of both the speaker and the audience.
- Must be interesting to the audience, timely and relevant, and there must be available
sources of information on it.
3. Sourcing Information
- List as many information sources as possible
- You have to take note of each source and cite all your sources wen you deliver the
speech
4. Outlining and Organizing
- Outline- A hierarchical list that shows the relationship of your ideas.
- Elements of an outline
• Introduction
• Body
• Conclusion
- Types of Outlines
a. Chronological Outline- a historical/time approach like from the past to the
present.
b. Spatial/Geographical Outline- going from one place to another, from one
direction to another.
c. Cause and Effect- involves a discussion of both cause and effect of an issue.
d. Problem-Solution- explains a problem and suggests a possible solution.
e. Topical Outline- divides the topic into subtopics based on importance or interest
value, or simply because the topic requires it.
5. Word Choice
- Consider the situation, occasion, and event which you will deliver the speech
6. Grammatical Correctness
- Strive and learn to master the language thus avoiding grammatical lapses
- Prevention: Make time to edit for grammatical lapses.

PRINCIPLES IN SPEECH DELIVERY

1. Articulation
- The act or process of putting something into words with clear and accurate
pronunciation.
- It talks about the logical order of ideas expressed.
- Articulation=Coherence
2. Modulation
- To change the sound of the voice by making it higher or lower.
- The way of changing or adjusting so that it exists in a balanced or proper amount.
- Master your voice and find your pitch level.
3. Stage Presence
- The ability to command an audience with an impressive style or manner.
- Can be characterized with good grooming, dressing appropriately, standing straight
and balancing your weight, sounding good, excellence in command of the language,
and extensive knowledge of the topic.
4. Facial Expressions
- A gesture executed with facial muscles.
- The most basic visual aid.
- Avoid having a poker face or a highly animated face, and the meaning of your speech
should reflect on your facial expressions.
*Your face reveals a lot about what you think or how you feel.
5. Gestures
- Movement or positions of the hand, arm, body, head, or face that is expressive of an
idea, opinion, and emotion.
- It can help communicate your ideas, emphasize words, and drive home a point.
*It’s what you don’t say that counts.
6. Rapport
- The speaker’s connection with the audience.
- Characterized by harmony, conformity, accord, or affinity.
- To establish rapport:
a. Greet your audience.
b. Compliment on their effort, attention, cooperation, and appearance.
c. Involve and interact with them.
d. Look your audience members in the eye.
e. Use appropriate and tasteful humor.
f. Talk to them like a friend, but always be polite.
7. Audio-Visual Aids
- Devices directed at both the sense of hearing and the sense of sight; films, recordings,
photographs, etc.
- Used to help comprehend, appreciate, and retain information better.
- Helps in supporting and clarifying your message.