Principles of Speech Writing

- That refers to the different steps that need to be undertaken by the speaker in order to
deliver a well-prepared speech.

1. Choosing a Topic
- TIMELY: Is it sensible as of the moment?
- Are there aspects of the issue that will be useful to your audience?
- Does the topic have a lot of unresolved issues that would automatically
engage the audience?
- Does the topic inherently provide questions that want to be answered?
- INTERESTING: Is it appealing from my perspective?
- Will I be motivated enough to develop a speech out of the chosen topic?
- RELATABLE: Will my audience have even a little background info about my
topic?
- How knowledgeable am I of the chosen topic?
- How much info. should be provided in the speech?
2. Analyzing your Audience
- The more information you are able to gather from your target audience and
elements related to them, the more you would easily be able to adapt to their
needs.
- Demographic Analysis: General Profile of your Audience

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- Psychographic Analysis: Perceptions of your Audience

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- Situational Analysis: Environment or Setting
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3. Sourcing the information
- Seek reliable references.
- Provide supporting information.
- Extract important points.
- Ethical information must be sought.
- Cite sources.
- Headstart with good note taking.
4. Outlining & Organizing Your Speech
- General Purpose: Inform, Entertain, Inspire, Persuade
- Specific Purpose: Main Idea
- Key Points to Discuss

Parts of a Speech
1. Introduction
- A preview/attention getter
- Directs the audience towards the purpose.

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2. Body
- Contains the main points
- Expounds the main points with examples, evidence, arguments or illustrations
- Recall key points previewed in introduction, provide details to discuss the key
point, use transitions
3. Conclusion
- Recaps important points
- A clincher/leaves something to think of.
- Summarize key points, provide insights on the implication of your speech, end
with a thought provoking statement

Principles of Speech Delivery

1. Articulation
 - How we produce (articulate) sounds, and utter words through the use of the
voice mechanism
- The clarity of sound production
2. Modulation
- Avoid sounding monotonous or high strung
- For improvement, read aloud as part of your daily routine for voice exercise
- You may record and listen to your speech so you can work on the flaws that you
may have noted.
3. Stage Presence
- The speaker’s ability to maintain the audience’s attention and interest through the
speaker’s sty;e of presentation or delivery.
- Poise, gesture, posture, mannerisms and movements can relevantly contribute to
overall delivery
4. Facial Expressions
- Through eyes, mouth and facial expressions, you can create and sustain interest,
engage your audience, and convey important emotion.
5. Rapport
- Affinity, bond. Empathy, a relationship where people understand each other’s
ideas and able to relate well with one another
- Rapport in public speaking, can be achieved between the speaker and the
audience when ideas, feelings, or sentiments are presented effectively and a
common understanding is established

Types of Speeches

Purpose Delivery

Expository - to inform Manuscript - the speaker has a copy of the

Inspirational - to uplift one’s emotion
Persuasive - to call for action
Special Occasions - to honor an important
event/to entertain
script during speech delivery
Memorized - the speaker knows the speech
by heart
Impromptu - the speaker comes up with a
speech on the dot
Extemporaneous - the speaker is given a few
minutes to prepare before delivery

Manuscript - reading from a prepared speech

Memorized - delivered word by word from memory
Impromptu - off the cuff/spur of the moment/without proper preparation
Extemporaneous - not a completely written speech, may use notecards

Types of Expository Speech:

a. Speeches of Definition - “What is 3D Printing?”
b. Speeches of Demonstration/Process - “How to Apply For A Scholarship in UST?”
c. Speeches of Description - “Exploring Santorini, Greece”
 d. Speeches of Explanation - “Why is the sky blue? Why do women live longer?”

Parts of an Expository Speech:

1. Introduction
- Attention getter
2. Body
- Build interest
- State main points
- Elaborate each main point by giving examples, evidence, illustrations
3. Conclusions
- Summarize main points
- Use a clincher
- Make predictions

Persuasive Speech
- A symbolic process where communicators convince others to change their
attitudes/behavior on an issue through a transmitted message in an atmosphere of free
choice

Types of Persuasive Speech:

a. Proposition of Fact
- Focuses on a person’s beliefs and try to establish whether something is or isn’t
- Intense internet exposure gravely affects teenager’s mental health
b. Proposition of Value
- Persuading the audience members whether something is good or bad, right or
wrong, desirable or undesirable
- The end justifies the means
c. Proposition of Policy
- Whether something should or shouldn’t be done
- Parents of minors who are still out beyond curfew hours should be apprehended

Persuasive Strategies
a. Ethos
- Characteristic of the speaker to look credible
b. Pathos
- Ability of the speaker to tap emotions of the audience
c. Logos
- Ability of the speaker to give sensible and logical arguments

Fallacy
- A statement that appears correct but wrong if analyzed

1. Argumentum Ad Hominem
 - Attack on the person rather than on the argument or issue.
- The person running for mayor in our town should not be voted because he is not
tall.
2. Argumentum Ad Vericundiam
- Use of a person’s authority, expertise or popularity to make an assertion more
credible.
- It is okay to make use brand y because Judy Ann Santos believes in this product.
3. Argumentum Ad Misericordiam
- Use of pity or sympathy or simply appealing to emotion
- Students should not fail in any course because their parents are working hard to
send them to school.
4. Argumentum Ad Populum
- Believing that the majority is always right.
- You have to have a Tiktok account since almost everyone has theirs.
5. Argumentum Ad Ignorantiam
- Absence of knowledge on an issue is used against the person to make a
statement correct.
- San Carlos is the oldest university in Asia because a Thomasian who was
interviewed could not give a proof of that.
6. Fallacy of post hoc; ergo, propter hoc
- Connecting one event to another when there may be no connection at all.
- An earthquake occurred because Donald Trump won the election.
7. Fallacy of Complex Question
- Something that appears to only have one question when there could be two or
more.
- A parent asking his child who came late asked, “how long did you stay in your
friend’s house?”
8. Fallacy of Petitio Principii
- The thing to be proved is the one asserted as true.
- Business administration is concerned mainly with concepts relating to business

Special Occasion Speeches

- Speeches delivered during important events
- Inspirational speech, commencement speech, a keynote speech, entertainment speech,
speech of introduction
Listening
- Sincere listening is all-ears listening.
- Poor listening is a communication barrier.
 Hearing Listening

Hearing is physiological recognition of Listening is a mental/psychological process of

sounds. attending to sound stimuli

Types of Listening
1. Biased - taking in only what the listener agrees to
2. Appreciative - taking in anything that appeals to
3. Sympathetic - sharing/knowing what the speaker feels
4. Empathic - understanding what the speaker feels
5. Therapeutic - doing something about the speaker’s feelings
6. Dialogic - learning through conversations with a speaker.
7. Relationship - getting the trust of the speaker
8. Discriminative - identifying sound differences.
9. Comprehension - making sense of what is heard
 10. Critical - identifying truths from fallacies
11. Evaluative - choosing a stand after critical listening
12. Informative - listening to learn something new.

Keys for Effective Listening

1. Active listening
- Stop talking
- Control your surroundings
- Keep an open mind
- Listen for main points
- Listen between the lines
- Judge ideas and not appearances
- Hold your fire
- Take selective notes
- Provide feedback

● Look Interested.
● Involve yourself by responding.
● Stay on target.
● Test your understanding.
● Evaluate the message.
● Neutralize your feelings.

Irritating Listeners
1. Interrupting the speaker
2. Not looking at the speaker
3. Rushing the speaker
4. Showing interest in something other than the conversation
5. Finishing the speaker’s thoughts
6. Not responding to the speaker’s requests
7. Saying “Yes, but…”
8. Forgetting what was talked about previously
9. Asking too many questions about details

Listening Process:
1. Receiving
- Involves seeing and hearing
- Involves verbal and non verbal cues
2. Perceiving
- Conscious effort of selecting, organizing and analyzing the message
3. Interpreting
4. Responding (Optional)

Benefits of Listening:
 ● You are better able to help others.
● You are able to understand things on a deeper level.
● You are able to understand more about different cultures.
● You have more resources to make more informed, rational decisions.
● You have the tools to avoid conflicts and reduce problems.
● You are able to participate in life more because you know more.
● You can become a more effective leader.

Speech Acts
- Started out as a theory proposed by John Austin, and later on extended by John Searle
- Speaking is performing.
- “What do we do when we speak?”
- “What do we mean when we say something?”
- “What do we intend the receiver to do after getting the message?”

Three Levels of Speech Acts:

● Locutionary
- Refers to what is actually said
- Refers to the actual words that make up a

● Illocutionary
- Refers to the intention of the speaker when the statement is uttered.
- Allows for the analysis on the message based on the real intention of the sender
- Your classroom is dirty.
- Could you move a bit?

Categories of Illocutionary Act:

1. Representatives
- Utterances which commit the hearer to the truth of expression:
- Stating, asserting, denying, confessing, admitting, notifying
2. Directives
- These utterances are attempts by the speaker to get the addressee to do
something.:
- Requesting, ordering, forbidding, warning, advising, suggesting, insisting,
recommending
3. Commissive
- Commit the speaker to some future course of action:
- Promising, vowing, volunteering, offering, guaranteeing, pledging
4. Expressive
- Used to express the emotional state of the speaker:
- Apologizing, congratulating, welcoming, objecting
5. Declarations
- Utterance used to change the status of something
- Appointing, naming, resigning, baptizing
Perlocutionary
- Refers to the effect of the statement to the receiver of the message.
- This may also refer to the reaction of the listener upon receiving the statement

Presentation & AudioVisuals in Public Speaking

● The retention of info is 6 times greater when presented by multimedia means than with
speech alone.
● We learn and retain: 10% of what we read, 20% of what we hear, 30% of what we see,
50% of what we hear and see

Audiovisual
- An audiovisual aid aims to supplement your speech through a combination of the
following: pictures, art forms, illustrations, and/or sound

Classification of Presentation Aids:

- Visual: charts and graphs, slides and/or presentations, flip chart, handouts, props
(realias), posters
- Audio: recordings, sounds, music, audio tapes
- audio-visual: Youtube, dvds
Characteristics of a good Audiovisual:
● Relevant
● Appropriate
● Appealing
● Readable
● varied

Advantages of Using audiovisuals in Speech Delivery:

● Serves as memory aid
● Guides one’s speech delivery
● Captures audience's attention
● Aids learning
● Sustains interest

Do’s and Don’ts in Audiovisual Presentation

Do’s:
● Use appropriate color and images
● Label charts and graphs
● Keep the text short and simple
● Rehearse
● Talk to your audience, avoid staring too long at the presentation
● Have a back up plan
Don’ts:
● Experiment with fonts and colors
● Use flashing and distracting elements
● Fill a slide with too much information
● Simply recite your slides

Communication Strategies
- These are techniques that the speaker resorts to in order to address difficulties in
expressing themselves in a particular language
- MESSAGE ABANDONMENT: when the speaker stops talking to express
- LITERAL TRANSLATION: happens when you translate a word from one language
word-per-word, the essence is compromised
- CIRCUMLOCUTION: This happens when you try to work your way around an idea by
describing it vividly instead of calling it by its real name.
- TOPIC AVOIDANCE: happens when the speaker tries to change topic or talk about
something else
- APPROXIMATION: happens when you try to look for a closely related word in order to
refer to something
- USE OF ALL PURPOSE WORDS: This happens when you use a general expression to
refer to an idea you think the other person already knows about in order to save you
from using the actual word.
- CODE SWITCHING: happens when you combine words in your native language and
target language in one sentence
- USE OF NON-VERBAL CUES: when you try to look for a non-verbal cue that would
best say what you want
- WORD COINAGE: happens when you invent a term based on your knowledge of rules
in forming word in a particular language
- USE OF (GAP) FILLERS: happens when you try to use unnecessary words or
expressions in order to stall your message or to avoid dead air
- APPEAL FOR HELP: happens when you ask someone else to explain what it is that
you want to say
- FOREIGNIZING: happens when you pronounce a word in your native language but
pronounce it as english