Pre-Calculus 2nd Quarter C.

Area of Sector of a Circle

• A sector of a circle is the part/portion of
the interior of a circle bounded by the
Length of an Arc & Area of Sector initial and terminal sides of a central
A. Arc Length angle and its intercepted arc. The area of
the sector is proportional to its central
• Defined as the distance between two
angle.
points along the curve of a circle.
• The length of an arc of a circle is
proportional to its central angle𝜃𝜃in
radian form.

Examples:
Let 𝑟𝑟 be the radius of a circle, 𝜃𝜃 be the measure of the
central angle, and 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 be the area of the sector, solve for
the following unknown.

Examples:
Let 𝑟𝑟 be the radius of a circle, 𝜃𝜃 be the measure of the
central angle, and 𝑠𝑠 be the length of its intercepted arc, D. Problems Involving Area of Sector of a Circle
solve for the following unknown.
Examples:

1. A goat is tied at a corner of a vacant square area with

a rope length of 3 m. Find the roaming area of a goat.

B. Problems Involving Length of an Arc

Examples:
1. If the minute hand of a clock is 6𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 long, how far
does the tip of the hand move after 25 minutes?

2. If the area of a sector of a circle is 8𝜋𝜋 𝑚𝑚2 and central

angle is 450, find the radius of the circle.

2. A wheel rolls through an angle of 4200 and covered a

distance of 56π in. Find the diameter of the wheel.

Angles
Recall: What is an angle?
Euclidean Geometry
• Union of rays (that is, static)
• Figure formed by two rays meeting at a
common point
Trigonometry
• Rotational, and therefore has no limit
• Has positive and negative measures
A. The angle
- An angle is formed by rotating a ray
about its endpoint.
- The ray that forms the initial side of the
angle is rotated around the origin with the
resulting ray being called the terminal side
of the angle
B. Rotation
- Angles may rotate counterclockwise or
clockwise
- an angle is positive when the location of the
terminal side results from a
counterclockwise rotation
- an angle is negative when the location of the
terminal side results from a clockwise
rotation
C. Angle Measurement
- A revolution (rev) is formed when the initial
side of an angle rotates completely around
its vertex. Consequently, the angle’s
terminal side and initial side coincide.
There are three units of angle measure that are
commonly used:
1. Degree (deg)
- denoted by “O”, is a measurement of a plane
angle, or referred to as the basic unit
measurement of an angle.
- it was based on a sexagesimal numeration
system.
2. Radian
- denoted by “rad”, but this is often omitted
with the use of the symbol 𝜋𝜋, is the SI unit for
measuring angles.
3. Gradian (gon, grad, grade)
- denoted by “g” is a unit of measurement of an
angle, defined as one hundredth of the right
angle and referred to as a metric degree.
- It was based on centesimal system of angular
measurement.
Radian Measure
- One radian (rad) is the measure of a central
angle subtended by an arc whose length is
equal to the radius of the circle.
 - are angles that are both in standard position
Relation between 𝒓𝒓, 𝒔𝒔, and 𝜽𝜽 (in radians) and have the same terminal side.
Given a circle with radius 𝒓𝒓, if an arc of length 𝒔𝒔 is
subtended by a central angle of measure 𝜃𝜃 radians, then
𝑠𝑠=𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
Relation between 𝒓𝒓, 𝒔𝒔, and 𝜽𝜽 (in degrees)
𝜶𝜶 and 𝜷𝜷 are coterminal angles but 𝝓𝝓 and 𝜽𝜽 are not.
- Given a circle with radius 𝒓𝒓, if an arc of length 𝒔𝒔 is
subtended by a central angle of measure 𝜃𝜃 degrees, then - Two angles are coterminal if and only if their
degree or radian measures differ by 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
or 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 respectively, where 𝒌𝒌∈ℤ.

Degree Measure Unit Circle

- A central angle of a circle measures one
degree, written 1°, if it intercepts 1/360 of - A unit circle is a circle with a radius of 1 unit.
the circumference of the circle. One minute, For every point 𝑃𝑃 (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) on the unit circle,
written 1′, is 1/60 of 1°, while one second, the value of 𝑟𝑟 is 1.
written 1′′, is 1/60 of 1′.
Converting Angle Measure
Guidelines to Convert Degrees to Radian and Vice
Versa
1. To convert degree measure to radian
measure, multiply the number of degrees by
𝜋𝜋
, then simplify.
180°
2. To convert radian measure to degree - In a unit circle if angle 𝜃𝜃 is in standard
measure, multiply the number of radians by position then,
180°
, then simplify. sin 𝜃𝜃 =
𝜋𝜋
D. Angles in Standard Position cos 𝜃𝜃 =
- an angle is in standard position when the tan 𝜃𝜃 =
vertex is at the origin and the initial side lies
on the positive side of the x-axis

E. Quadrantal Angles
- A quadrantalangle is an angle in standard
position whose terminal side lies on the
x-axis or y-axis.

F. Coterminal Angles
Trigonometric Functions on the Unit
Circle
Trigonometric Functions of Any Angle
- Let 𝜃𝜃be any angle in standard position and
point 𝑃𝑃 (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) be a point on the terminal side
of 𝜃𝜃. Let 𝑟𝑟represent the nonzero distance
from 𝑃𝑃 to the origin. That is, let
𝑟𝑟 = �𝑥𝑥2 + 𝑦𝑦2 ≠ 0.
Then the trigonometric functions of 𝜃𝜃 are as
follows
Example 1. Evaluate Trigonometric Functions Given a
Point
Example 2. Evaluate Trigonometric Functions of
Quadrantal Angles
Reference Angles
- If 𝜃𝜃 is an angle in standard position, its
reference angle 𝜃𝜃′ is the acute angle formed
by the terminal side of 𝜃𝜃 and the x-axis.
Example 3. Find Reference Angles
Using Reference Angles to Find Exact Values of Similar
Functions
1. Determine the quadrant for which the
terminal side of 𝜃𝜃 lies to identify its sign.
2. Determine the reference angle of the given
angle 𝜃𝜃.
3. The value of the trigonometric function of 𝜃𝜃
is equal to the value of the trigonometric
function of 𝜃𝜃′, prefixed with the correct sign.
Example 4. Use Reference Angles to Find Trigonometric
Values
 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
Trigonometric Functions of Real Periodic Functions
Numbers -
A function returning to the same value at
- Trigonometric functions defined using the regular intervals. Sine and cosine functions
unit circle lead directly to circular functions. are also called periodic functions or
- The value of a trigonometric function at a sinusoidal functions.
real number 𝑡𝑡is its value at an angle of General Form of Sine and Cosine Functions
𝑡𝑡radians, provided that the value exists. 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 (𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐) + 𝑑𝑑
Circular Functions 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐) + 𝑑𝑑
- Are defined such that their domains are sets 𝑊𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏, 𝑐𝑐 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑎𝑎 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑏𝑏 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 0
of numbers that correspond to the
measures (in radian units) of the angles of Graphs of y = sin x
analogous trigonometric functions.
- The ranges of these circular functions, like
their analogous trigonometric functions, are
sets of real numbers.
- These functions are called circular functions
because radian measures of angles are
determined by the lengths of arcs of circles. Graphs of y = cos x
Let 𝑡𝑡 be a real number, and let 𝑃𝑃 (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) be a
terminal point determined by 𝑡𝑡. The
trigonometric functions of 𝑡𝑡 are defined as
follows:

Remember:
The graphs of y = sin x and y = cos x are called the mother
functions or parent functions of sine and cosine functions
Example:
Graph of y = a sin x

Graph of y = a cos x
Graph of y = a sin x
Graph of y = a cos x
The Amplitude of Sine and Cosine Functions
- The value of |a| in the given functions is
what you called "amplitude" of the graphs.
- It is the vertical distance of the highest and
lowest points on the graph from the x-axis.
- If |a| < 1, the graphs will SHRINK vertically
- If |a| > 1, the graphs will STRETCH vertically
- You can also observe that the graphs of
y = -a sin x and y = -a cos x are the vertical
reflections of the graphs y = a sin x and
y = a cos x, respectively.
Graph of y = sin bx
Graph of y = cos bx
The Period of Sine and Cosine Functions
- The value of b in the given functions
determines the period of the graphs.
- It is the horizontal distance required for the
sine and cosine functions to complete one
full cycle.
- The period of the functions is 2π divided by
the absolute value of a (2π / |b|). Note that
b must not be equal to 0.
- If |b| > 1, the graphs will SHRINK
horizontally
- If 0 < |b| < 1, the graphs will STRETCH
horizontally
- The graph of y = sin(-bx) is the same as the
graph of y = -sin bx, while the graph of y =
cos (-bx) is the same as the graph of y = cos
bx.
Graph of y = sin (x - c)
Graph of y = cos (x - c)
The Phase Shift of Sine and Cosine Functions
- The value of c in the given functions
determines the phase shift of the graphs.
- Phase shift refers to how far the graph is
shifted to the left or to the right from the
base function.
- If c < 0, the graphs are shifted |c| units to
the RIGHT
- If c > 0, the graphs are shifted |c| units to
the LEFT
Graph of y = sin x + d
Graph of y = cos x + d
The Vertical Shift of Sine and Cosine Functions
- The value of d in the given functions
determines the vertical shift of the graphs.
- Vertical shift refers to how far the graph is
shifted downward or upward from the base
function
 - If d < 0, the graphs are shifted /d/ units Secant Function (sec)
DOWNWARD - The period of the secant function is 2π
- If d > 0, the graphs are shifted /d/ units
UPWARD
The Domain and Range of Sine and Cosine Functions
DOMAIN: Set of all real numbers or (-∞, +∞)
RANGE: - |a| + d ≤ y ≤ |a| + d

Graphs of the Cosecant and Secant

Functions
Cosecant Function (csc) - The domain of y = sec x is the set of all real
- is a reciprocal function numbers except for π/2 + nπ for all integers
- csc = 1/sin x n, or

Range
y ≥ |a| + d OR y ≤ -|a| + d
Two Vertical Asymptotes for Secant
bx + c = -π/2
bx + c = 3π/2
Example:
- The period of the cosecant function is 2π
- The domain of y = csc x is the set of all real
numbers except for nπ for all integers n.

Range
y ≥ |a| + d OR y ≤ -|a| + d
Two Vertical Asymptotes for Cosecant
bx + c = -π
bx + c = π
Example:
Tangent and Cotangent Functions Two Vertical Asymptotes for any Tangent Function

tan x = sin x/ cos x

- The tangent function is undefined at points
where cos x = 0
cot x = cos x/ sin x
- The cotangent function is undefined at
points where sin x = 0

Graph of y = tan x

bx + c = -π/ 2
bx + c = π/2
Domain:
{𝒙𝒙|𝒙𝒙≠(𝝅𝝅/𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐+𝒄𝒄)+𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏/𝒃𝒃, 𝒏𝒏∈ℤ}
Range:
Set of all Real Numbers
Example:
tan x is increasing
Graph of y = cot x

cot x is decreasing

Graphs of y = -tan x and y = -cot x

General Form of Tangent and Cotangent Functions

- y = a tan (bx+c) + d
- y = a cot (bx+c) + d
- Where a produces a vertical stretch or
shrink, b affects the period, c produces a
phase shift, d produces a vertical shift
and neither a or b are 0.
The Period of tangent and cotangent functions
- period = π/ |b|
- The period of a tangent and cotangent
function is the distance between any two
consecutive vertical asymptotes.
Problems Involving Circular Functions
Amplitudes of Periodic Functions
- The amplitude of a sinusoidal function is half
the distance between the maximum and
minimum values of the function or half the
height of the wave.
Periods of Periodic Functions
- The period of a sinusoidal function is the
distance between any two sets of repeating
points on the graph of the function.
Phase Shifts of Periodic Functions
- The phase shift of a sinusoidal function is
the distance between the horizontal
position of the function and that of an
otherwise similar sinusoidal function.
Vertical Shifts of Periodic Functions
- The vertical shift is the average of the
maximum and minimum values of the
function.
Example:
Identity and Conditional Equations
Identity Equation
- An equation is an identity if the left side is
equal to the right side for all values of the
variable for which both sides are defined.
𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 − 𝟗𝟗
= 𝒙𝒙 + 𝟑𝟑
𝒙𝒙 − 𝟑𝟑
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵ℎ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 𝑥𝑥 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠ℎ 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥 ≠ 3.
Conditional Equation
- A conditional equation is an equation that is
not true for all values of x.
𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 𝒙𝒙 = 𝟏𝟏 − 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝒙𝒙
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵ℎ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑥𝑥 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠ℎ 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝑥𝑥 = 0 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖ℎ 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏ℎ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑,
𝜋𝜋
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠ℎ 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 =
4
Trigonometric Identities
- Trigonometric identities are identities that
involve trigonometric functions.
Fundamental Trigonometric Identities
Reciprocal Identities
Quotient Identities
Pythagorean Identities
Let 𝜃𝜃be an angle in standard position, and
let 𝑃𝑃 (cos𝜃𝜃, sin𝜃𝜃) be the terminal point on
the unit circle.
Cofunction Identities
- A trigonometric function f is a cofunction of another
trigonometric function g if f(a)=g(β) when a and β are
complementary angles.
Odd - Even Identities Sum and Difference formula for Tangent
- A function 𝑓𝑓is even if for every 𝑥𝑥in the domain of 𝑓𝑓,
𝑓𝑓(−𝑥𝑥) =𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)and odd if for every 𝑥𝑥in the domain of 𝑓𝑓,
𝑓𝑓(−𝑥𝑥) =−𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥).

Double- and Half-Angle Identities

Sine Double - Angle identity

Cosine Double - Angle Identities

Simplifying and Rewriting Trigonometric Expressions

- To simplify a trigonometric expression, start
by rewriting it in terms of one trigonometric
function or in terms of sine and cosine only. Tangent Double - Angle Identity
Examples:

Reduction Formulas
- Using the double angle formulas, we can
also derive another set of identities involving
the squares of sine, cosine, and tangent.
These identities, known as reduction
formulas, can assist in simplifying
trigonometric expressions with even
powers.
Sumand Difference Identities
Prove Difference formula for cosine

Remember!
We can prove that a trigonometric equation is an
identity if we show that the left side is equal to the right
side, or the right side is equal to the left side.

Half-Angle Identities
Sine Half-Angle Identities Cosine Half-Angle Identities
Sum and Difference formula for cosine and sine

Tangent Half-Angle Identities