Communication People Who Created their own Model of

Communication
- came from the Latin word communicare
- to be able to share and understand each 1. Aristotle
other’s thoughts and feelings 2. Lasswell (1948)
- unite, participate, literally to make common 3. Shannon and Weaver’s (1949)
4. Schramm’s (1654)
1. is a human activity 5. David Berlo’s Model (1949)
- only human beings can listen and speak
using a language Basic Elements of Communication
- human engagement: intrapersonal, 1. Source
interpersonal, group communication - conveys message, ideas, and emotions to
- to be understood and to understand others others
2. is a complex process 2. Message
- series of dynamic activities - the information we want to communicate
- a cycle of actions and reactions that produce - may be verbal or nonverbal
something or leads to a particular result 3. Channel
- always ongoing and changing - different means of communication
3. is verbal and nonverbal - medium (radio, tv, skype, email, mobile,
print)
 verbal 4. Destination or Receiver
- uses words in sending and receiving - the person for whom the source conveys the
messages message
- may be oral or written - reader, listener, viewer
 nonverbal 5. Feedback
- no use of words in sending and - response given by the receiver to the source
receiving messages
- uses facial expression, body Why do we communicate?
movements, among others
1. to serve a purpose depending on context
2. to express ideas and feelings, needs, wants
4. is audio and visual
3. to explain one’s knowledge, opinions, beliefs
4. to relate with other people and form cordial
 audio
relationship with them
- sound
5. to persuade others to believe in our ideas,
 visual
beliefs, and claims
- pictures, drawings, illustrations,
6. to entertain others with your wit and humor
graphic organizers, charts, tables
7. to appreciate the present moment and
experience
Central Elements of Communication Process
Tenets
1. Sender
- a principle or belief, especially one of the
2. Encoding
main principles of a religion or philosophy
3. Message
4. Media or Medium or Channel Tenets of Communication
5. Decoding
6. Receiver 1. Communication is dynamic
7. Response - all its elements interact and affect one
8. Feedback another
9. Noise
 2. Communication is unrepeatable and 2. Auditory
irreversible - silence
- is never the same - paralanguage (intonation, pitch, loudness,
- every communication is unique even if intensity)
people are saying the same thing 3. Tactile or Haptic
- we cannot take back what we have just said - communication through touch
3. Contextualized 4. Olfactory
- communicate based on the situation - communication through smell
4. Everywhere 5. Gustatory
5. Continuous - communication through taste
6. A transaction
Barriers that Emanate from the Source or Sender
7. Learned
8. A sharing of meanings 1. Problems in language proficiency and skills
9. Has two levels of meaning: content and - choosing the right words to express the
relational intended message
- weaving these words in grammatical or
Verbal Communication
comprehensible language structure
1. Code - pronouncing intelligibly the words and
- a systematic arrangement of letters, figures, employing appropriate stress, juncture,
symbols, and/or words through which a intonation
message is transmitted or communicated - organizing ideas
2. Word - using appropriate volume, pitch, and tone of
- a verbal symbol the voice
- a distinct meaningful element of language 2. Lack of sensitivity to the receiver’s
3. Verbal background
- anything related to words - when the speaker does not consider the
4. Verbal communication personal background of the receiver
- makes use of words in the process of (education, culture, personal feelings,
sending and receiving messages socioeconomic status, gender, knowledge,
5. Syntax social status, needs, preferences, etc)
- meaningful arrangement of words and 3. Lack of preparation
phrases to create well-formed sentences - not being able to ask about the receiver’s or
audience’s profile in planning the message or
Tips when Communicating Verbally preparation
1. Strive to achieve clarity. - check accuracy of facts and details and verify
2. Respect individual differences. the credibility of your source
3. Avoid stereotyping. 4. Negative perception of self and other
4. Aspire to use words that are comprehensible emotional problems
to your listener or target audience. - lacks self-confidence
- possesses emotional problems
Non-verbal Communication - stage fright
- communication apprehension/fear
1. Visual or Sight
- eye movements and eye contact How to Lessen Stage Fright?
- gestures and body movements
- facial expression 1. Breathing exercise before actual speech
- posture (sitting, standing, slouching) 2. Healthy perception of self
- observance of time 3. Strong belief in your own capabilities
- artifacts, objects 4. Thorough preparation
- space or distance
Language Barrier
1. Language difference problems
2. Language similarity problems
3. Use of slang and jargon
Functions of Communication
1. Informative Function
- to inform people of what we know (facts,
information, knowledge)
2. Instructive Function
- to instruct people on what to do, when and
where to do them, and on why and how to do
them
3. Persuasive Function
- to influence other’s opinion to believe and
accept your stand/claim on an issue or
problem and later on to decide accordingly
4. Motivation Function
- to entice and direct people to act and reach
their objectives/goals in life
- use positive language
5. Aesthetic Function
- for pleasure and enjoyment
6. Therapeutic Function or Emotional Expression
- communication is curative and serves to
maintain good health
7. Regulation or Control
- to maintain control over other people’s
attitude and behavior
8. Social Interaction
- to help us start, maintain, regulate, or even
end relationships with other people
Communication Functions in Business
1. To inform
2. To persuade
3. To promote good-will in the organization
(employees, staff, leaders)
Communication
- not just speaking
- the most important part of the process is
listening
Listening
- more than just hearing sounds and decoding
them
- involves focusing not just on what is said, but
how it is said and why, as well as what is left
unsaid
- the ability to select what is more important
from what is mere rambling
- to interpret accurately both verbal and
nonverbal signals
- paying attention
Signs that the Speaker is Making an Important Point
During Lectures, Group Work, and Conversations
1. Pausing
2. Giving examples
3. Repeating what has been said
4. Repeating the textbook
5. Increasing volume or changing pitch of voice
6. Taking more time on an area
7. Adding class activities or worksheets
8. Using body language (facial expressions,
gestures, posture, pace)
9. Writing on the board
10. Using direct statements or signal words
Context
- the circumstances that form the setting for an
event, statement, or idea, and in terms of
which it can be fully understood and assessed
Types of Speech Context
1. Intrapersonal
- takes place within a single person
- most of the time done silently in our heads
(internal discourse)
- can also be said out loud (when appreciating
or admiring something)
- daydreaming and nocturnal dreaming,
contemplation, meditation, soliloquy
2. Interpersonal
- what we normally think of as communication
(dyad and small group)
3. Public
- communicating in society or public
- used to preach, get elected, improve
business, promote social causes
- can be learned
Interpersonal Communication
1. Psychological Context
- the participants and what each brings to the
interaction (needs, desires, values,
personality, habits)
2. Relational Context
- the reactions the communicators have
towards each other and how close/distant
that relationship is
3. Situational Context
- psychosocial where the exchange of
communication happens
4. Environmental Context
- physical where they are communicating
5. Cultural Context
- includes all the learned behaviors and rules
that affect the interaction
Speech Styles
- vary according to social context
 who we are talking to
 about what
 for what purposes
Parts of Communication Style
1. how direct we are in expressing our views,
wants, and opinions
2. the thought or consideration that the sender
Communication is Characterized by
1. the way people appear or attempt to appear
in communication
2. the way they relate to the ones they
communicate with
3. how their messages are typically interpreted
Samples of Styles in Different Contexts
1. specific
- precise detailed, avoid vagueness, concrete
2. well-reasoned
- providing convincing argumentation and
reasoning, persuasive
3. confident
- assured of personal or other abilities,
judgment
4. supportive
- helpful, caring, encouraging, understanding,
reassuring, sympathetic
5. expressive
- effectively conveying meaning or feeling,
eloquent
6. forceful
- pushy, authoritative, threatening, aggressive
Interpretation
- performance of a piece of literature by which
the speaker recreates the meaning and mood
of the selection
Techniques
1. study and preparation of the piece
- understand the words
- understand the writer/s
- create mood and meaning
2. research difficult words, images, and setting
of the poem or story
3. make your piece your own
- identify words or ideas that need emphasis
- recall your own experiences
- use vocal skills (proper quality, pitch,
intensity, rate, pausing, phrasing)
4. allow sincere, spontaneous bodily actions
Words
- do not have meanings in themselves
- are powerful
Characteristics or Acts of Words (J.L. Austin)
1. Locutionary Acts or Utterance
- uttering a certain sentence with a certain
meaning in the traditional sense
2. Illocutionary Acts or Intention
- utterances which have a certain or
conventional force
3. Perlocutionary Acts or Response
- what we achieve or bring about by saying
something
Strategies Speakers Resort To When Communication
Problems Arise

1. Message Abandonment
- leave the message unfinished
2. Topic Avoidance
- avoiding concepts difficult for you to express
3. Circumlocution
- describe or paraphrase the target object or
action
4. Approximation
- use other term (ship) to express the meaning
of the target word (sail) as closely as possible
5. Use of All-purpose Words
- using general words to some certain words
- ex. thing, stuff, what do you call it, what is it
6. Word Coinage
- creating a new English word based on what
you know of the wat English works
- ex. vegetarianist for vegetarian
7. Use of Nonverbal Means
- mime, gesture, facial expression, sound
8. Literal Translation
- translate a word or idiom from mother
tongue to English using the mother tongue
structure
9. Foreignizing
- use the word in native language but
pronounce it like English
10. Code Switching
- use native word or expression for the English
term that expresses the meaning you want
11. Appeal for Help
- ask others for help when you don’t know or
forget some words
12. Use of Fillers or Hesitation Devices
- use filling words to gain time to think
- ex. uhm