Gen Bio Reviewer
Characteristics of Life
Biology is defined as the study of life.
Greek words “bios” meaning life
“logos” meaning reason or study.
Divine Creation Theory
- supernatural power of divine being.
Extra Terrestrial Origin by Svante Arrhenius
- belief that life originated on another planet
outside the Solar System.
- meteors or other extraterrestrial bodies.
Theory of Biogenesis
Francesco Redi
- belief that life originates from pre-existing
life.
- maggots in a decaying meat experiment
"Omne vivum ex vivo" which means “all
life comes from life”.
Theory of Abiogenesis
- The belief that life arose from inanimate
matter after Earth had cooled.
Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin - John Burton
Haldane's Theory
“primordial soup theory”
Stanley Miller - Harold Urey's Experiment
II.
1. Order - All living things are made up of
one or more cells. Living things are highly
organized and coordinated structures.
2. Reproduction and Heredity - Living
organisms are able to reproduce by
duplicating their DNA and forming new
cells. Deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA, the
material made up of chromosomes that
passes down the genetic information.
3. Growth and Development - Organisms
grow and develop following specific
instructions coded for by their genes.
4. Sensitivity or Responses - Organisms tend
to respond and cope up with various external
factors or different environmental stresses.
Homeostasis - able to regulate internal
environment to maintain appropriate
conditions within the body.
Thermoregulation - maintaining a specific
body temperature responsive to
environmental changes.
5. Evolutionary Adaptation - have the ability
to adapt and interact with their surroundings
in order to survive and reproduce.
Permanent - Evolution, Temporary -
Adaptation
6. Energy Utilization - able to consume and
convert energy from sun and food for the
following purposes.
III. Cell Biology
A. Cell Theory - established unifying
standards in the field of biology.
Cell - basic unit of life
Unified Cell Theory - Matthias Schleiden
(botanist) and Theodor Schwann (zoologist)
- proposed the UCT.
* All organisms are composed of one or
more cells. Cell is the basic unit of life in all
living things. All cells are produced by the
division of pre-existing cells.
37.2 Trillion Cells in Human Body
Modern Cell Theory
- heredity --- DNA (all cells have chemical
composition and metabolic activities).
Uses of Cell
- Disease / Health Medical Research and
Cures
- Able to understand how organisms are
created, grow, and die.
Cell Theory Summary
1596 - Zacharias Jensen - first compound
microscope, spectacle maker
1655 - Robert Hooke - a monk, discovered
and coined the term "cell" and viewed the
corks of the cell wall. Used Jensen's
Microscope
1670 - Anton van Leeuwenhoek - lenses of
microscope, see and draw the first cell
image in 1975
1833 - Robert Brown - nucleus in plant cell,
importance of cell creation.
1838 - Matthias Jakob Schleiden - plant
tissues are composed of cell
1839 - Theodor Schwann - animal tissues
are also composed of cell.
1845 - Carl Heinrich Braun - 2nd part of the
cell theory.
1855 - Rudolf Virchow - 3rd part of the cell
theory, stated that cells only come from
living things.
Types of Cell
Prokaryotes - Bacterial Cells, do not have a
nucleus, single-celled.
Eukaryotes - (Plant, Animal, Fungal Cells)
single-celled or multi-celled, has a nucleus.
Prokaryotic Cell - first form of life, asexual,
simpler and smaller, do not have nuclei,
mitochondria, chloroplasts.
Binary Fission - divides and duplicates the
DNA
- Spherical, Rod-like, Spiral Shape
- Plasmids - small circular sections of DNA
in cytoplasm
Eukaryotic Cell - larger, have specialized
organelles, membrane-bound nucleus,
enclosing the chromosomes, sexual
Chromosomes - thread-like structure made
up of DNA
23 pair, 46 total of chromosomes in human
body
Fungal Cell - similar to plant and animal
Chitin - forms a rigid cell wall between the
cell for correting their shape.
Plant and Animal Cells
Always present in both cells - Cell
membrane, nucleus, nucleoluis, endoplasmic
reticlum, ribosomes, vacuole, mitochondria,
golgi bodies,
Always present in Plant Cells - Chloroplasts,
Cell Wall, Plasmodesmata
Always present in Animal Cells - Centrioles,
Lysosomes, Centrosomes
Plants absorbs energy from the sun and
convert it into chemical energy through
photosynthesis.
Animals consume food to acquire usable
energy.
Organelles and Its Function
ORGANELLES are macromolecules within
the cells which are specialized to perform
specific functions.
Anatomy of Animal Cells
Lysosomes – digests
Nucleus – control center
Endoplasmic Reticulum – Lipids/fats, helps
Golgi Bodies function.
Golgi Bodies (Apparatus) – transports
proteins
Nucleolus – production of ribosomes
Nuclear Envelope – bilayer membrane,
protects the nucleus.
Chromosomes – DNA, for traits and
characteristics
Plant Cell Anatomy
Mitochondria – powerhouse, breaks down
food molecules to make ATP.
ATP – sugar/glucose
Vacuole/Vesicles – fluid, jelly-like,
transport, storage of the cell.
Parts of Chloroplasts
Chloroplast – actual sites of photosynthesis
Thylakoid – small disk-like, compartment
which contains the chlorophyll.
Stroma – inner liquid portion of the
chloroplast
Non-Membrane-Bound Organelles
Ribosome- sites of protein production
Centrioles – move chromosomes around
during cell division.
Cell wall – protects plasma membrane, thick
outer layer made that provide structure and
shape to the cell.
Cell Membrane – plasma membrane,
contains contents of the cell, barrier and
controller.
Cytoplasm – liquid part of the cell, protects
the cell by keeping all the organelles
separate from each other.
Cellular Modification
- Some animal and plant cells undergo
modification to perform specialized
functions that promote survival.
Trichomes - outgrowth of the epidermal
layer that occur on the plant shoot and on
the surfaces of the stems and leaves, plays
important role in heat regulation and water
balance. The presence of trichomes can
make plats prickly or hairy.
Root hairs – tip-growing extensions of root
epidermal cells, enhances the ability of the
plant to uptake and absorbs nutrients.
Cilia – short, hair-like structures, move in a
wave-like rhythmic motion, play a vital role
in cell cycle, cell replication, and daily
development of humans and animals.
Flagella - are long whip like structures used
for movement.
Villi and Microvilli - Villi are finger-like
projections that arise from the epithelial
layer in some organs. Microvilli are smaller
projections that arise from the cell’s surface
that also increase surface area allowing
faster and more efficient absorption.
Pseudopods - Temporary irregular lobes
formed by amoebas and some other
eukaryotic cells used for movement, also
known as false feet. It bulges outward to
move the cell or engulf prey.