ORAL COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION
- process of sharing and conveying
messages or information from one person
to another.
NATURE OF COMMUNICATION
1) is a process.
2) occurs between 2/more people.
3) can be expressed through written or
spoken words
ELEMENTS OF
COMMUNICATION
1. Speaker – the source
2. Message - the information, ideas
3. Encoding - process of converting
4. Channel - medium or the means
5. Decoding - process of interpreting
6. Receiver - The recipient
7. Feedback - The responses.
8. Context - where it takes place.
9. Barrier - The hindrance
MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
1. SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL
- communication as a linear or
one-way.
- consisting of five elements:
source, transmitter, channel,
receiver, destination
2. TRANSACTION MODEL
- Is a two process with the
inclusion of feedback as one
element.
FUNCTIONS OF
COMMUNICATION
1. CONTROL
- functions to control behavior.
2. SOCIAL INTERACTION
- Communication allows individuals to
interact with others.
3. MOTIVATION
- Communication motivates or encourages
people to live better
4. EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION
- Communication facilitates people’s
express of their feelings and emotions
5. INFORMATION DISSEMINATION
- Communication functions to convey
information
FEATURES OF AN EFFECTIVE
COMMUNICATION
1. COMPLETENESS
- should include everything
2. CONCISENESS
- direct to the point
3. CONSIDERATION
- consider relevant information
4. CONCRETENESS
- message is concrete and supported by facts
5. COURTESY
- respecting the beliefs, value, and culture
6. CLEARNESS
- uses simple and specific words
7. CORRECTNESS
- increases the credibility and effectiveness of
the message
 ORAL COMMUNICATION

BARRIERS OF COMMUNICTION
1. EMOTIONAL BARRIER
- having bad day or you feel frustrated  NON-VERBAL

2. USE OF JARGON - Refers to an interaction where behavior is used

to convey and represent meanings.
- Refers to the set of specialized vocabulary in a
certain field.  INTERCULTURAL
COMMUNICATION
3. LACK OF CONFIDENCE - Happens when individuals interact,
negotiate, and create meanings while
- you are hesitant because you are shy. bringing in their varied cultural
background.
4. NOISY ENVIRONMENT
- Pertains to communication among people
- you are having a conversation with some friends
from different nationalities.
when a song was played loudly.
DEVELOPMENTAL MODEL OF
INTERCULTURAL SENSITIVITY
VERBAL AND NON-VERBAL (DMIS]- BENNETT
COMMUNICATION

 VERBAL COMMUNICATION STAGE 1: DENIAL

- Refers to an interaction in which words ae used - the individual does not recognize cultural
to relay a message. differences.

1. APPROPRIATENESS
- the language that you use should be appropriate to
the environment or occasion .
2. BREVITY
- speakers use simple yet precise and powerful words
are found to be credible.
3. CLARITY
- it is essential for you to clearly state your
message and express your ideas and feelings.
4. ETHICS
- words should be carefully chosen consideration of
the gender, roles, ethnicity and status.
STAGE 2: DEFENSE
- the individual starts to recognize cultural
differences and is intimidated by them
STAGE 3: MINIMIZATION
- although individuals see cultural differences, they
bank more on the universality of ideas rather than on
cultural differences.
STAGE 4: ACCEPTANCE
- the individual begins to appreciate
important cultural differences.
STAGE 5: ADAPTATION
- the individual is very open to world views
when accepting new perspective.

5. VIVIDNESS STAGE 6: INTEGRATION

- words that creatively describe things or feelings - individual starts to go beyond their own cultures
usually add color and spice to communication. and see themselves and their actions based on
multifarious cultural viewpoints.
 ORAL COMMUNICATION

5. FROZEN
- style is “frozen” in time and remains unchanged.

TYPES OF SPEECH CONTEXT AND

STYLES  3 TYPES SPEECH ACT
1. Locutionary Act– the actual act of uttering
TYPES OF SPEECH STYLE
2. Illocutionary Act– the social functions what is said
1. INTRAPERSONAL 3. Perlocutionary Act– the resulting act of
- centers on one person where the speaker acts
both the sender and the receiver of message.

2. INTERPERSONAL SEARLE’S CLASSIFICATION OF SPEECH

- people establishes personal relationship between ACT-JOHN SEARLE 1976
& among them.

 Types Of Interpersonal Context 1. ASSERTIVE

1) DYAD COMMUNICATION - occurs
- A type of illocutionary act in which the speaker
between two people
expresses belief about the truth of a proposition.
2) SMALL GROUP - involves three – twelve
people Ex. Suggesting, Swearing , Boasying & Conducting
3. PUBLIC
2. DIRECTIVE
- requires you to deliver in front of a group.
- A type of illocutionary act in which the speaker
4. MASS COMMUNICATION
tries to make the addressee perform an action.
- Refers to communication that takes place
through television, radio, newspapers, magazines, Ex. Asking, Ordering, Requesting, Inuiting, Advising
books, billboards, internet.
3. COMMISSIVE
TYPES OF SPEECH STYLE
- A type of illocutionary act which commits the
 INTIMATE speaker to doing something in the future.

- This style is private, which occurs between or
among close family members.
2. CONSULTATIVE
- This style is the standard one. Professional or
mutually acceptable language is a must in this
style.
Ex. Promising ,Planning, Vowing & Betting
4. EXPRESSIVE
- A type of illocutionary act in which the speaker
expresses his/her feelings or emotional reactions.
Ex. Thanking, Apologizing, Welcoming, Deploring

3. CASUAL 5. DECLARATION
- among peers and friends, jargons, slang or - A type of illocutionary act which brings a change
vernacular language are used.
in the external situation.
4. FORMAL Ex. Blessing, Firing & Baptizing
- This style is used in formal setting. this
is one –way.
 ORAL COMMUNICATION

Types Of Communicative Strategy
 Since engaging in conversation is also bound
by implicit rules, Cohen (1990) states that
strategies must be used to start and maintain
a conversation.
 Knowing and applying grammar
appropriately is one of the most basic
strategies to maintain a conversation.
1. NOMINATION
- A speaker carries out nomination to
collaboratively and productively establish a
topic.
 Basically, when you employ this strategy, you try to
open a topic with the people you are talking to.
- As the name suggests, involves moving from one
topic to another.
 In other words, it is where one part of a
conversation ends and where another begins. Use
of “ in addition to what you said” “ by the way” “
which reminds me of”
6. REPAIR
- Refers how to speakers address the problems in
speaking., Listening, and comprehending that they
may encounter in a conversation
7. TERMINATION
-Refers to the conversation participants close-
initiating expressions that end a topic in a
conversation.

2. RESTRICTION
- Refers to any limitation you may have as a
speaker.
 Remember to always be on point and avoid
sideswiping from the topic during the conversation
to avoid communication breakdown.

3. TURN-TAKING
- Pertain to the process by which people
decide who takes the conversational floor.
 Sometimes people are given unequal opportunities
to talk because others take much time during the
conversation

4. TOPIC CONTROL
- Topic control covers how procedural
formality or informality affects the
development of topic in conversations.

 This only means that when a topic is initiated, it

should be collectively developed by avoiding
unnecessary interruptions

5. TOPIC SHIFTING