o Two-way process

o Has feedback
COMMUNICATION FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION
 Sharing or conveying messages or information  CONTROL
from one person to another o to control behaviour
 Can be a face to face interaction  SOCIAL INTERACTION
NATURE OF COMMUNICATION o allows individuals to interact with
others
 Is a process that occurs between two or more  MOTIVATE
people o to motivate/encourage
 Can be expressed through words, actions or  EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION
both at the same time o facilitates people’s expressions of their
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION feelings
 INFORMATION DISSEMINATION
1. SPEAKER o to convey information
– the source of information or message
2. MESSAGE FEATURES OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION (7C’s)
– the information, ideas or thoughts conveyed 1. COMPLETENESS
by the speaker – is essential to the quality of the
3. ENCODING communication process in general
– the process of converting the message into 2. CONCISENESS
words or actions that the speaker understands – making the message direct to the point
4. CHANNEL 3. CONSIDERATION
– the medium or means such as personal or – speaker should always consider relevant
non-personal, in which the encoded message is information about their audience
conveyed 4. CONCRETENESS
5. DECODING – the message is concrete and supported by
– the process of interpreting the encoded facts
message by the receiver 5. COURTESY
6. RECEIVER – shows courtesy in communication by
– the recipient of the message respecting the culture of their receivers
7. FEEDBACK 6. CLEARNESS
– the reaction, responses or information – use of simple and specific words to express
provided by the receiver ideas
8. CONTEXT 7. CORRECTNESS
– the environment where the communication – eliminates the negative impact on the
takes place audience & increases the credibility of the
9. BARRIER message
– the factors that affect the flow of
communication BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION

MODELS OF COMMUNICATION  Emotional

 Use of jargon
1. SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL
 Lack of confidence
o Mother of all communication models
 Noisy environment
o Linear
o One-way process VERBAL COMMUNICATION
o No feedback
o Form of interaction in use of words
2. TRANSACTION MODEL
 o Should have: language, religion, cuisine, social habits,
 Appropriateness music & arts
 Brevity
HOW DO CULTURES DIFFER?
 Clarity
 Ethics  History
 Vividness  Educational Background
 Social Background
NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
 Ethnic
o Interaction without words  Religion
 Ecology
IMPORTANCE OF VERBAL COMMUNICATION
 Technology
 Enhances & empathizes the message of your
TYPES OF CULTURAL COMMUNICATION
speech
 Communicate feelings INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
 Sustain the attention of listeners - Happens when individuals interact while
 Gives the audience a preview to the type of bringing in their varied cultural backgrounds
speaker you are
THE DEVELOPMENTAL MODEL OF
IMPORTANCE OF NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION INTERCULTURAL SENSITIVITY

 Appear more dynamic S1. DENIAL – does not recognize cultural

 Serves as a channel to release tension difference
 Makes your speech more dramatic S2. DEFENSE
 Can build connection with listeners
 Makes you a credible speaker – starts to recognize cultural differences & is
 Helps vary your speaking style intimidated by it

CULTURAL SENSITIVITY S3. MINIMIZATION

 The ability to discriminate and experience – sees cultural differences but bank more on
relevant cultural difference the universality of ideas than cultural
differences
DEVELOPMENTAL MODEL OF INTERCULTURAL
SENSITIVITY (DMIS) S4. ACCEPTANCE

 Explains how people tend to think and feel – begins to appreciate important cultural
about cultural difference differences

ETHNOCENTRISM S5. ADAPTION

 A belief that one’s culture is superior to all – very open to world views when accepting new
others perspectives

ETHNORELATIVISM S6. INTEGRATION

 A belief based on deep and heartfelt – starts to go beyond their own culture
respect for other cultures that are CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPETENT INTERCULTURAL
inherently equal COMMUNICATORS
CULTURE  Flexibility
 The characteristics of a particular group of  Reflectiveness
people, defined by everything from  Open-mindedness
 Sensitivity
  Adaptability - An utterance that a speaker makes to
 Ability to engage in divergent & system-level achieve an intended effect
thinking
 Politeness 1. LOCUTIONARY
- The actual act of uttering
TYPES OF SPEECH CONTEXT & STYLES - Occurs when the speaker perform an
- INTRAPERSONAL – inside, within self utterance (locution)
- INTERPERSONAL – with another person
o Dyad communication 2. ILLOCUTIONARY
 occurs between 2 people - Meaning or intention
o Small group - Social function of what is said
 involves atleast 3 or more people - The act of saying something with intention
 Engage in face-to-face 3. PRELOCUTIONARY
interaction - The resulting act of what is said
 participating in an organized - May not be necessarily physical or verbal
meeting CLASSIFICATION OF ILLOCUTIONARY ACT
- PUBLIC
o Requires you to deliver/send message 1. ASSERTIVE
before/in front of a group - Expresses belief about the truth of a
- MASS COMMUNICATION proposition
o Takes place by the use of media - (Suggestive, putting forward, swearing,
o Can be driven by boasting & concluding)
informational/persuasive purposes 2. DIRECTIVE
- Tries to make the addressee perform an
5 SPEECH STYLES action
- (asking, ordering, requesting, inviting,
1. INTIMATE
advising, begging)
- private
3. COMMISSIVE
- Family members or intimate individuals
- Commits the speaker to doing something in
- May not be shared in public
the future
2. CASUAL
- (promising, planning, vowing, betting)
- Most common
4. EXPRESSIVE
- Peers & friends
- Speaker expresses their feelings or
- Jargon, slang & vulgar words etc. are used
emotional reactions
3. CONSULTATIVE
- (thanking, apologizing, welcoming,
- Standard one
deploring)
- Professional language
5. DECLARATION
- Two-way communication
- Brings a change in the external situation
4. FORMAL
- (blessing, firing, baptizing, bidding, passing
- One-way communication
a sentence, excommunicating)
- Used in a formal setting
5. FROZEN TYPES OF COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES
- Remains unchanged
- Mostly occurs in ceremonies  NOMINATION
- Frozen in time - Speaker carries out nomination to
collaboratively & productively establish a
TYPES OF SPEECH ACTS topic
 RESTRICTION
SPEECH ACT
- Refers to any limitation you may have as a
speaker
 TURN-TAKING
- A process by which people decide who
takes the conversational floor
 TOPIC CONTROL
- Covers how procedural formality &
informality affects the development of
topics in conversation
 TOPIC-SHIFTING
- Involves moving from one topic to another

 REPAIR
- Refers to how speaker address the
problems in speaking
 TERMINATION
- To end topic in conversation