 SHADOW

CARL ROGERS: 3 DIFFERENT COMPONENTS OF - The animal side of our personality

SELF WORTH - Source of one’s creative and destructive
energies
 SELF WORTH
 Refers to the extent to which we accept or
 SELF
approve of ourselves; self esteem - Provides a sense of unity in experience

McCRAE & COSTA: BIG 5

 UPR (UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD)
 Acceptance of the individual regardless of Openness > Imaginative
mistakes & shortcomings
Conscientiousness > Methodic
SELF-IMAGE
Extraversion > Energetic
 The way we see ourselves; the actual self
Agreeableness > Cooperative
IDEAL SELF
Neuroticism > Emotional stability
 What would like to be of ourselves
OTHER TYPES
 PERSONALITY
- Hero - Magician
 A collection of traits that embody an individual’s
persona ; typically shown to the public - Maiden - Mother
- Old Man - Trickster
SIGMUND FREUD: THE STRUCTURE OF
PERSONALITY 5 AREAS OF DEVELOPMENT
 ID 1. PHYSIOLOGICAL
- An embodiment of wants & desires - Refers to the physical changes in the
- Pleasure principle body
 EGO 2. SPIRITUAL
- Part of the id that has been modified by - Attribute of a person’s consciousness &
the direct influence of the outside world beliefs, including values & virtues that
- Reality principle guide & put meaning into an individual’s
 SUPEREGO life
- Internalizes social & moral values 3. COGNITIVE
- Our conscience - Refers to a person’s intellectual abilities
- Morality principle as shown in decisions, details and
problem solving
CARL GUSTAV JUNG: ARCHETYPES 4. SOCIAL
- Inborn capacity to relate, connect & feel
 PERSONA
belongingness from others
- The outward face we present to the
5. PSYCHOLOGICAL
world
- The development of an individual’s
- Conceals the real self
cognitive, emotional, intellectual, &
- “Conformity” archetype
social capabilities over the course of the
lifespan
 ANIMA/ANIMUS
- The mirror image of our biological sex
 S4. Maintaining Social Order

JEAN PIAGET: COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT - Considering society as a whole in

THEORY making judgement

STAGES
Sensorimotor - 0-2 L3. POST CONVENTIONAL MORALITY

Preoperational - 2-7 - Understanding the moral principles that

Concrete operational - 7-12
Formal operational - 12-above
 SENSORIMOTOR
- Learning is via sensory & motor contact
- Object permanence
- Separation anxiety
 PREOPERATIONAL
- Imitation & collective monologue
- Word storing & language structure
 CONCRETE OPERATIONAL
- Grasping the fundamentals & holding
conversations
 FORMAL OPERATIONAL
- Metacognition (internal dialogue)
LAWRENCE KOHLBERG: MORAL
DEVELOPMENT THEORY
STAGES
L1. PRECONVENTIONAL MORALITY
- Limited understanding of the rules of
society
S1. Obedience & Punishment Orientation
- Rules being fixed and absolute
S2. Individualism & Exchange
- Reciprocity ; give in return
L2. CONVENTIONAL MORALITY
- Conforming to the rules of society
S3. Good Boy – Nice Girl orientation
- Others-directed ; conformity -> “go with
the flow”
underline the rules of society
S5. Social Contract & Individual Rights
- Social utility & public interest
S6. Universal Ethical Principle Orientation
- Internal moral principles
- “principles are consistent with respect
to human rights”
MORAL DILEMMA
- An internal conflict wherein two or
more options are presented, choosing a
certain action requires moral reasoning
ALBERT BANDURA: SOCIAL LEARNING
THEORY
3 CORE CONCEPTS
C1 – Learning via observation
C2 – Mental states are important
C3 – Learning doesn’t result to a changed
behaviour
 OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
- Learning by watching & imitating people
- Modelling
 MENTAL STATES
- Intrinsic reinforcement plays a factor to
influence learning and behaviour
 LEARNING DOESN’T RESULT TO A CHANGED
BEHAVIOR
- The ability to learn new information
without demonstrating/applying it
SIGMUND FREUD: PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES
 ORAL STAGE (0-1 year)
- Mouth
- Oral-receptive & oral-aggressive
 ANAL STAGE (1-3 years)
- Bowel & bladder control
- Anal-expulsive & anal-retentive
 PHALLIC STAGE (3-6 years)
- Genitalia
- Dedipus-complex & electra-complex
 LATENCY STAGE (6-12 years)
- Suppressed libido
 GENITAL STAGE (12-above)
- Maturing sexual interests
- Relationships
DEVELOP MENTAL STATES & CHALLENGES
IN MIDDLE & LATE ADOLESENCE
ADOLESENCE
- The transition period between being a
child and being an adult
- Feeling of being “sandwiched-between”
ERIK ERIKSON: PSYCHOLOGICAL STAGES
 TRUST VS. MISTRUST (0-1 yr)
- Good ending: sensitivity, dependency,
hope
- Bad ending: withdrawal
 AUTONOMY VS. SHAME & DOUBT (1-3 yrs)
- Good ending: exploration, discovery,
self-control, will
- Bad ending: compulsion
 INITIATIVE VS. GUILT (3-6 yrs)
- Good ending: independence, direction,
purpose
- Bad ending: inhibition
 INDUSTRY VS. INFERIORITY (6-12 yrs)
- Good ending: acknowledgement,
encouragement, competence
- Bad ending: inertia
 IDENTITY VS. ROLE CONFUSION (12-18 yrs)
- Good ending: identity crisis, fidelity
- Bad ending: role denial
 INTIMACY VS. ISOLATION (18-40 yrs)
- Good ending: commitment, affiliation,
love
- Bad ending: exclusivity
 GENERATIVITY VS. STAGNATION (40-65 yrs)
- Good ending: stability, care
- Bad ending: rejectivity
 INTEGRITY VS. DESPAIR (65-above)
- Good ending: contentment, wisdom
- Bad ending: disdain
QUARTER LIFE CRISIS
- An age where a lot of people start
developing a more realistic outlook in
life
- Having the feeling of unaccomplishment
MIDLIFE CRISIS
- A realization of one’s own morality due
to death of parents or friends and the
general aging process
DEFENSE MECHANISM
- Psychological strategies that are
unconsciously used to protect a person
from anxiety
- Temporary aids/solution
KAREN HORNEY: INTERACTION
STYLES
 Moving TOWARDS people – Compliance
 Moving AGAINST people – Hostility &
Aggression
 Moving AWAY from people – Isolation
SIGMUND FREUD: DEFENSE MECHANISMS
 REPRESSION
- Negative feelings, thoughts memories
are shoved/buried
 REACTION FORMATION
 - Expressing one’s behaviour in an Secondary Appraisal - confrontation
opposite way
COPING STRATEGY
 DISPLACEMENT
- Redirection of unacceptable urges EMOTION - FOCUSED PROBLEM – FOCUSED
 REGRESSION - Impulse, indirect - Direct, in-control
- Reverting back to a much younger > crying, seeking out others > strategizing
behaviour

 PROJECTION
- Transferring unwanted feelings to an
object POWERS OF THE MIND
 SUBLIMATION
- Redirecting problems into a form of art

ALFRED ADLER: SAFEGUARDING

TENDENCIES
EXCUSES – hinders a person’s success
AGGRESSION – depreciation; accusation

COPING WITH STRESS

 FRONTAL LOBE – in-charge of thought processes
STRESS  PARIETAL LOBE - in-charge of the ability of
sense
- A physiological response to physical or  OCCIPITAL LOBE – in-charge of seeing
physiological threat  TEMPORAL LOBE – in-charge of hearing
EUSTRESS (positive) DISTRESS (negative) BRAIN HEMISPHERES
SOURCES OF STRESS LEFT HEMISPHERE RIGHT HEMISPHERE
 Physical - Logic - Creativity
 Mental - Ability to organize, - Express
 Emotional compute, reason,
 Social & debate
 Psychological
 Economic CORPUS CALLOSUM – connects the left & right
hemisphere; like a bridge
HANS SELYE: GENERAL ADAPTATION
BRAIN DOMINANCE THEORY
SYNDROME (GAS)
- Behavior is a function of either left or right
 Alarm Stage hemisphere
 Resistance Stage
 Exhaustion Stage WHOLE BRAIN THEORY
A. ANALYTICAL
LAZARUS: APPRAISAL THEORY
- Logical, analytical, fact-based
Primary Appraisal - recognition B. STRUCTURAL
- Organized, planned, detailed
C. RELATIONAL
- Emotional, movement, tactile
D. EXPERIMENTAL
- Holistic, imagery, integrating

HOWARD GARDNER: MULTIPLE

INTELLIGENCES
Visual – Spatial Logic – Mathematical

Linguistic - Verbal Musical

Interpersonal Body – Kinesthetic

Intrapersonal Naturalistic