Personal Development 3rd Quarter
One of the key aspects in
self development
How to know oneself
- Disclosing to a friend or family
member that one trusts
- Making a journal
- Actively participating in group
experimental classroom
learning activities.
Traits
- A collection of traits makes up
one’s personality.
Self
- One’s personality or ego.
- PERSONA means mask.
- Encompasses one’s body,
feeling emotions, thoughts,
values, and relationships.
- A unique personal identity made
up of one’s experiences, beliefs
convictions as well as one’s
longings, dreams, lifelong
purpose and meaning.
- Refers to now an individual and
behaves in different situations
and is relatively stable across
time.
Gordon Allport
- November 11, 1897
- Montezuma, Indiana
- Harvard University
- Personality Theory: Human
beings are both products and
process, people have some
organized structure while, at the
same time, they possess
capability of change
1
Structure of Personality
Common Traits
- Characteristics held in common
by people.
- Common traits provide the
means by which people within a
given culture can be compared
to one another.
Personal Traits
- Permit researchers to study a
single individual.
- It is a generalized neuropsychic
structure (peculiar to the
individual) with the capacity to
render many stimuli functionally
equivalent, and to initiate and
guide consistent forms of
adaptive and stylistic behavior.
Levels of Personal Traits
Cardinal traits
- They are so obvious that they
cannot be hidden.
- Nearly every action in a
person’s life revolves around
this one cardinal disposition
Central Traits
- Most outstanding characteristics
around which a person’s life
focuses.
- Those that would be listed in
accurate letter of
recommendation written by
someone who knew the person
quite well.
Secondary Traits
- Traits that are not central to the
personality yet occur with some
regularity and are responsible
Personal Development 3rd Quarter
for much of one’s specific
behavior.
Raymond Catell
Surface Traits
- Make up behavior that are
based on people’s perceptions
of personality.
Source Traits
- Traits that are at the core of
personality
Robert Mccrae and Paul Costa
- Narrowed down the 16
personality traits that Cattell
proposed to five categories.
- The Big Five (OCEAN test)
2
Origin of personality
Nature
- Genes and heredity
Factors
- Physical Appearance
- Personality
Nature
- Environment Variables and
childhood experience.
- How we were raised.
- Social relationships.
- Surroundings cultures.
Knowing oneself through others
Open self
- Info about you that you know,
and others know.
Blind Self
- Info about you that you don’t
know but others do know.
Hidden Self
- Info about you that you know
but others don’t know.
Unknown Self
- Info about you that neither you
nor others know.
5 Areas of Personal
Development
Skinner and Bandura
Burrhus Frederic Skinner
- March 20, 1904
- Harvard University
Personal Development 3rd Quarter
Behaviorism: behavior can best be
studied without reference to needs,
instincts or motives
We are molded.
Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
- A response is drawn out of time
organism by a specific
identifiable stimulus.
- Behavior is elicited.
- Pairing a conditioned stimulus
with an unconditioned stimulus
until the presence of the
conditioned stimulus was
sufficient to elicit the
unconditioned stimulus.
Operant Conditioning
- Shaping the behavior by giving
reinforcements or punishments
Albert Bandura
- Desired behavior is being
shaped.
- Experiment: Little Albert
2 Kinds of Reinforcements
Positive Reinforcements
- Any stimulus that, when added
to a situation, increases the
probability that a given behavior
will occur.
Negative Reinforcements
- The removal of an aversive
stimulus from a situation also
increases the probability that
the preceding behavior will
occur.
Punishment
3
- Is the presentation of an
aversive stimulus such as an
electric shock or the removal of
positive one.
Effects of Punishment
1. Behavior cannot precisely
be shaped and accurately
predicted imposed to
prevent people from acting
in a particular way.
2. Conditioning of a negative
feeling by associating a
strong an aversive stimulus
with the behavior being
punished.
3. The spread and its affects
“Unhealthy behaviors are
learned the same way as all
the other behaviors, that is,
mostly through operant
conditioning.”
- Dec 4, 2925
- Social Cognitive Theory
- Plasticity (outstanding
characteristics)
1. Observation Learning
1. Attention – Pay attention.
2. Retention – Strong
information
3. Reproduction – Mimic the
behavior.
4. Motivation – Motivated to
mimic a behavior.
Personal Development 3rd Quarter

2. Triadic Reciprocal Model Contributes to self-efficacy

Mastery Experience
- Things you master have a
higher chance of producing a
better outcome.

Social Modeling
- We are equal to other people.
Chance Encounter Social Persuasion
- Unintended meetings of - Being persuaded that we
persons unfamiliar to each other possess the capabilities to
master certain activities.
Fortuitous Event
Physical and Emotional Stress
- Is an environmental experiment
that is unexpected and - Your physical and emotional
unintended. state will influence how you
3. Agentic Perspective judge your self-efficacy.
- Capacity to control our lives.
Efficacy
Human agency is an active process to
Proxy Agency – involves indirect
explore in order to attain desired
control over those social conditions
outcomes.
that affect everyday living.
Core Features of Human Agency
Collective Agency – people’s shared
1. Intentionally – Acts a person belief in collective power to prove
performs intentionally. desired results.
2. Forethought – anticipate likely
outcomes of their actions and to
select behaviors that will
produce desires outcomes and
avoid undesirable ones.
3. Self-reactivities – Process of
regulating your actions.
4. Sefl-reflectiveness –
examiners of their own
functioning.
Most crucial self-reflectiveness
mechanism is self-efficacy.
Self-efficacy – their belief that they
are capable of performing actions that
will produce a desire.