First MST Reviewer:
Lesson 2: Self-Awareness
Personal Develpment
Lesson 1: Taking a look at Oneself
Adolescence
- is the phase of life between childhood and adulthood, from ages
10 to 19
- It is very important stage of human development.
-Stage of self-discovery
-It is the time where you learn and understand the changed of
your body
“It is the time when young people build their identities and learn
more about themselves as they go through life’s different changes and
challenges. The goal is not only to know oneself, but also to accept
who one is. With this acceptance is the power to make things happen
and also, the power to build a life that he/she desires.”
Self-Concept
- Everything that you know about yourself is called self-
concept.
- It is your perception of yourself, how you define and
understand yourself as a multi-dimensional (physical,
spiritual, emotional, social, and moral) human being.
- It, not only involve the present perception of you, but also
take into play one’s past and future self – thereby, making self-
concept a vibrant representation of who you are.
- Are the information you have of yourself that can either be
an empowering tool or a delimiting one.
Three essential components:
1. Physical Characteristics/Self - Complexity
- The different ways in which you think about yourself,
can be high or low according to researchers.
- If you have a lot of social identities, such as a daughter,
student, volleyball team captain, friend, sister– you are
said to have high complexity.
2. Personality Treats
- Are the stable characteristics that determine your
behavior
3. Social Identity
- Refer to the social group where you belong. Self-concepts
are never simple, given the differences in backgrounds of
individuals.
“All of these component determine how you are different
or unique from others. And how you evaluate yourself to
others”
Self-Esteem
- It is a positive or negative self-evaluation of the self-
concept that could be based on your performance or
behavior or your interaction with others.
Self-Efficacy
- The belief and confidence that you can accomplish
tasks and control your environment
Self-Worth
- How much you love yourself
“Social-concept as product of Social Relationships”
- Daily encounter
- Bond
- Family
“In 1902, American sociologist Charles Horton Cooley
popularized the concept of the looking glass self wherein he
theorizes that people around you serve as mirrors that reflect
how you see yourself.”
Factors that influence self-concept and self-esteem:
~ The way others REACTS to an individual
~ The way an individual COMPARES himself to others
Self-Awareness Theory
- It is the ability to know yourself extensively, not
just regarding traits and characteristics, but also
knowing your inner state and how you think.
- It is a deeper understanding of your emotions,
belief systems, and patterns in behavior and
thought that should allow us to effectively
redirect negative traits into positive ones if
needed.
Actual Self
- who you actually are
- self-image
Ideal Self
- The standards that you want to set yourself.
- who I want to be
Self-Discrepancy Theory
- When there is a mismatch between your ideal self
and your actual self, this becomes a source of
distress for you and is much likely to affect your
self-esteem. In the same way, if the ideal self is
consistent with the actual self, you react
positively.
Alignment is very important
The way I am (actual self) must be aligned with what I
want to be (ideal self) = mental well being
Incongruence - Lack of Alignment
Types of self-awareness:
Internal self awareness - emotion
External self awareness - the feedbacks you receive from other
people
 Steps to Self Awareness:
Ask yourself why. Before you act or decide on anything, it
is always a good idea to know why you are going to do what
you are about to do.
E. Plan your narrative using an outline or graphic
organizer.
Lesson 2: Pattern of Development: Description

Delay gratification. Being able to control yourself by not Descriptive Writing

quickly giving in to temptations allows you to practice
saying no to negative influences that may affect you later on
Take feedback constructively. Learn to accept what others
say about you and use it to improve yourself.
Guidelines in Descriptive Writing:
Let go of biases. Before you make any auto-pilot reactions to
a situation, make sure you stop and think about the different
sides of the situation.
Use tools to know yourself. Knowing where you stand in the
Myers-Briggs personality exam and introvert-extrovert
spectrum, as well as reasonably assessing yourself through a
SWOT analysis and Johari’s Window, can give you a better
idea of who you are.
Reflect often. Taking time to think quietly through
meditation or simple reflection will help you become more
self-aware.
- A description provides information on what a
person, an object, a place, or a situation is like.
It appeals to the reader’s senses, allowing him or her
to see, hear, taste, smell, or feel the subject.
1. Include vivid sensory details.
- Include descriptions that appeal to the reader's senses of
sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell.
Example:
● I still remember that fateful day - the stench of a dead animal
carcass, the humid air and her smiling gleefully - in the middle of
utter chaos.
2. Use figurative language.
- The use of figurative language helps stimulate the reader’s
mind.

Example:
● When he held my hand, I felt my heart drop to the pits of my
chest.
Reading and Writing Skills

Lesson 1: Pattern of Development: Narration

NARRATIVE WRITING
- Tells a story
- It gives an account of an incident or reports a series
of events leading to a conclusion or ending. It states
what happened, where, and when

GUIDELINES IN NARRATIVE WRITING:

A. Use verbs and verb phrases to move the story in
an interesting manner.
Examples:
● I tried to demur, but my mother showed me her angry face.
● Early in the morning the next
day, I was awakened by the cold breeze from the ocean

B. Use transition words to signal time or sequence order.

Examples:
● A bit disappointed, I decided to sit on the couch while I wait
for dinner to be ready.
● Under the blistering heat of the sun, farmers were working in
the rice field.
C. Use descriptive language.
Examples:
● Early in the morning the next day, I was awakened by the cold
breeze from the ocean. 3. Use precise language.
● A short time later, we arrived at the farm.
- Precise descriptions help the readers visualize the
narrative better.
D. Write an introduction that grabs attention.
Example: Examples:
● One Friday night at dinner, my parents told me that we’d be ● Incorrect: The first thing that
spending the long weekend at my grandparents’ house in the really caught my attention as she entered the door was her
province. I tried to demur, but my mother showed me her angry amazing hair.
● Correct: The first thing that really caught my attention as
face. It was the kind of face that told me immediately that our
she entered the door was her midnight-black hair that flowed
visit was important. Aside from the fact that I hate traveling, over her broad shoulders.
there was no internet connection in my grandparents' house. I
really thought it would be boring, but I learned a lot of things
instead.
4. Organize the description.
- Mirror what happens in real life.
Example:
● The first thing that really caught my
attention as she entered the door was her midnight-black hair
that flowed over her broad shoulders. The ceiling lamp’s bright
light and the elegantly fitted dress even intensified her arched
waist. She must be a goddess sent from heaven, I thought to
myself. Her bow-shaped eyebrows frowned slightly as she caught
me staring at her. I immediately turned my sight away from her.
Her joyous personality really showed while she was talking with
her friend, who was comfortably seated at the corner.
5. Write an introduction that grabs attention.
Example:
● When all else fails, who
do you turn to? Cliche as it may seem, I can never forget that fateful
day - the stench of a dead animal carcass, the humid air and her
smiling gleefully - in the middle of utter chaos.
6. Plan your descriptive using an outline or graphic
organizer.
Lesson 3: Definition Paragraph
- A definition paragraph or essay explains what
something is in comparison to other members of
its class, along with any limitations.
Definition
- To define is to explain clearly what a term or idea
means. It is an explanation of what something is.
- A definition clarifies the meaning of a word or an idea
in a simple and understandable language.
- The skill of defining clearly is useful in such courses
as psychology, business, the science, history, and
english
- It consists of three parts:
1. The term, concept, or subject to be defined;
2. The general class where it belongs, and
3. The characteristics that differentiate it from
the other members of its class.
Three types of Definition:
1. Synonym - This is a word that is similar or
almost similar in meaning to the word or idea
being defined.
pretty - beautiful
adept - skillful
2. Intensivedefinition- This includes the term to be
defined, the class to which the term belongs, and the
characteristic(s) that make it different from the other
members in the same class or species. This is also
known as a one-sentence definition.
The Art of Persuasion
Emotional intelligence (term) refers to the abilities
(class) involving emotional discipline and control
(characteristics differentiating EI from other
abilities).
There are several ways to express an intensive definition:
a. Use the relative pronoun that to introduce the
distinguishing characteristic.
- A microphone is an instrument that is used for
magnifying and transmitting sounds.
b. Use a participle to introduce the distinguishing characteristic.
- A thermometer is an instrument used for measuring temperature.
c. Use an infinitive to express the distinguishing characteristics.
-Sulfa drugs are a group of coal-tar chemicals t o cure bacterial
diseases.
3. Extensive definition- This is an expansion of the intensive
definition in to a paragraph; the intensive definition is amplified
into a paragraph through the use of one or more methods of
paragraph development, such as exemplification, classification,
analogy, description, comparison, contrast, and cause and effect.
The greenhouse effect is a natural process. As the sun shines,
Earth absorbs some of its energy. Then the greenhouse gases in
the atmosphere like water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane,
nitrous oxide, and the ozone absorb and emit that energy. This
energy warms the atmosphere as well as the Earth’s surface. As
a result, the process keeps the Earth warm.
Lesson 4: Persuasive Writing
- This intends to convince readers to believe in an idea and
to do an action.
- Many writings such as critiques, reviews, reaction
papers, editorials, proposals, advertisements, and
brochures use different methods of persuasion to influence
readers.
Common Words/Phrases Used in Persuasive Writing:
When Answering the When Listing When Drawing
Opposition Evidence Conclusions
some may say... first, second, therefore...
but/however... third... thus...
nevertheless... another/next... hence...
on the other hand... finally... consequently
Three Techniques in Persuasive Writing:
1. Presenting strong evidence. Evidence in the form of facts
and statistics, statements of expert authorities, and research
findings establish credibility.
2. Concrete, relevant, and reasonable examples. These
can enhance the writer’s idea or opinion. They can be based on
observations or the writer’s personal experiences.
3. Accurate, current, and balanced information. This adds to the
credibility of persuasive writing. The writer does not only present
evidence that favors his or her ideas, but he or she also acknowledges
some evidence that opposes his or her own. In the writing, though, his
or her ideas would be more sound.
Persuasion is no longer a “soft skill”— it is a
fundamental skill that can help you attract investors,
sell products, build brands, inspire teams, and trigger
movements.
 Persuasion vs. Manipulation
If a company uses behavioral insights to promote their own
corporate interests ahead of the customer’s actual needs,
they’re likely to be guilty of manipulation or coercion. But
customer relationships that are built on manipulatory
processes, which always involve a degree of misrepresentation
and deception, don’t go a long way. They only last until
customers realize they are being treated with disdain rather
than care.
Persuasion, on the other hand, is the art and science of aligning
your objectives with those of your audience, i.e. by making the
buyer journey easier to follow, more fluid and more
importantly, centered around customer needs. It has a lot to do
with using behavioral insights to facilitate certain actions
versus exploiting emotional and psychological weaknesses of
people
The difference between persuasion and manipulation lies in:
1) The intent behind your desire to persuade that person,
2) The truthfulness and transparency of the process, and
3) The net benefit or impact on that person
Manipulation implies persuasion with the intent to fool,
control or contrive the person on the other side of the
conversation into doing something, believing something, or
buying into something that leaves them either harmed or
without benefit.
Lesson 5: Modes of Persuasion
- These were introduced by the Greek philosopher Aristotle
(384 BCE–332 BCE).
- He used these to teach his students how to convince their
audience.
- Ethos, Pathos, and Logos are the modes of persuasion or
ethical strategies to convince an audience of one’s credibility
or character.
Ethos
- It is the appeal to ethics. It focuses on using the credibility
of the writer to convince the audience. The writer’s
expertise on his or her subject matter, level of education,
and profession can support such credibility.
Ethos appeals to intelligence, virtue, morals, and perception
of trustworthiness.
Pathos
- It is the appeal to emotion.
- It is often used in advertising
- Pathos is not objective; it is not considered a legitimate form of
argument in many fields of study.
- Pathos appeals to emotions and feelings, biases and prejudices, senses,
and motivations.
Logos
- This appeals to logic and reason. It aims to be factual in its
approach. In persuasive writing, facts are presented in a logical
manner, avoiding fallacies and unverified information. Also, the
supporting points must be logical in nature. Often, the consistent
use of logos builds ethos.
Logos utilizes evidence, testimony, statistics and data, and
universal truths.
Persuasive people do these 3 things - Aristotle
1. They think about their audience, not about
themselves
2. They make their audience happy
3. They speak in their audience’s language
Lesson 6: Common Logical Fallacies
Logical fallacies are deceptive or false arguments that
may seem stronger than they actually are due to
psychological persuasion, but are proven wrong with
reasoning and further examination.
These mistakes in reasoning typically consist of an
argument and a premise that does not support the
conclusion. There are two types of fallacies: formal and
informal.
● Formal: Formal fallacies are arguments that have
invalid structure, form, or context errors.
● Informal: Informal fallacies are arguments that have
irrelevant or incorrect premises.
Ad Hominem
An ad hominem fallacy uses personal attacks rather than
logic. This fallacy occurs when someone rejects or
criticizes another point of view based on the personal
characteristics, ethnic background, physical appearance,
or other non-relevant traits of the person who holds it.
Ad hominem arguments are often used in politics, where
they are often called "mudslinging." They are considered
unethical because politicians can use them to manipulate
voters' opinions against an opponent without addressing
core issues.
Faulty Cause and Effect
Two events that happen sequentially are causally
related. This argument is also called post hoc, ergo
propter hoc - Latin phrase meaning “after this,
therefore because of this”; confuses correlation with
causation by concluding that an event preceding a
second event must be the cause of that second event.
The school shooter was playing video games during the
days before he committed the crime. Because he was
playing video games before the incident, it is obvious
that the blame for his actions should fall on video games.
Either/Or Reasoning - False Dilemma
This type of reasoning provides the reader with two
options that do not recognize complexity.
The false dilemma fallacy is a manipulative tool
designed to polarize the audience, promoting one side
and demonizing another.
You claim to love the Philippines but you’re always
criticizing the government. That means you must
hate the Philippines!
 Hasty Generalization
This is the generalization or conclusion drawn based on little
evidence or a piece of evidence that is not representative of
the whole.
Arguments based on hasty generalizations often don't hold
up due to a lack of supporting evidence: The claim might be
true in one case, but that doesn't mean it's always true.
I was very unhealthy when I was fat. After I became a lot
thinner, I also became healthier. Therefore being thin means
you are healthy.
False Analogy
To compare an issue, event, person, or object to another can
be useful, but the comparison can confuse or mislead the
audience, too.
It states that since Item A and Item B both have Quality X in
common, they must also have Quality Y in common.
People who need to drink coffee every morning to function
are no different from drug addicts who need their fix every
day.
People who need to drink coffee every morning to function
are no different from drug addicts who need their fix every
day.
Joan and Mary both drive pickup trucks. Since Joan is a
teacher, Mary must also be a teacher.
Circular Reasoning
This occurs when a person's argument repeats what they
already assumed before without arriving at a new
conclusion. For example, if someone says, "According to my
brain, my brain is reliable," that's a circular argument.
Citizens who live below the poverty line are desperate to
carve a better future for themselves because they do not
wish to be poor.
Doing drugs is against the law because it's wrong; I know
it's wrong because it is against the law.
Advertising and Fallacies
Advertising fallacies are logical flaws that
advertisements use to persuade potential customers to
buy a product or service. To convince viewers to
purchase a product, advertisers may state that their
product or service benefits their customers.
Advertisers often use fallacies to promote a particular
feeling or attitude in their customers toward a product,
service, business, organization or even a competitor. By
promoting positive feelings toward their business's
products, advertisers may persuade customers to
purchase them.
Lesson 7: Properties of a well-written text
Organization
- The first and primordial property of a well-written text is
organization. It refers to the arrangement of ideas in a text
Coherence and Cohesion
Coherence and cohesion refer to the connection of ideas and
connection between sentences and between paragraphs. A
text is connected discourse. This means that the ideas you
will write on a topic will not be considered a well-written
text if they do not stick together.
Language Use
Appropriate language use refers to the acceptable style
of language for a particular form of text. For business
correspondences, for instance, the style must be
concise and formal which is why writers of such texts
should not use wordy phrases and must have a
courteous tone to it. For literary pieces, on the other
hand, the language and style may be less formal and
more creative.
Mechanics
Mechanics refers to the conventions of writing which
include capitalization, punctuation, spelling, numerals,
abbreviations, acronyms, and contractions.
Cohesion vs. Coherence
Coherence: SENTENCES are arranged in a logical order
making them understandable by the reader.
Cohesion: IDEAS are connected at sentence level.
Coherence is established either from least important to
most important and vice versa.
Signal Devices
- Transitions
-Time, Sequence, Space, Illustration, Comparison and
Contrast, Cause and Effect, Conclusion
● Repetitions
● Synonyms
● Pronouns
Arrangement of Details According To...
Chronological Order
Example:
This morning was crazy. My alarm clock was set for PM
instead of AM, so I woke up really late. I just threw on
some clothes and ran out the door. I rode my bike as fast as
I could and thought that I was going to be late for sure, but
when I got there everyone was outside and there were fire
trucks all lined up in front of school. I guess somebody
pulled the fire alarm before class started. It worked out
though, because nobody really noticed or minded that I
was tardy.
Spatial Order
Example:
The inside of Bill's refrigerator was horrible. On the top
shelf was a three week old carton of milk. Next to it sat a
slice of melon that had started to get moldy. To the right
of the melon sat the remains of a macaroni and cheese
dinner that had been served a week earlier. On the shelf
below was a slice of cake from his sister's birthday
party. Though there was food, none of it was edible.
 3. Marketing becomes easy
Repetitions
4. Deadlines
1. If you think you can do it, you can do it.
2. The boy was a good footballer, because his father - enable to create a deadline for each phase of the
was a footballer, and his grandfather was a project
footballer.
3. The judge commanded, stamping his mallet on the 5. Making the right choices
table, “Order in the court, order in the court." - make an informed choice about the decisions for the
4. The president said, “Work, work, and work," are plans
the keys to success.
Feasibility study Business plan
Practical Research 2 - investigating function - planning function
- outlines and analyzes - outlines the actions
several alternatives or needed to take the
Lesson 1: Types of Feasibility Study methods of achieving proposal from "idea" to
business success "reality."
-addresses the question of - blueprint
Feasibility study
"Is this a viable business
- Focus on proposed business ventures venture?"
- Only one step in the business idea assessment and
business development process Lesson 3: Dimensions of Business Viability
4 TYPES OF FEASIBILITY STUDY:
Business Viability Model
1. Technical - Generic framework that assists the entrepreneur in
identifying individual tasks (decisions) in validating the
- the nature of the product line,
Business Concept
- the technology necessary for production and its availability,
- Provides a benchmark framework for measuring Business
- the proper mix of production resources,
Concept’s viability
- the optimum production volume.
Why are the Dimensions of Business Viability Model
2. Financial Important?

-the overall financial picture in terms of operating cash - To assess the potential investors and stakeholders
requirements, profitability, and cash flow regarding credibility and depth of argument
-initial and future stakeholder investors - Business Viability Model – provides the necessary
commercial decision making data
- The ability to deliver the entrepreneurial objectives such
3. Market as creating wealth
- The nature of the unsatisfied demand which the
Components of Business Viability:
project seeks to meet, its growth and the manner in
which it is to be met. Market Viability
- the supply-demand situation is examined,
- the target markets analyzed, and - Most important factor affecting any business model and more
- the formulation of marketing program tangible and quantifiable
- It includes:
- Market environment (size, sustainability, potential market,
4. Organization target market, potential value)
- management structure; - Competitors
- legal; - Similar products
- management team’s - Pricing
competency - Packaging
- Distribution to markets
- Promotion/advertising
Lesson 2: Feasibility Study vs Business Plan

5 Benefits of Feasibility Study:

1. Can save money and increase profits

- economical - Cost and benefit
- technical - Target Merket Importance
- operational - Raw materials and locations

2. Productive use of resources

-creating what is already out there should be often
avoided
-investigating available resources is vital
 Technical Viability FINANCIAL SYSTEM
- Capacity - exists when people, businesses, and governments
- Availability and quality of resources, inclusive of raw interact to facilitate and expedite the flow of funds or
materials, labour and professional expertise financial capital between savers and borrowers or
- Supply chain implications investors, or from savings to investments.
- Manufacturing process

Business Model Viability

- Uniqueness of model in terms of competitive advantage
- Ability of competitor to duplicate
- Ability to create value through priority knowledge and
process i.e. IP
- Ability to create wealth
- Ability to duplicate and delegate i.e. documentation of
tacit and explicit knowledge
Management Model Viability
-Application of knowledge and skills
- Training
- Employee management and recruitment
- Management of intellectual property
- Management of risk
- Ability to delegate to staff
- Suitable organizational structure
- Suitability of management and quality protocols
-Ability to measure business process
Components of Financial System:

Economic and Financial Viability Financial Institution

- Start up costs - an organization that directs the transfer of financial
- Working capital resources from its source to potential users (Kaliski,
- Operating costs 2007)
- Raw materials costs
- Overall return of investment - plays the part of intermediaries, managing the
-Overall profitability efficient flow of funds between savers and borrowers
- Break even point (Collins, 2012)
- Sustainability of market versus projected revenue
- Ability to generate economic value
Financial Markets
- provides a platform for financial managers to acquire
Exit Strategy Viability funds from various sources (Kaliski, 2007)
- Ability to create wealth from exit strategy
- allows the exchange of financial resources in;
- Ability to define exit strategy
- Ability to relate exit strategy to industry model
● capital market - involve short term debt securities
- Ability to identify potential buyers and/or strategies
- Ability to create capital assets i.e. IP ● money market - deal with long term debt and
- Ability to schedule exit strategy corporate shares

Business Finance
Lesson 1: Introduction to Financial Management
Financial Management
● “the science and art of managing money” (Gitman and Zutter,
2012)
● application of management functions such as planning,
organizing, leading, and controlling financial assets to achieve
organizational goals
- is the effective and efficient management of assets,
liabilities, and equity to achieve the company’s
primary goal: the maximization of shareholders’
wealth.
Financial Instrument
- any contract which produces a financial asset of one
party while creating a financial liability or equity
instrument of another (IFAC, 2020)
Examples: corporate bonds, checks, futures, option
contracts, shares of stock
Shareholders’ Wealth Maximization – the overall goal in
business finance is to maximize shareholder value. The
maximization of shareholders' wealth is considered a more
credible long- term goal than those concerned with either
return (growth) or stability (survival) as single objectives
since it accounts for both risks and returns simultaneously.
For instance, the returns expected from two businesses, say
Business X and Business Y, are equal. However, Business Y is
considered riskier. In effect, rational investors will naturally
value Business X more highly than Business Y.
Wealth Maximization The Roles of Financial Manager

● increasing the business's value which also increases the value of

shares held by its stockholders
● overall long-term goal in a business
● takes into account both risks and return; growth and survival

Profit Maximization

● short-term profits may increase at the expense of long-

term profitability
● the company may need to borrow money to increase sales
or expand production capacity

The Corporate Organizational Structure:

Financing Decisions

● when, where, and how to acquire funds for the company

Types of Financing:
● debt financing
● equity financing

Investing Decisions
Board of Directors ● what investments would be profitable to the company
● elected by shareholders
● represents the shareholders in overseeing the business Types of Investments:
● short-term (working capital)
President and CEO ● long-term (capital budgeting)
● highest officer in managing the business to achieve long-term (CEO) and
short-term (President) goals Operation Decisions
● for some companies, these are different persons and entities ● how to finance working capital accounts such as accounts
receivables and inventories
VP for Sales and Marketing
● responsible for leading revenue and client portfolio activities of the The company has options on whether to finance
company working capital needs by long-term or short-term.

VP for Production Dividend Policies

● leads the creation of goods and services ● how much should be distributed among the
VP for Administration shareholders
● how much should be retained for future
● leads the human resources and general management activities contingencies
VP for Finance or Chief Financial Officer (CFO) A common goal of all business ventures is to earn
● manages acquisition of funds, investments, operating activities, profit or to have a positive return.
and dividend policies

Treasurer
Pagsulat sa Filipino sa Piling Larangan
● handles external financing matters
● responsible for managing the cash, investments, and other financial
resources Lesson 1: Kahulugan at Katangian sa Pagsulat ng Sulating
Akademik
Controller
● concerned with internal matters such as being in charge of accounting
and the financial records of the organization Mga Pakinabang sa Pagsusulat

- Maaaring magbigay-daan tungo sa pag-unlad pang-

akademiko at pampropesyonal.
- Matamo ang kredibilidad at paghanga ng ibang tao.
 Ano ang pamamaraan ng pagsulat?
Akademikong Pagsulat
- Isang anyo ng pagsulat na may kakayahang akademiko
kung kaya nangangailangan ng mataas na antas ng
kasanayang pang-akedemiko.
Pangunahing layunin nito ang makapaglahad ng tamang
impormasyon
Ang Katangian ng Isang Manunulat
Kailangan ay...
- Mahusay mangalap ng impormasyon;
- Kritikal na pagsusuri; at
- Magaling mag-organisa ng mga ideya at lohikal.
Katangian Akademikong Pagsulat:
1. Pormal
Hindi kailangan ng mabulaklak na pananalita
2. Malinaw
Nararapat na tiyak ang ideya na iyong tinutukoy.
3. Tiyak
Tiyak ang tunguhin.
4. May paninindigan
Nabibigyang pansin ang mga sipi at tala
5. May pananagutan
Isinasaalang-alang ang mga mambabasa
Lesson 2: Abstrak
Ano ang Abstrak?
Ang abstrak ay maikling lagom ng isang
pananaliksik, tesis, rebyu, daloy ng kumperensiya,
o anomang may lalim na pagsusuri ng isang paksa
o disiplina..." ayon ito kanila Villanueva at Bandril.
Illustrasyon ni Villanueva at Bandril:
- Pangunahing Kaisipian
- Metodolohiya
- Resultan Kongklusyon
- Wika
Katangian ng Abstrak
- Naglalaman ito ng 100 hanggang 500 salita pero bihirang
humigit sa isang pahina at may pagkakataong ilan lamang
ang pananalita.
- Naglalaman ito ng apat na mahalagang elemento sa
natapos na gawain:
- ang tuon ng pananaliksik,
- ang metodolohiya ng pananaliksik,
- ang resulta o kinalabasan ng pananaliksik, at
- ang pangunahing kongklusyon at mga
rekomendasyon.
- Naitatala o naililista ang key terms
- Nirestrukturang Abstrak at Di-nirestrukturang Abstrak
Layunin ng Abstrak
- Pamimili
- Kakayahang
- Magsuri Indexing
- Pangangailangang
- Pangakademiko
- Publikasyon
Mga Uri ng Abstrak
1.Palarawan o Deskriptibong Abstrak
Ito ay naglalarawan ng mga pangunahing ideya ng
isang pananaliksik
2.Pangkaalaman o Impormatibong Abstrak
Ang pokus ng impormatibong abstrak ay mailahad
ang mahahalagang ideya o datos mula sa kabuuang
pag-aaral.
Lesson 1.1 Mga uri ng Akademikong Sulatin
1. Malikhaing Pagsulat (creative writing)
- magbigay ng kasiyahan
- mapukaw ang damdamin
- maantig ang hiraya at isipan ng mambabasa
- Karaniwang bunga ng mapalarong isipan ng manunulat
2. Teknikal na Sulatin (technical writing)
- Ang teknikal na sulatin ay kinabibilangan ng lahat ng
mga dokumentasyon may teknikal na poseso
3. Propesyonal na pagsulat (professional writing)
4. Dyornalistik na Pagsulat (journalistic writing)
- May kaugnay sa pamamahayag
- May kasanayan sa pangangalap ng impormasyon
5. Reperensiyal na Pagsulat (referential writing)
- Bigyang - pagkilala ang mga pinagkukunan ng
impormasyon upang maging patunay at
mapagkakatiwalaan ang isang akademikong sulatin.
6. Akademikong Pagsulat ( academic writing)
- Ang lahat ng uri ng pagsulat ay maituturing na bunga
lamang ng akademikong pagsulat.
PEH
Lesson 1: History of Dance
History of Dance
- The word dance comes from the German word DAMSON ,
which means “to stretch” or “ to drag” Dancing maybe the
oldest among all the arts. It developed as a natural
expression of united feeling and action. The music of early
man came from stamping of feet, clapping of hands,
snapping fingers, or any sounds that can produce rhythm.
PREHISTORIC PERIOD
- Prehistoric dance was very basic as it involved everyday
movements. It served as an important means of
communication and revolved around life events that were
meaningful to individuals, and tribes: Birth, puberty,
courtship, marriage and death. Most tribes incorporated
dance in their religious ceremonies and festival, activities
based on superstition and infused with magic.
ANCIENT CIVILIZATION
ANCIENT EGYPT
- Dance was the ancient Egyptian’s primary way of
expressing their religious services and teaching about their
ancient myths. The major dancers were the following:
1. The King
2. The priests who performed magical dances for the gods
and other spiritual entities and took the role of the god
Osiris in a great religious dance drama.
3. The virgin dancers who were trained to perform during
ceremonies led by the priests.
Ancient Crete
- The Cretan civilization , which existed from 3000 to 1400
BC, was a cultural, link in the ancient world between
Egyptians and Greeks. Dance themes included military
training, healing , religious rituals and entertainment.
According to the Greek writer Homer, The Cretans had an
excellent army because they used dance to perfect their
training.
ANCIENT GREECE
-Dances in ancient Greece were extremely organized and
structured . A total of 95, 140 combined body
movements were calculated to have existed in these
dances. They maximized, these movements incorporated
ritualistics, symbolic or representative gestures and
were accompanied by music both vocal and
instrumental. The dancers were also required to sing
during a performance.
• Phorai and cheironomia are Greek terms that
describe the carriage of the body during dance .
• SCHEMATA- refers to the form and shape of gestures
focusing on how a dancer executed the short
movement patterns.
• DEIXIS- was pure dance, performed by a male Greek
dancer who portrayed the essence of a human
character , an animal or natural element such as fire or
wind.
ROME
• Dances in the roman era were primarily
performed for religious , social and entertainment
purposes. The frequently highlighted burlesque,
overtly erotic,comic and frightening elements.
• During the Roman religious celebration , the
SALII or the college of 24 dancing priests that were
members of the noble class did war dance in full
armor with a sacred shield in their left hand and a
staff in the right.
• PANTOMIME- refers to the performance by an
actor or solo dancer who does not speak but acts in
a stylized form.
THE MIDDLE AGES AND THE RENAISSANCE
• Dance played a vital part in peoples’ lives during
this period as way to show their manners and as a
form of celebration , amusement and entertainment.
During the Middle Ages, dance was associated with
either the church. (liturgical or sacred) or the society
( secular ) . With this two categories , dance themes
included sacred dance and life- span events that were
connected to religious activities and other occasions.
DANCING TOWARD THE 21ST CENTURY
Modern History
Late 16th and 17th Centuries
- A period in the history of dance in Italy, France
and England was pleasantly deep and rich . In the
Renaisance and Baroque periods , dancers and
personalities exerted remarkable influence as the
builders of ballet.
18th CENTURY
As the century continued , dance in ballroom and in
theatrical,performance began to separate,
technically and aesthetically. The French and
English theaters grew as major dance centers ,
while Austria and Germany reduced their .
19TH CENTURY
• During the romantic era, the female dancers took
the lead roles in ballet performances. They
appeared as winged , unearthly beings such as
nymphs and fairies. To have an illusion of dancing
in a points, dancers stood at the tips of their toes
and this became an essential features of the
ballerrinas.
BALLROOM DANCES OF THE 19TH CENTURY
• COTILLION- A forerunner of the American square
dance , had many figures that required practice by
the group . The complexity of the dance made it a
special performance at a ball or a presentation by a
dance master at recital hall.
POLONAISE - The polonaise, which opened a court
ball, involved partners dancing side by side behind
a lead couple and moving through various choral
figures. Performed in triple time, it had one step
that was repeated throughout the dance.
QUADRILLE - The quadrille was performed in a stately manner
and, later on, in an accelerated one. The “Queen of London
Society,” Lady Sarah Jersey, introduced the quadrille to English
society at Almack’s in 1815. The original figures were
determined by the dancers, as in a country dance.
WALTZ - Many scholars believe that waltz was derived from the
German landler and other Southern German folk dances. It was
performed in triple time by single couples in close embrace and
featured wild hpping, stamping, and throwing of the female
partner into the air.
POLKA - The polka, which may have originated in Poland or the
former Czechoslovakia, was a popular social dance in the first
part of the century. This half-step dance in 2/4 time was
introduced in the ballrooms of prague in the 1830s
20TH CENTURY
• The early part of 20th Century can be best described as
a period of “Dance Fever” wherein the young and old
alike were not limited to express their emotions through
dance
TANGO - The Tango is a highly sensual and erotic dance
performed by a couple with a close body contact and
direct eye contact. The increasing acceptance for the
dance reached Paris,Europe,Ondon and New York.
FOXTROT - In the 1914 another animal dance was developed
the foxtrot, Arthur Carringford’s famous two slow steps
followed by four quick steps gained popularity in society and
were brought in dance halls.
LINDY HOP - Was an American dance that originated in
HARLEM, New York City . It was a combination of many
dances such as Jazz, tap, breakaway and Charleston.It was
sometimes reffered to as a street dance because of its
improvisational and social nature.
YMCA- Popular fad dances emerged in the 80s and the
90s. Village people performed the song YMCA in 1978.
The Group used cheerleading arm positions to spell the
song.
• MACARENA-hit the US 100song chart for 60weeks and
became the dance craze among the youth with its arm
movements.
• STREET DANCE – Began in California, in the 70s and
was performed both in the nightclubs and on the streets.
Lesson 2: Ballet
- act as backbone for many other genres of dance. It was
created from techniques that have been established over
centuries.Ballet movements require an erect spine,
turned out hips proportioned and balanced action, and
carving fluid lines. Elevation , alignment , pointing of
foot, port de bras,flexibility and lightness are the
foundations for all ballet dancer.
FUNDAMENTAL BALLET DANCE MOVEMENTS
• FUNDAMENTAL BALLET DANCE MOVEMENTS-
these are the movements that ballet or dance
beginners must learn.
1.PLIE (plee-ay) or to bend.
Keeping both feet flat on the floor at all times, bend your
knees
2.RELEVE(ruh-leh-vay)or to rise.
This can be done on one foot or both feet together.
Starting with the feet together,keep the knees straight
and lift the heels high enough so all of your body weight
is on the balls of the feet, not the tips of your toes.
3.SAUTE(soh-tay)or to jump.
This kind of jump is performed two feet to two feet.
This means that you leave the ground by jumping off on
both feet at the same time and you land on both feet at
same time.
4.ARABESQUE(ah-ra-BESK).
The position of the body supported on one leg
with opposite leg extended behind the body. The arms
may be held in various harmonious positions , creating
the longest possible line along the body.
5.BALANCE(ba-iahn-SAY).
A rocking step where the weight shifts from
one foot to the other
6.CHAINES(sheh-NAY)or chain or links.
A seriesof rapid,traveling turns on demi-
pointe,staying in first position.
7.CHANGEMENT(Shahnzh-Mahn).
A petit allegro step that begins fifth positions of
demi-plie springs straight up,changes the position on the
feet in air and lands opposite foot front in fifth position
demi plie.
8. CHASSE(sha-SAY)or to chase.
A connecting step on which one foot literally
chasesthe other and comes to fifth position before
landing.
9.DEVELOPPE( Dayv-law-PAY)or to develop.
A movement in which the working leg is drawn
up through a retire position to an open extended position
in the air. The hips are always kept level and square to the
direction that the dancer is facing.
Lesson 3: Modern Dance
- is a dance style that rejects many of strict rules of
classical ballet, focusing instead on the expression of
inner feelings. Modern dancers are barefoot, often work
with feet and legs parallel , have flexible torso , and use
weight and gravity to create movements and shapes.
FUNDAMENTAL MODERN DANCE MOVEMENTS
1.LATERALS
- The dancer stands with the head and the spine in
alignment and the supporting foot turned out. The arm
over the supporting leg comes straight up next to ear as the
torso lits , unbroken to the side and over the supporting leg.
The opposite leg lifts pointed through the toes.
2.SPIRAL
- The spiral is a torso twist that begins in pelvis .
As the body turns , each level is separately articulated all
the way up the spine – pelvis , lower spine , mid section ,
shoulders, neck and head. The head remains in
alignment with the spine.
 3. STAG LEAP
- is a very high jump in a split, but although
both legs are parallel to the floor , the front leg is bent
from the knee inward.
4. STAG TURN
- the supporting knee is slightly bent the other
leg is up in the air and bent behind the body . The arm
supporting side is thrust straight back with the palm
down.
5. PRIMITIVE SQUAT
- is a hop that lands in a deep second position plie
the feet are turned out heel to heel and knees are bent .
6. FLAT BACK
- is actually a series of moves but the basic movement
makes a “table top” of the body. The dancer stands in a second
position feet turned out heel to heel . The arms are down along
the sides as the body bends forward from the hips without
breaking the line from the top of the head to the lower spine.
7.HINGE
-the dancer balances on the balls of the feet, keeps a
straight back and head and send s the knees forward as the
torso tilts back and the arms are held straight out in front
8. CONTRACTION- The action begins in the pelvis and
articulates up the spine as the breath is exhaled . The dancer
aims to lengthen the space between each vertebra as the move
progresses to the neck and the head,which are always in
alignment with the spine
9. RELEASE
- occurs upon inhalation and also begins in the pelvis. The
move travels up the spine in the same order as the contraction ,
restoring the torso to a straight alignment .
CHA-CHA
10.HIGH RELEASE
- tilts the breastbone up rather than ending with the spine
and upper body in a upright neutral position.the shoulder blades
appear to rest on a bar or shelf.
Lesson 4: Ballroom Dancing
SAMBA
• Ballroom dancing began in the 18th and 19th centuries
in Europe when kings and queens were entertained by
dancing performances, but it became popular with the
masses in early 1900s.
• Originated from the word “BALLERE” which means “TO
DANCE”
• A form of social dancing whose primary purpose is for
recreation and
entertainment .
• People nowadays do ballroom dancing as a form of
exercise or personal enjoyment.
LATIN TECHNIQUE
● IT MAY REFER , TO ANY RECREATIONAL DANCE WITH A
PARTNER. HOWEVER, WITH THE EMERGENCE OF DANCE
COMPETITION
(NOW KNOWN AS DANCE SPORT)
- There are two main types of ballroom dance,
-LATIN DANCES
-STANDARD DANCES
STANDARD DANCES
• Standard dances are smooth , flowing ballroom
dances that move around the entire dance floor in
a clockwise movement.
LATIN DANCES
• These dances stay in one place on the dance
floor . They are energetic dances and reflect the
shift I rhythm of the music being danced to.
FROXTROT
- It is an elegant dance whose objective is to travel
smoothly around the dance floor
WALTZ
- It is smooth , progressive dance travel around the
line of dance characterized by its rise and fall action .
• From the German word “WALZEN” which means “to
roll” or “to turn”
• First popularized in Vienna, Austria.
• Popularly known as “WELLER” or “SPINNER”.
• It is performed fashionably by couples or partners
in fast sliding or gliding movements.
• It is a danced in CLOSED-HOLD POSITION
• It is characterized by its graceful movements and
gracious turning
TANGO
- It is a sensual ballroom dance that originated in
South America during the early 20th century .The
word “tango” may be an African term for “closed
space” or “reserved ground” or it may be from the
latin verb TANGUERE which means to touch.
• A Latin dance which originated in Cuba.
• It is fun, flirtatious and energetic dance with
lots of hip movements and fancy foot work.
• It is actually derived from Mambo.
• Dance in 4/4 time .
• Slow-slow-quick-quick- slow/2-3-4 and 1.
• It is one of the five international Latin dances
developed in Brazil during the 19th century . It is
considered the dance of celebration and joy. In Brazil, a
samba dancer is called a sambista.
RUMBA
• Condisered the sexiest of the ballroom dances the
rumba tells the story of love and passion between a
strong man and a teasing woman .
• The mechanics of latin dancing involves the
following :
• Posture
• Hold
• Leg Action
• Feet position
• Twisting
• Walk
POSTURE

• The basic position of the body has the head, shoulders , CRITICAL READING
hips and legs stacked up and connected but not tight .
Also the stomach muscle must pulled in. - Modes of Analysis: Restatement (Paraphrasing/
• The shoulder are lowerd . Settle both shoulders down Summarizing)
and release the chest down the floor. It should feel like - Description (Justify Arguments/Structure) Interpretation
exhaling and letting all the air our . Look straight ahead. (Worldview)
• Make sure that the elbows are not drop dead. Imagine a - Inferring (Conclusion)
balloon under each arm. - Recognize Author's Purpose, Understand Tone, Recognize
• In latin dances, the weight should be on the balls of the Bias
feet.
Lesson 2: Different Periods in Philippine Literature
HOLD
What is literature?
• CLOSED HOLD- The man’s left forearm connects to the
lady’s right foream by closing the man’s left hand around
- used to describe written and spoken materials
the lady’s right hand.
- derived from Latin "literatura" meaning, "writing
• OPEN HOLD- Keep tone in the arms and the elbows
formed with letters"
should out or down.
- Most common ex: poetry, drama, fiction, nonfiction,
• LEG ACTION – Keep legs together , minimize space between
journalism, and song
the thighs.
• FEET POSITION
• Flat foot – The feet should be lined up with knees.
• Pointe- The LF or RF is pointed forward or backward with Pre-Spanish Period
the leg straight and the arch flexed. 1.FOLK NARRATIVES (tales)
Example:
21st Century Literature
Mitolohiyang Filipino
Bathala
-a.k.a Abba “Maykapal sa lahat”
Lesson 1: Contextual reading approach - Tagapag likha ng mundo at
tagapag subaybay ng sangkatauan.
- Bahala na.
What is your purpose in reading a literature? Apolaki
a. leisure/entertainment - God of the sun, Patron of Warrior
b. facts / concepts Libulan
C. Analyze and interpret - God of the moon, Patron God of
Homosexuality
Demigods
contextual reading approaches - tatlong anak ni Bathalasa isang
mortal
Biographical Hanan - Goddess of the Morning
Tala - Goddess of the stars
- Understanding literature from the author's life. Mayari - Goddess of the moon
- Year published Bakunawa
- Place of Birth - Giant sea serpent
- Personal Histories - Visayas and bicol region
Amihan - Deity of the wind
SOCIOCULTURAL
2.FOLK SPEECHES
- Connection of Past to Future Example:
- Zeitgeist: prevalant moral
ideologies Bugtong
- ex. Marxist, Feminist, Queer Paktakon
Approach Patototdon

LINGUISTIC 3.Songs or awit

- Diction, Syntax, and Structure Uyayi or hele is a lullaby of putting a child to sleep
- Artistic use of Language Soliranin is a song for travelers
- Figures of Speech Kumintang is a war song
- Mood or Tone Maluway is for collective behavior
- Connotative and Denotative Kundiman for melancholic love song
- Meaning-making through words Panambitan is a courtship song
- ex. formalist, structuralist, and Pamanhikan is a song of a would-be bridegroom
poststructuralism Subli is a dance ritual song of courtship & marriage
Dallot & duayya are Ilocano love songs
Dung-aw is a wake or dirge song
Bagbato is a song ritual for harvest from Mountain province
Laji, Kanta or kalusan are popular folk songs in Batanes
4. salawikain, proverbs, and aphorism
sarsarita - (iloko)

5. TANAGA
basahanon or extended didactic sayings from Bukidnon
daraida
daragilon from Panay
an indigenous Filipino poem

6. Folk Songs
children's songs
- Ida-ida (Maguindanao),
- tulang pambata (Tagalog) cansiones para abbing (Ibanag)
drinking songs or tagay (Cebuano and Waray)
kanogon (Cebuano) or the Annako (Bontoc)
- dirges and lamentations
- extolling the deeds of the dead

6. Lullabies

Ili-ili (Ilongo)
panawagon and balitao (Ilongo) -- love songs
bayok (Maranao)
ambahan of the Mangyans -- the seven- syllable per line poem
kalusan (Ivatan),
mambayu -- a Kalinga rice-pounding song duplo -- the verbal
jousts/games