Determinants of factors of personality:

Chapter 1:
 Environment Factors of Personality-
Introduction to Self- This includes the neighborhood a
person lives in, his school, college,
Understanding
university and workplace.
Understanding oneself is essential to  Biological Factors of Personality-
this includes:
understand behaviors and beliefs that affects
-Heredity factors or genetic make-up of
others and us.
the persons
Provides a sense of - Physical features include the overall
purpose physical structure of a person
-Brain.
Leads to Helps  Situational Factors of Personality-
healthier Self- harness Can be commonly observed when a
relationships Understand your person behaves contrastingly and
ing natural exhibits different traits and
strength characteristics.
 Cultural Factors- culture traditionally
Promotes
considered as the major determinants
confidence.
of an individual’s personality. Culture is
Personality complex of these belief, values, and
techniques for dealing with the
 Comes from the word “persona”, the theatrical
environment.
masks worn by Romans in Greek and Latin
Drama. Personality Traits
 Also comes from the latin words “per” and
Personality traits reflect people’s characteristics
“sonare” which means “to sound through”.
patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behavior. The most
 It is a relatively permanent traits and unique
widely used system of traits is called Five-factor Model,
characteristics that give both consistency and
it can be remembered with the acronym OCEAN.
individuality to a person’s behavior (Roberts &
Mroczek, 2008). O - Openness
 Personality is the overall pattern or integration
C - Conscientiousness
of a person’s structure, modes of behavior,
attitudes, aptitudes, interests, intellectual E - Extraversion
abilities, and many distinguishable personality A - Agreeableness
traits.
N – Neuroticism
Determinants of Personality

Personality refers to the total person in

his/her overt and covert behavior.
CHAPTER 2: THE SELF
ACCORDING TO
PHILOSOPHY
Philosophy
Philosophy is defined as the study of knowledge
or wisdom from Latin roots, “philo” means love and
“sophia” means wisdom. This considered as “The Queen
of All Sciences” because every scientific discipline has
philosophical foundations.
Socrates
 He has a unique style of
asking questions called
Socratic Method.
 In this method, Socrates
did not lecture, he
instead would ask questions and engage the
person in a discussion.
 He said that the self are composed of two
things, the physical realms which is
changeable, temporal, and imperfect and ideal
realms and ideal realms which is
unchangeable,eternal and immortal
 For him, a human is composed of body which
belongs to physical realm because it changed,
imperfect and dies, and the soul belongs to ideal
realm for it survives ther death
 To identify self, he also used the term soul.
Plato
 He introduced the idea
of a three part soul/self
that is composed of
reason, physical appetite
and spirit or passion.
Reason- enables human to
think deeply, make wise choices
and achieve a true understanding of eternal truths.
Plato also called this as divine essence.
Physical Appetite- the basic biological needs of
human being.
Spirit or Passion- is the basic emotions of human being
such.
St. Augustine
 He is considered as the last
of the great ancient
philosophers whose ideas
were greatly Platonic.
 He said that the human
nature is composed of two
realms:
God as the source of all reality and truth
Man is capable of knowing eternal truths through
mystical experience . This is made possible through the
existence of the one eternal truth which is God.
The sinfulness of man.
The cause of sin or evil is an act of mans’ freewill.
Moral goodness can only be achieved through the grace
of God.
 He also stated that real happiness can only be
found in God. For God is love and he created
humans for them to also love. Problems arise
because of the objects humans choose to love.
Rene Descartes David Hume

 His famous  Hume believed that the

principle is the self does not exists.
“cogito, ergo sum”  He said that there are
which means “I only two entities, the
think, therefore I impressions and ideas.
exist”.
Impressions- the basic sensations of our experience,
 Founder of modern philosophy
the elemental data of our minds: pain, pleasure, heat,
 He said that the essence of existing as a human
cold, happiness, grief, fear, exhilaration, and so on.
identity is the possibility of being aware of our
selves: being self-conscious in this way is Ideas- copies of impressions that include thoughts and
integral to having a personal identity. images that are built up from our primary impressions
Physical Self Consious Self through a variety of relationships
Fully governed by Governed only by the
 He also explained that the self that we
the physical laws of laws of God.
experience is only a kind of fictional self.
nature.

John Locke Sigmud Freud

 The self according to  He is the father and

Locke is consciousness. Founder of
 He discussed the Psychoanalysis.
reflective analysis of  His dualistic view of
how an individual may self is the conscious
experience the self in self and unconscious
everyday living. He provided the following key self.
points: Conscious self Unconscious self
 To discover the nature of personal identity Governed by reality Governed by
 A person is a thinking, intelligent being principle pleasure principle
who has the abilities to reason and to reflect  He proposed the three levels of mind
 A person is also someone who considers 1. Id- based on the
themself to be the same thing in different pleasure principle.
times and different places. 2. Ego- based on the
 Consciousness as being aware that we are reality principle.
thinking 3. Super ego- dependent
 Consciousness makes possible our belief on learning the
that we are the same identity difference between
 For him, personal identity and the soul are two right and wrong, thus it
very different things. is called moral principle.
Gilbert Ryle Paul and Patricia
Churchland
 He is British
analytical  They are American
philosopher. philosopher who is
 He said that the self interested in the field of
is best understood philosophy of mind,
as a pattern of behavior. science, cognitive, neurobiology, epistemology,
 He opposed the notable ideas of the previous and perception.
philosopher.  According to them, self is a product of brain
 The category mistake happens when we speak activity.
about the self as something independent of the  They discuss the “Neuropsychology” as the
physical body. modern scientific inquiring looks into the
application of neurology to age-old problems in
philosophy.
 Patricia claimed that man’s brain is responsible
Immanuel Kant
for the identity known as self.
 He is a great contributor
to the fields of  Paul Churchland is one of the philosophers that
metaphysics, viewed self from a materialistic point of view.
epistemology, and
ethics.  They believed that there is a need to develop a
 Greatest philosopher of modern period. new vocabulary and conceptual reflection of
 He said that a person has an inner and outer the human mind and self.
self which together form consciousness.

Inner self- is our rational intellect which is we can Maurice Merleau-Ponty

think and make a decisions
 He is a French
Outer self- includes our senses which we can feel philosopher and
something. phenomenologist
 He said that the
 An individual self makes the consciousness for
division between
the person to make sense of everything.
“mind” and “body” is a product of confused
thinking.
 He develop the concept of self-subject and
contended that perceptions occur existentially.
 According to him, perception is not purely the
result of sensations nor is it purely
interpretations. Rather consciousness is a
process that includes sensing as well as
interpreting/ reasoning.
  The Game Stage
CHAPTER 3: THE SELF ACCORDING -In this final stage of self-development,
TO SOCIOLOGY AND the child now has the ability to respond
not just to one but several members of
ANTHROPOLOGY his social environment.
 Generalized other- the person realizes that
Sociology and Anthropology people in society have cultural norms, beliefs
Sociology and Anthropology are two interrelated and values which are incorporated into each
disciplines that contributes to the understanding of self. self
 Mead identified the two phases of self:
SOCIOLOGY ANTHROPOLOGY
1. The phase which reflects the attitude of the
Presents the self as a The study of humanity.
generalized other or the “me”; and
product of modern society.
2. The phase that responds to the attitude of
Science that studies the This broad field takes an
generalized other or the “I”
development, structure, interdisciplinary approach
 He said that "me" is the social self, and the "I" is
interaction, and collective to looking at human
a response to the "me".
behavior of human being. culture, both past and
ME I
present
conventional, habitual “novel reply”
individual
George Herbert Mead and the Social
Self
 He is an American Self as a product of modern society
philosopher, among other constructions
sociologist, and Georg Simmel
psychologist.
 He is a German
 One of the founders of
sociologist, philosopher,
social psychology and
and critic.
the American
 He proposed that there is
sociological tradition in general.
 He proposed the stages of self-formation: something called human nature that is innate to
 Preparatory Stage the individual.
- At this stage, knowing and  He said that human nature is intrinsic to the
understanding the symbols are individual like the natural inclination to
important for this will constitute their religious impulse or the gender differences.
way of communicating with others  The individual or subjective culture refers to
throughout their lives. the ability to embrace, use, and feel culture.
 The Play Stage
 Objective culture is made up of elements that
-It is at this stage where child widens
become separated from the individual or
his perspective and realizes that he is
not alone group’s control and identified as separate
objects.
 He said that there are interrelated forces in
modern society that tend to increase
objective culture, these are urbanizations,
money, and the configuration of one’s
social network.
 Urbanization- this paved way to
the organization of labor or
increased division of labor, which
demands specializations wherein
this creates more objective culture.
 Money- it increases individual
freedom by pursuing diverse
activities and by increasing the
options for self-expression.
 Social Network- Group affiliations
in urban is definitely different from
rural settings wherein the
relationship are strongly influenced
by family. An individual tends to
seek membership to the same group
which makes the family as basic
socialization structure.
 Simmel said that a complex web of group
affiliations produces role conflicts and blasé
attitude.
 Role Conflicts- a situation that
demands a person of two or more
roles that clash with one another
 Blasé Attitude- an attitude of
absolute boredom and lack of
concern.
The Self and Person in the
Contemporary Anthropology
The four subfields of anthropology suggest that
human beings are similar and different in varying ways
and tendencies.
 Archeology- Focus on the study of the past and
how it may have contributed to the present
ways of how people conduct their daily lives.
 Biological Anthropology- Focus on how the
human body adapts to the different earth
environments. They are interested in
explaining how the biological characteristics of
human being affects their way of living.
 Linguistic Anthropology- Focused on using
language as means to discover a group’s
manner of social interaction and their
worldview.
 Cultural Anthropology- Focused in knowing
what makes one group’s manner of living forms
an essential part of the member’s personal and
societal identity.
These are the ways in which culture may manifest
itself in people:
 Symbols - words, gestures, pictures or
objects that have recognized or accepted
meaning in a particular culture.
 Heroes- persons from the past or present
who have characteristics that are important
in culture.
 Rituals- activities participated by a group
of people for the fulfilment of desired
objectives and are concerned to be socially
essential.
 Values- the core of every culture. These are
unconscious, neither discuss or observed,
and can only be inferred from the way
people act and react to situations.
 The Self-Embedded in the Culture William James and the Me-Self and
I-Self
Clifford Geertz
 He is the founder
 He is an
of functionalism
Anthropology
 He made a clear
Professor at the
distinction
University of
between ways of
Chicago.
 His analysis is that the Balinese person is approaching the self, the knower
extremely concerned not to present and the known
anything individual (distinguishing him or  The function of the knower (I-Self)
her from others) in social life but to enact must be the agent of experience.
exclusively a culturally prescribed role or  While the known (Me-Self) have
mask. three different but interrelated
aspects of empirical self ( self-
CHAPTER 4: THE SELF concept)
ACCORDING PSYCHOLOGY  Me viewed as material-
consists everything an
Psycology individual call uniquely as
The Scientific study of mental process and their own
human behavior. It aims to describe, analyze, predict  Me viewed as social- refers to
and control human behavior in general, the recognition an individual

The self as Cognitive Construction get from other people.

 Me viewed as spiritual in
 The cognitive aspect of the self is known as self-
nature- refers to the
concept.
individual inner or subjective
 Self-concept is defined as self-knowledge, a
cognitive structure that includes beliefs about being.
personality traits, physical characteristics,
abilities, values, goals, and roles.
 There are six specific domains that are related to
self-concept according to the psychologist Dr.
Bruce A. Bracken.
Social ability to interact
Competence ability to meet the basic need
Affect awareness the emotional states
Physical feelings about appearance
Academic success/failure in school
Family how well one function within family
Real and Ideal Self
Carl Rogers
 He is the founder of
client-centered therapy
 His therapy aimed to
make the person achieve balance between their
self-concept (real-self) and ideal self
 Real self
-includes all aspects of one's identity
that are perceived in awareness.
- Things that are known to oneself like
the attributes that an individual
possesses.
 Ideal self
-defined as one’s view of self as one
wishes to be.
- This contains all the aspirations or
wishes of an individual for themselves
Multiple versus Unified Self
 According to Multiple Selves Theory, there are
different aspects of the self-exist in an
individual.
 Gregg Henriques proposed the Tripartite Model
of Human Consciousness:
 Experiential self/theater of
consciousness- a domain of self that
defined as felt experience of being
 Private self/narrator- a portion of self
that verbally narrates what is
happening and tries to make sense of
what is going on.
 The public self or Persona- the
domain of self that an individual shows
to the public, and this interacts on how
others see an individual.
True vs Fake Self
Donald Winnicott
 He is a pediatrician in
London who studied
Psychoanalysis.
 He said that false self is
an alternative personality
used to protect an individual’s true identity or
one’s ability to “hide” the real self.
 While true self has a sense of integrity and
connected wholeness that is rooted in early
infancy.
The Self as Proactive and Agentic
Albert Bandura
 He is a
psychologist and
Professor Emeritus
of Social Science.
 His personality theory, The Social
Cognitive Theory asserts that a person is
both proactive and agentic, which
means that we have the capacity to
exercise control over our life.
 He said that self as proactive is an
individual have control in any situation
by making things happen.
 Bandura said that people who doubt
their capabilities shy away from
difficult tasks which they view as
personal threats.
 This group may be the family, the city, the
CHAPTER5: THE SELF IN THE 
economic class, the society, the nation, the race,
WESTERN AND or the whole human species.
 Examples of the collectivist thinking is when
ORIENTAL/EASTERN THOUGHT our identity is in large part, a function of our
membership and role in a group.
Western and Oriental/Eastern
 Group members are relatively close
Thought
psychologically and emotionally, but distant
Cultural differences and environment creates different toward non-group members.
perceptions of the self. The eastern-western distinction  Asian countries are known to be collective in
are the most common distinction between people and nature.
cultures.
The Social Construction of the Self in
Individualistic vs collective self Western Thought

Understanding individualism and collectivism could English and French philosophers are interested in self.
help in the understanding of the cross-cultural values QUALITIES IMPARTED TO THE WESTERN
of a person. SUBJECTIVE SELF

Individualistic self Western Self as Analytic- to see objects as

divisible combinations of yet smaller objects.
 Individualism is the idea that the fundamental
unit of the human species that thinks, lives, and Western self as monotheistic- Monotheism is the
acts toward goals is the individual. rigid consequence of the doctrine of normal
 -Independent Judgments human being.
-Act on own thoughts
- forcing the concentration of supernatural
-Disagree with others
capabilities.
 Individual identifies primarily with self, with
the needs of the individual being satisfied Western self as individualistic- has direct and
before those of the group indirect effects on both the presentation of self and
 People tend to distance themselves the experience of the self
psychologically and emotionally from each
Western Self as materialistic and rationalistic-
other.
tended to define spiritual and immaterial
 Western cultures are known to be
phenomena as potentially superstitious and
individualistic.
dangerous.
Collective self
 Collectivism is the idea that the fundamental
unit of the human species that thinks, lives, and
acts toward goals is not the individual, but some
group.
THE SELF AS EMBEDDED IN RELATIONSHIPS Xiao the filiality
AND THROUGH SPIRITUAL DEVELOPMENT IN
 The virtue of reverence and respect for the
CONFUCIAN THOUGHT
family.
Confucius  Relationship that exist in the family reflect hoe
 He was born in the the person relates to others in the community.
period of the Zhou  The family is the reflection of the person.
Dynasty.  How the person interacts socially and the
 His philosophy is values they emulate can all be traced back to
known as humanistic their family environment.
social philosophy which focusses on human
Yi the rightness
beings and the society in general.
 The right way of behaving which is
 Confucianism is centered on ren which can be
unconditional and absolute.
manifested through the li (propriety), xiao
 Right is right, and what is not right is wrong
(filiality), and yi (rightness).
 Confucius emphasized that actions should be
 Ren guides human actions that makes life
performed because they are right and not for
worth living which can be realized through li,
selfish benefits that they provide.
xiao, and yi:

Li the propriety

 Rules of propriety should be followed to guide

human actions. These rules are the customs,
ceremonies, and traditions that forms the basis
of li.
 According to Confucius, “to master oneself and
return to propriety is humanity”

5 Relationship to Fulfill as their Duties

and Responsibilities

Father and Son

Older and Younger Brothers
Friend and Friend
Ruler and
Ruler and Subject
Husband and Wife