HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND VICTIMOLOGY Francis Galton – Heridity and Human behavior
Mid-Term Module
Erma Darling Payot-Pia
MIDTERM COVERAGE
LESSON 1
Objectives:
1. Learn and discuss the types, characteristics and attributes of human behavior
2. Understand the process of behavior adjustment, behavior modification and personality
development.
3. Comprehend abnormal behavior and apply criminal psychology
The Basic Concepts of Human Behavior
Human Behavior – Refers to the reaction to facts of relationship between the
individual and his environment. Anything an individual does that involves self-initiated
action and/or reaction to a given situation. The sum total of man's reaction to his
environment or the way human beings act. The manner of conducting oneself which
considerably involves action of a person in response to stimuli and vice versa.
Human Beings- Human beings are intelligent social animals with the mental capacity to
comprehend, infer and thinking rational ways.
Two Basic Types of Behavior
1. Inherited (Inborn) behavior – refers to any behavioral reactions or reflexes exhibited by
people because of their inherited capabilities or the process of natural selection.
2. Learned (Operant) behavior – involves knowing or adaptation that enhances human
beings’ ability to cope with changes in the environment in ways which improve the
chances of survival. Learned behavior may be acquired through environment or training.
Significant Contributors in the Study of Human Behavior
Sigmund Frued –The Father of Pschoanalysis
Charles Darwin – Evolution Theory
Human beings are just mechanical creatures that he views as prisoners of primitive
instinct and power which he can barely control. Further stating that man’s purpose is to
control these instinct and power.
 Sigmund freud
Behavioral Genetics- Field of research in psychology that aims to determine heritability. It
determines how much of the behavior is accounted for genetic factor (influences from
parents)
Heredity- The transmission of genes from parents to offspring
Classifications of Human Behavior
 Habitual – refers to motorized behavior usually manifested in language and emotion. It
is demeanors which are resorted to in a regular basis it may be further characterized as:
emotional and language.
Example: a child brushes his teeth every morning and after taking his meals and before
going to bed; Filipinos who have the knack of showing respect to elders by answering in
conversations with “po” and “opo” and mature persons crying when they are sentimental
and hugging and kissing in response to their emotions.
 Instinctive – are generally unlearned and simply comes out of man’s instinct which can
be seen among instinct-instinct survival behaviors. It is a human conduct which is
unlearned and inherent, said to be present at birth of a person, and significantly
influenced by heredity.
Example. A person will naturally eat and take nourishment the moment he/she becomes
hungry; drinking water when one is thirsty; resting if one is tired; crying if one is hurt; and
the most common instinct of man which is his instinct of self-preservation.
 Symbolic – are behaviors that are usually carried out by means of unsaid words and
shown through symbols or body signs.
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Example: the conduct of keeping portraits and photographs to commit to memory and
pleasant experience or an important person; diplomas and awards in graduation to signify
one’s academic achievements and a handshake or contract signing to indicate an
agreement between persons.
 Complex – are those behaviors that combine two or more of the classified ones.
Example: Watching television while eating; texting while driving; singing while working
and the likes.
Human emotions and its relation to behavior.
The word emotion includes a wide array of observable behaviors, expressed
feelings, and changes in the body state. This variety in intended meanings of the word
emotion makes it hard to study. For most persons, emotions are very personal states,
difficult to define or to identify except in the most obvious instances. Moreover, many
aspects of emotion give the impression which is unconscious to us. Even simple emotional
states appear to be much more complicated than states as hunger and thirst.
To simplify the concept of emotions, three definitions of various aspects of
emotions can be distinguished:
1. Emotion is a feeling that is private and subjective. Human can report an
extraordinary assortment of states, which they can feel or experience. Some
reports are accompanied by obvious signs of enjoyment or distress, but often
these reports have no overt indicators. In many cases, the emotions we note in
ourselves seem to be blends of different states.
2. Emotion is a condition of psychological arousal an expression or display of
distinctive somatic and autonomic responses. This emphasis implies that
emotional states can be defined by particular constellations of bodily responses.
Specifically, these responses involve autonomously innervated visceral organs,
like the heart or stomach. This second aspect of emotion allows us to observe
emotions in both animal and human beings.
3. Emotions are actions commonly “deemed”, such as defending or attacking in
reaction to a threat. This aspect of emotion is especially relevant to Darwin’s
point of view of the functional role of emotion. He said that emotions had an
important endurance role because they generated actions to dangerous
situations.
In Pluntichik’s standpoint, all emotions are a combination of these basic emotions. This
hypothesis can be summarized in a three dimensional cone with a vertical dimension
reflecting emotional intensity.
Gesture- many of our gestures are unintended. We scratch our head to remove itch, but
not to convey a message to someone else. Although these acts have not specific purpose
with regard to inter-personal communication, they may reveal information about a
person. For example, people, who are nervous, tend to scratch their head more
frequently than others. Therefore, it is hard to hide emotional feelings, since many
unintentional movements do reveal information. For example, if a student following a
course lays his head to rest in his hands, it may be a sign of fatigue, but will also reflect
that the course is boring, as most people do not feel tired when courses are interesting
and exciting.
Body language is usually more reveling than words. Words by other people
usually tell you what other people usually tell you what other people want to say, while
body posture usually tells, what they really feel and think. They convey for example
emotions, thought and how they think. It is easier to lie with words, than with body
language.
Meeting People- when your encounter a person for the first time, the first 10 seconds will
give an idea, which to a large extent will determine whether you will life this person or
not. In these first ten seconds, you will become aware of impressions like nervousness,
seriousness, etc. these first seconds will also manipulate to a large extent the rest of the
conversation and any further contacts. Therefore, the first impression is very important.
Eyes- a significant factor in the first contact is the eyes. The eyes should gaze at the
person. If you want to astound the person, you should open your eyes slightly more than
usual, since raising the eye brows give people the impression that they are welcome. After
the first “hello”, you should retain eve contact, which prevents the impression of
nervousness with the other person. You should also smile and look friendly.
The way you breathe- by breathing you not only supply oxygen for the body. Breathing
also displays how you feel. When you are nervous or angry you will breath faster, and
when you are sad you often breath in jerks as if you are crying. Your breathings are also
signs: when you want to disrupt a speaking person you can do that by inhaling loudly and
shortly, a loud sigh means that you comprehend that matter that is being conveyed to
you.
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Shrugged shoulders- you can identify stressed shoulders by the fact that they are a bit
shrugged, which does make the head look smaller. The significance of the signal come
from crouching n dangerous circumstances. The meaning of this posing relies on the
combination. In combination with big eyes it would mean that someone is concerned
about something that is going to happen. in concoction with a face that is turned away it
means that the person wants to be left unaccompanied. An introvert person has nearly
always those stressed shoulders.
Characteristics of Human Behavior
1. Primarily native or Primarily learned – (Theory of Instincts)
All thinking and behavior is the result of instincts, which are fixed from birth,
which can be adjusted by learning and experience.
Theories of Learning
 Associative Learning – making associations between events in the environment
which can be done through Joining into different groups of people.
Types of Associative Learning
 Classical Conditioning focuses on how people respond to stimuli in their
environment. This theory is a classic experiment of Ivan Pavlov (1972) which
focuses on how people respond to stimuli in their environment. In his
experiment with the physiological of digestion of dogs, Pavlov noted that dogs
naturally salivate at the sight of food. Pavlov, thus labeled the food and
unconditioned response because the dogs learned this behavior “naturally” that
is, the dogs did not need any training or conditioning to salivate at the sight of
food. When Pavlov subsequently paired the dogs with another stimulus, in this
case, he rang a bell when the food was presented, he was able to train the dogs
to salivate at the sound of the bell.
 Operant Conditioning Behavior that are controlled by the consequences of the
action that follow them. It is a theory of learning that holds that behaviors are
controlled by the consequences of the action that follow them. The concept was
first formulated by Edward Thorndike (1874-1949) which he called instrumental
conditioning. This theory advances that behavior is learned as it is strengthened
or weakened by the reinforcement (rewards and punishments) it receives or in
other words, by the consequences of the behavior. Behavior as strengthened
when they are followed by positive consequences and weakened when they are
followed by negative consequences. A classic experiment demonstrated that if a
pigeon is given a food pellet each time it touches a lever, over time the pigeon
learns to touch the lever to receive a food pellet. This approach looks for
consequences what comes after behavior as mechanisms for learning behavior.
Cognitive
 Humans are cognitive beings who are active information processors. Bandura
stresses that humans are cognitive beings, active information processors who,
unlike animals are likely to think about the relationships between their behavior
and its consequences, and are often more affected by what they believe will
happen than by the events they actually experience.
Human are likely to think about the relationship between their behavior and its
consequences and are often more affected by what they believe will happen than by the
events they actually experience.
Example: Consider your plight as a student. Your education is costly and time consuming
and may impose many demands that you may find less satisfying. Yet, you tolerate that
costs and unpleasantries because you can probably have anticipated greater rewards once
you obtain your degree.
2. Evoked by external stimuli or internal need
 Human action or reaction are the result of internal and external forces, which are
not under voluntary control.
 Underlying reasons for behavior are the AVOIDANCE OF PAIN AND
QUEST FOR PLEASURE.
3. Automatic, voluntarily, conscious, motor or intentional.
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  The active exchange of signals of the nervous system that corresponds to the People intermingle by three psychological position or behavioral patterns called
feeling, thoughts and actions of a person. Example. How important the nervous
EGO STATES.
system is in your behavior is meeting an acquaintance, relative or a friend or
stranger. First, the visual information of your eyes is sent to your brain by 1. Parent Ego State – Characterized by
nervous cells. There the information is interpreted and translated into a signal to protective, idealistic, evaluative, and righteous.
take action. Finally, the brain sends a command to your voice or to another Always refer to rules, law and standards.
action system like muscles or glands. For example, you may start walking towards
him. 2. Adult Ego State – Centers upon reason,
factual, flexible and reasonable being
Attributes of human behavior
3. Child Ego State – Described as dependent,
1. Duration – The aspect of human behavior in terms of function of time, how long or rebellious, selfish, demanding, impatient and
brief is the interval emotional
2. Extensity –It is based on spatial characteristic (pattern). Traits of human behavior which The Id, the Ego and the Superego the theory propagated by Freud which basically
centers on size, distance, location. make up man’s constitution including man’s conscience making him distinct from the rest
of the animal kingdom. The spirit of a newborn child just has an id, the instinctive
3. Intensity – Features of human behavior which focuses in terms of magnitude, mild,
incentives and reflexes that the human beings have developed during the last centuries.
strong (disintegrative)
The only function of the id is to respond to the incentives. The ego develops itself from
4. Quantity – Aspect of human behavior based on normal and abnormal traits the id and from the discovery that the behavior of the id can have tedious results. The
superego, a result of a person’s socialization, is basically just the conscience, which
Causes of Human Behavior
mediates between needs of the id and the ego. When you are getting older, you start to
1. Sensation – is the feeling or impression created by a given stimulus or cause that leads develop more and more values.
to a particular reaction or behavior.
How People Transacts?
Human Senses:
People makes transactions to other person
a. Visual – sight based into two classifications.
b. Olfactory – smell
1. Complimentary – Human transaction takes place when
c. Cutaneous – touch
the responses of one ego state to another is parallel
d. Auditory – hearing
e. Gustatory – taste
2. Perception – refers to the person’s knowledge of a given stimulus which largely help to
2. Non – Complimentary –
determine the actual behavioral response in a given situation
Responses of one ego state to
3. Awareness – refers to the psychological activity based on interpretation of past another is not parallel (ego
experiences with a given stimulus or object states does not match with
each other)
How People Interact?

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Transactional Analysis-the study of social interactions of people. Tis objective is to
provide better understanding of how people relate to each other so that they may
develop improve communication and human relationship.
How do we learn social roles?
As we mature and develop in our lives, we also acquire social attitudes which
strongly influence our behavior. The process through which we learn social roles is called
socialization. Individual do not automatically recognize, but gradually accept cultural
attitudes and roles. The individual is often unconscious of his acceptance of these socially
derived roles, roles are often accepted unconsciously. This is usually accomplished
through the imitation of role models.
LESSON 2
The Behavior Adjustment Concept
In order for a person to be able to comprehend others and for us to be able to
conquer the challenges of life, we must learn how to make adjustments from our
behavior. Even how professional or educated you are nor expert or highly skillful on
certain thing, if you cannot adjust with the circumstances in life, it will be hard for you to
gain. Because whatever goals and dreams do we have, there will always be barriers of
difficulties that we need to fight. So that we can effectively maneuver in life, let us be
guided with the basic concept and process of behavior adjustment.
Critical Example of Adjustment concept:
Patrolman Cardo Dalisay passed passed the NAPOLCOM examination and
entered into the police service but his college degree was accounting. However, he was
been assigned at the PNP Crime Lab as Technician considering that he has a little or no
knowledge at all.
If you are the officer, here are the basic adjustment process of which the police officer
would possibly undertake.
1. Direct Attack
 Study the equipment’s used in the crime laboratory
 Take forensic classes for his theoretical advancement
 Improve public relation especially with fellow police officers and study how they
perform their job
 Take into practice the basic concept and process in the crime laboratory
2. Substitute Acts of Possible Positive Value
 Seek transfer to another police division such as traffic management
 Seek employment elsewhere such as teaching mathematics subject or
take the accountancy exam
3. Substitute Acts of Negative Value
 Criticize the job, the boss and fellow workers as a whole
 Feign illness
 Feel inferior in the job and avoid thoughts of the work as much as
possible
4. Advance stage of Negative Value
o Immerse in some mystical cult – pseudo science
o Isolate himself and make no attempts of change
o Long for death and release from life problem
Defense Reaction to Frustration
As the individual progresses through life, we develop a broad repertoire of
psychological defensive reactions in order to adjust with the ego involving frustrations.
This reaction is helpful and essentially normal if not used to an extreme degree.
Take note: Defense mechanism is helpful and normal, however the adjustment process
will be wrong if it will be used in an extreme degree. If you become overly dependent
upon your defense mechanism, it will only result to frustrations.
Three fundamental adjustive behaviors
1. Withdrawal Reaction- form of physical flight
a. Fantasy-resort to day dream as a temporary escape form the frustration
of reality.
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 b. Nomadism- on the move, a migrant, traveler or journey man who Behavior Modification
transfers from place to place.
Topic Overview
c. Regression-indicates a return to an earlier work.
d. Depression-a reaction which excludes from conscious awareness
An individual after having applied adjustment from its behavior needs to be
undesirable thought, feeling or memory causing pain.
followed up by a psychological method of treating maladjustment in order to change
e. Reaction Formation-prohibit from conscious awareness especially
observable pattern of behavior. In this topic, here are some of the basic modification
unacceptable desires of impulses (the thought of it is guilt provoking)
process in treating wrongful adjustment of a person.
may develop conscious attitude or overt behavior that contradict his
original wish. Historical Development of behavior modification
2. Aggressive Reaction
a. Displacement- the process of directing anger to someone or some thing The foundation of behavior modification was laid at the beginning of the 20 th
other than he is angry at. century in the experimental laboratory of the Russian psychologist Ivan P. Pavlov. A dog
i. Free-Floating Anger- a chronic reaction pattern of resentment. was been trained of which the behavior of the dog changes gradually.
Regards even neutral situation as having hostile implication.
The temper may have come from parents and may be
expressed practically to everyone. Severe and prolonged may
cause blind rage and go berserk, may kill whoever is near.
ii. Scapegoating-an aggressive reaction where one tries to blame
or hold responsible other to hide and conceal and explain his
failures.
iii. Suicide-a person who is unable to express anger openly and
turns to himself for self-destruction.
3. Compromise Reaction The theory of Ivan P. Pavlov was extended to humans by John B. Watson and
a. Isolation-a concession where a person to avoid conflict seals off Rosalie Rayner where they conducted an experimental study to an 11-month old baby.
attitudes in the mental compartment allowing it to function in isolation They try to condition the behavior of the baby to become fearful of a rat. This is a process
form conflicting ones. of pairing.
b. Sublimation- a conciliation undertaken by seeking a new goal that is
socially acceptable. Then, psychologist Mary cover Jones designed a method on how to reduce the
c. Overcompensation-a compensatory activity which ceases to be value, established fear of children. She found two methods.
for it gets out of control. 1. Associating a feared object with a different stimulus capable of arousing a
d. Compensation-the desire of the individual to counterbalance inferiority positive reaction
to that of something he can succeed.
e. Substitution – a compromise reaction where on directs or shifts 2. Placing the child who feared a certain object with other children who did not
behavior to something unacceptable by a society.

Lesson 3

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Two Components of Behavior modification
1. Behavior Modification Technique
Systematic Desensitization – most widely used technique in treating disturbance
having identifiable sources such as paralyzing fear.
What is the process?
An individual will be trained to be relax in the presence of the fear producing
stimuli. The fear or anxiety reaction of a person will be replaced gradually with a new
relaxation response and this is called Reciprocal inhibition.
Aversion Therapy – This is used to break the bad habits of a person.
What is the process?
An aversive stimulus is given together with the bad habit. Repeated pairing and
giving aversive stimulus such as explaining the negative consequences of its bad habits
will result in behavioral change from positive attraction to repulsion.
Biofeedback – Used in treating disturbed behavior that has a physical basis.
What is the process?
Using a mechanical device, therapist will monitor the blood pressure and
heartbeat rate by the individual. When there is desirable decrease, therapist will give
rewards. Such as a decrease in blood pressure.
2. Applied Behavior Analysis – Used to treat retarded or disturbed children in a school or
residential setting including adults in a psychiatric hospital or rehabilitation center.
What is the process?
1. Decide what the individual can do to ameliorate the problems
2. Devise a program that weakens the undesirable behavior and strengthen the desirable
substitute behavior
3. Carrying out the treatment program according to behavioral principles
4. Keeping careful and objective records
5. Altering the program if progress can thereby by improved.
Lesson 4
Personality Development
Personality – Refers to an enduring pattern of thought, feeling and behavior. Personality
usually refers to that which is unique about a person, the characteristics that make a
person distinct from others. Thought, emotion, and behavior as such do not constitute a
personality, which is rather, the dispositions that underlie these elements. Personality
implies certainty about how a person will act or react under different circumstances.
 Refers to what is unique about a person
 The characteristics that makes a person distinct from others
Psychoanalytic theory of Sigmund Freud is one of the most influential theoretical
explanation on personality. Freud argued that unconscious possess direct a great part of a
person’s behavior. Although a person is unaware of these impulses and drives, they strive
to assert themselves. Another significant theory of personality is derived from
behaviorism which place primary emphasis on learning.
Personality Formation-theories of personality are attempts to explain how people behave
in satisfying their physical and psychological needs. An inability to satisfy such needs
results to personal conflict. Personality formation is believed as the process by which
children learn how to avoid conflict when possible and how to cope with conflict when it
inevitably occurs. Excessive restrictive or overly permissive parents limit their children’s
options in avoiding and coping with conflict. A normal response to vast conflict is to revert
to a defense mechanism such as rationalization the denial that one ever wanted a specific
objective.
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Factors affecting the Personality formation Abnormal Behavior - Abnormality (or dysfunctional behavior) is
a behavioral characteristic assigned to those with conditions regarded as rare or
1. Intelligence and Learning
dysfunctional. Behavior is considered abnormal when it is atypical or out of the ordinary,
Personality will also depend on the intellectual capacity of a person such a having consists of undesirable behavior, and results in impairment in the individual's functioning
the difference between an educated and uneducated one.
Criteria of Abnormal Behavior
2. Family Relationships
1. Deviation from statistical norms- the word abnormal means ‘away from the
The values, attitudes and behavior of parents towards their children clearly norm’. many population facts are measured such as height, weight and
influence patterns of personality development. intelligence. Most of the people fall within the middle range of intelligence, but a
few are abnormally stupid. a person who is extremely intelligent would be
Two types of Parental behavior towards children classified as abnormal.
1. Warm, restrictive parents- is connected with dependent, polite, and 2. Deviation from social norms -every culture has certain standards for acceptable
obedient children. behavior, behavior that deviates from that standard is considered to be
2. Parental hostility and overly Permissive (Lenient)-are linked with highly abnormal behavior. But those standards can change with time and vary from one
aggressive, noncompliant children. society to another.
3. Social Relationship 3. Maladaptiveness of behavior-this third criterion is how the behavior affects the
well-being of the individual and or social group. Example a man who attempts
This is the time where children acquire different personality when they
suicide. An alcoholic who drinks so heavily that he or she cannot keep a job or a
engage into mutual interest with another person. This is based on how children
paranoid individual who tries to assassinate national leaders.
will share interests and values to others such making friends and collaborating
with organization and peer groups. 4. Personal Distress- considers abnormality in terms of the individuals subjective
feeling, personal distress, rather than his behavior. Most of people diagnosed as
4. Socialization
mentally ill feel miserable, anxious, depressed and may suffer from insomnia.
The method by which children learn acceptable and unacceptable behavior from
Criteria to Identify Abnormal Behavior
the society. Starting from the neighborhood influences, social media and everything that
the society brings to influence the behavior of an individual. Children are expected to • Unusualness • Social deviance
learn, that extreme physical aggression, stealing and cheating are unacceptable, and that
cooperation, honesty and sharing are acceptable. • Emotional distress • Maladaptive behavior

LESSON 5 • Dangerousness • Faulty perceptions or interpretations of reality

Abnormal Behavior and Criminal Psychology – Hallucinations

– Delusions

Criminal Psychology – The study which deals on known criminal behavior. It is a must for Psychological Models of Abnormal Behavior
police officers as knowledge to assess the difference in abnormal behavior can enable
them to make important judgement regarding the seriousness of criminal behavior.
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• Psychodynamic model (Freud)- emphasizes unconscious psychological processes (for
example, wishes and fears of which we're not fully aware), and contends that childhood
experiences are crucial in shaping adult personality. Unconscious conflicts
• Behaviorist model (Pavlov)- studies observable and measurable behavioral changes,
which result from stimulus-response associations made by the learner. Role of learning.
• Humanistic model (Rogers, Maslow)- This means that each person, in different ways,
seeks to grow psychologically and continuously enhance themselves. Conscious choices
and self-actualization.
• Cognitive theories (Ellis, Beck)- The cognitive approach believes that mental illness stems
from faulty cognitions about others, our world and us. These cognitions cause distortions
in the way we see things;
– Distorted thinking and maladaptive behavior
General Classification of Mental illness
1. Functional -Without Physical Cause. The term 'functional' mental illness applies
to mental disorders other than dementia, and includes severe mental illness such
as schizophrenia and bipolar mood disorder. Symptoms of these disorders
frequently persist into old age or, less frequently, begin in old age.
2. Organic- Having Physical Cause. An organic mental disorder is a previously used
term to describe a dysfunction of the brain that was meant to exclude psychiatric
disorders. It is currently known under the category of neurocognitive disorders. It
describes reduced brain function due to illnesses that are not psychiatric in
nature.
3. Psychophysiological – both physical and non-physical
Mental illness
1. Neuroses-anxiety which is centered on worry and apprehension, depression which
manifests melancholy and despair, or phobia.
2. Psychoses- there is a significant distortion on reality, delusion (false belief),
hallucination (false sensory perception), repression (not aware).
3. Psycho-physiological Disorders (psychosomatic)- it is manifested by illness, physical
illness associated with emotional and mental factors.
Classification of personality disorders
1. Hysterical-personality Disorder-Person who are easily excitable, emotional
instability dramatically attention getting, self-centered, immature, with tendency
to sexualize all contacts with men.
2. Passive-Aggressive Personality disorder-which is comprised of or a combination
of any of the foregoing
a. Passive dependent
b. Passive aggressive
c. Aggressive
d. Causes overindulgence
3. Paranoid personality disorder-it is shown by a person who is hypersensitive,
unwarranted suspicion, jealousy, envy, and feelings or excessive importance.
4. Compulsive personality disorder-in this condition it has been observed that
there is excessive concern with conformity, inability to relax and tolerate
ambiguity, rigid, may be intelligent but his character explains his undoing.
Depressive neurosis
Hopelessness is the predominant symptoms-sad, blue, miserable, general loss of
interest in environment, including his home, his family work or schooling, tendency to be
more critical without apparent reason or justification, “loss of appetite and marked
changed in weight.
1. Obsessive Compulsive- Marked by actions which are repeated for unexplained
reasons in a patterned form of behavior compulsion. It develops a progress to
the point both quantitatively where they are significantly interfering with all
functions.
2. Phobic Neurosis- limited to a specific situation morbid fear of a particular object.
• Phobias-are unwarranted fear in specific situation when there is not real
danger or fears that are totally out of proportions. Most of the time the person
with a phobia recognizes that his fear is irrational and illogical but he still feels
anxiety.
3. Conversation Neurosis (Hysterical)- converted into physical symptoms associated
with all parts of the body, symbolic of the underlying conflict, motor
disturbances, impaired movement or paralysis with examination revealing with
no organic basis for symptoms.
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 4. Dis-associative Neurosis- it includes hysterical amnesia, the sleep walking trance,
multiple personality with the victim dis-associative with the environment as a
whole, and losing track entirely of the passage of time.
Psychoses: Common Characteristics: Significant loss of contact with reality. There is a
significant disturbance in thinking, thought content perception, mood and effect,
judgement and regression.
Schizophrenia
About one of one hundred people, Psychotic disorder with a symptom of
hallucinations which hearing one’s thoughts spoken aloud or hearing imaginary voices
giving commands, delusions, thought disorder and loose associations. The term is used to
denote a group of mental disorders marked by a number of symptoms. Factually, the term
means “split mind” but, dissimilar to a common misconception, it does not imply a split
personality. It is the most severe major mental infirmity. A schizophrenic people has an
odd speech and behavior.
Types of Schizophrenia
1. Simple- gradual deterioration of drive ambition and the ability to function
reflected in the absence of social relationships, inability of functioning above
marginal level in social (no delusion/hallucination) but with emotional
disturbances and depression.
2. Paranoid Schizophrenia- there is delusion of persecution or grandeur,
hallucination usually auditory sometime is present.
3. Hebeborenic- severe disintegration of personality, inappropriate giggling and
smiling, sometime facial gracing and use of bizarre language which does not
make sense.
4. Manic Depressive Reaction- there is a manifest flight of ideas, unusual elation,
hyperactivity or increase sociability
Deviant Sexual Behavior - a sexual disorder characterized by recurrent
intense sexual urges, sexually arousing fantasies, or behavior involving use of a
nonhuman object, the suffering or humiliation of oneself or one's partner, or
children or other nonconsenting partners.
Different Deviant Sexual Behavior
1. Masochism- sexual gratification by enduring pain inflicted upon himself. Cause:
parental strictness or guilt feelings to relieve stress.
2. Exhibitionism- sexual fulfillment by exposure of private organs or entire body.
3. Voyeurism- sexual indulgence seeing nude woman/man in some form of sexual
act (peeping tom).
4. Sadism- sexual pleasure by inflicting pain upon the victim.
5. Transvetism- sexual gratification/excitement by wearing clothes and acting the
role of opposite sex. Transvestite- completely assumed the role and identity of
the opposite sex.
6. Fetishism- substitution with an animate object of human love object (ex. Panty)
7. Lesbianism- sexual intercourse between women, causes, stresses
environmental/accidental.
8. Homosexuality- sexual stimulation and gratification with same gender.
9. Incest- sexual intercourse between closely related reasons and whose marriage is
prohibited by law, where guilt/anxiety may lend to profound regression and
mental illness.
10. Pedophilia- child molester by intercourse/sodomy
11. Bestiality- sexual gratification with a living animal
12. Necrophilia- sexual intercourse with a dead body.
Victomology
“Scientific study of the extent nature and causes of criminal victimization its
consequences for the persons involved and the reactions there to by society in
particular the police and the criminal justice system as well as voluntary workers and
professional helpers.
Victimology is the study of a victims’ characteristics, their relationship with the
offender and the criminal justice system, and the effects that illegal acts have on
them. Ordinarily, the study of victimology is classified as a branch of criminology.
However, there is a necessary distinction between the two fields of study. Rather
than studying victims, criminology focuses on the study of crime, criminals, and
criminal behavior. This distinction is critical because criminologists tend to push the
victims to the wayside even though they are equally crucial to the event of a crime.
This is where the different types of victimology come into play, studying the victim’s
role in the commission of a crime.
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Goals of victimology
The purpose of the study of victimology is to enhance our understanding regarding
victims and impact of crime on them. The aims of victimology relate to the meaning
and issues of victimology. Therefore, the study of victimization is the study of crime
giving importance to the role and responsibility of the victim and his offender.
 To analyse the magnitude of the victims problems;
 To explain causes of victimization; and
 To develop a system of measures to reduce victimization.
Victims- individuals who suffer injuries, including physical, emotional, mental
suffering or economic loss, or substantial impairment of their fundamental rights
through act or omissions the are in violation of criminal laws including those
prescribing abuses of power
Crime victims- use to include a person groups or people or entities who have suffered
injury or loss due to illegal activity the harm can be physical, psychological or
economic.
Victimization-the process of being victimized or become a victim the field that studies
the process rates, incidence effects and prevalence of victimization is called
victimology.
Three stages of victimization:
1. Impact – Initial Reaction
Signs and symptoms of stress to traumatic events such as shock, numbness,
helplessness, vulnerability, disorientation, perspiration, physical agitation,
disbelief, anger, fear, frustration, confusion, guilt, grief, etc.
2. Recoil
Cognitive attempts to deal with the event
Denial – trying to go on as though nothing has happened
Blaming others
Self blame – “I must have deserved this”
Obsessive – repeated return to the event and its ramifications
Compensatory fantasies and planning – phobic reactions
3. Reorganization
Return to a state of equilibrium
Victim calls upon supports for help
Focus on life-enhancing rather than simply existing
Obsessive fears and reactions are modulated
Victim is better able to cope with occasional flashbacks
Victim moves toward making life better rather than simply living day-to-day
Victims maybe categorize on their involvement
Direct/Primary Victims- Experience criminal act and its consequences firsthand.
Indirect/Secondary Victims- family and loved ones those who might be burdened but
are not immediately involved. Can also include care-givers and first res ponders.
General Victimology- this was first explicitly described by Mendelssohn in 1956 as he
advocated a general study of what he now called victimity with a view to reducing it
by prevention and victim assistance
Theories of Victimization
 Victim Precipitation Theory
 Victim Lifestyle Theory
 Deviant Place Theory
Victim Precipitation Theory is a criminology theory that analyzes how
a victim's interaction with an offender may contribute to the crime being
committed. ... Under this theory, the victim is viewed as an active participate in the
crime, he is the one who acts first and encourages or provokes the offender to commit
the crime.
Three characteristic of victim Precipitation
1. Victim contribution- victim contribution refers to a person actions or lack of
action that makes their victimization more likely.
2. Victim proneness- this implies that some individuals or groups have a
quality that makes them more likely to become victims of a crimes. Some
victims are easy targets. For example illegal immigrants may be targeted
because they cannot report victimization to the police for fear of being
deported.
3. Victim provocation- victim is the primary cause of his or her victimization.
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Victim Lifestyle theory suggests that certain people may become the victims of
crimes because of their lifestyles and choices. For example, someone with a gambling
or substance addiction could be as an “easy victim” by a con artist.
Victim deviant place theory states that an individual is more likely to become the
victim of a crime when exposed to dangerous areas. In other words, a mugger is more
likely to target a person walking alone after dark in a bad neighborhood.
The development of modern victimology paved the way for the various types
that exist today. Before we dive into explaining the different kinds of victimology, we
must first understand the field as a whole, including its origins.
The study of victimology originated in the 1940s and 1950s, with Hans von Hentig and
Benjamin Mendelsohn’s work. Von Hentig and Mendelsohn were both criminologists
who sought to understand victim-offender relationships. Their studies uncovered the
possibility that victims may play a role in their victimization, meaning that they share
responsibility for the loss or injury that impacted them. Early victimologists believed
that they could identify a victim’s costly mistakes by investigating their actions. If
criminal justice experts understood the victim’s role in a crime, they could develop
risk-reduction strategies.
In victimology’s early stages, victimologists’ work was minimal, and the
development of criminology clouded the work that they produced. Due to these
factors, the criminal justice system gave the field little to no credit, and the work of
the scholars who studied victims was insufficiently acknowledged. It wasn’t until the
1970’s that victimology became formally recognized as a branch of criminology.
Pioneers of Victimology
 Hans Von Hentig
 Benjamin Mendelsohn
 Marvin Wolfgang
 Stephen Schafer
Hans Von Hentig-His notion that victims contributed to their victimization through
their actions and behaviors led to the development of the concept of “victim-
blaming” and is seen by many victim advocates as an attempt to assign equal
culpability to the victim.
Benjamin Mendelsohn considered as father of victimology, first used it in 1947 to
describe the scientific study of crime victims.he created the classification of victims
based on their culpability or the degree of the victim’s blame.
Marvin Wolfgang (1957)The first person to empirically investigate victim
precipitation, in his classic study of homicides occurring in Philadelphia from 1948 to
1952. He examined some 558 homicides to see to what extent victims precipitated
their own deaths.
Stephen Schafer- (1968) wrote The Victim and His Criminal: A Study in Functional
Responsibility. He also proposed a victim typology. Using both social characteristics
and behaviors, his typology places victims in groups based on how responsible they
are for their own victimization. He identified sever categories and labeled their levels
of responsibility as follows: unrelated victims-no responsibility, provocative victims-
share responsibility, precipitative victims-some degree of responsibility, biological
weak victim-no responsibility.
Different types of Victimology
1) Penal Victimology
Penal victimology, also called the interactionist approach, is consistent with von
Hentig and Mendelsohn’s work. It views victims strictly from a legal lens, and
victimization is defined by criminal law. The role of a victim in the criminal justice
system and how the victim and offender interact in a crime commission.
The interactionist approach examines the “penal couple” involved in the event of
a crime. Interactionists define the penal couple as the two actors involved in a crime;
the offender and the victim. They believe that there need to be two parties, who are
both essential for a crime to occur.
Penal victimology begs the question, how does the victim share responsibility for
the crime? Interactionists would answer that the victim provides an opportunity for a
crime to be committed. They theorize that victims should share functional
responsibility for a crime because they gave the offender a chance to commit a crime.
For example, let’s say someone left their front door unlocked overnight during which,
someone burglarized their home. In this scenario, interventionists would state that if
the victim didn’t leave their front door opened, the burglar would not have had as
much chance to break into the home. Therefore, the victim should bear some
responsibility for the crime.
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 Many modern victimologists disagree with this perspective and reject it for
victim-blaming. Specifically, they think it’s immoral to say victims in sexual assault
cases played a role in the assault, making this approach to victimology highly
controversial. However, penal victimology can always be considered the starting point
of the field as other scholars developed improved methods over time.
2) General Victimology
Many victimologists believe that penal victimology’s definition of a victim is far
too narrow. They think that victimization is not limited to criminal events. General
victimology or victimity takes a broader approach to the study of victims, going
outside the criminal justice system’s realm.
The study of victimity is the study of all victims. Scholars who subscribe to this
approach believe that the term victim shouldn’t be restricted to crime victims
because criminals are not the only entities that can target individuals. General
victimology studies five victimization categories: criminal, self, social-environmental,
technological, and natural disaster. These categories open up the victimology studies
to victims beyond the criminal justice system, types of victims in which, without
inclusion, research would be minimal.
Victimity seeks to understand the general victim, an individual who is physically,
emotionally, or financially injured by an individual, event, organization, or natural
occurrence. Through the study and understanding of the general victim,
victimologists can develop treatment, prevention, and alleviation methods for the
aftermath of a crime, without regard to the cause.
3) Theoretical Victimology
Theoretical victimology is an extension of penal victimology. It attempts to
explain the victim’s influence on a crime through analysis, data collection, and
developing theories. Theoretical victimologists believe that a victim’s behavior and
the role they play in a crime is dynamic; therefore, outdated ideas that have existed
in the field for decades cannot explain.
Experts created several theoretical models through this approach. The models
attempt to explain the variation in risk, parallels of victim behaviors, and the cause of
repeat victimization. The developed theoretical models concentrate on victims’
various demographics and the interactions and relationships between a victim and an
offender.
The theoretical models of victimization typically fall into one of two general
categories. The opportunity models focus on the opportunities for crimes instead of
criminal motivation when explaining why individuals are victimized. Then, the
interaction models look at the victim-offender relationship and interaction when
attempting to explain the causation of criminal events.
4) Critical Victimology
Critical victimology is the newest type of victimology. This approach attempts to
understand the large-scale social environment in which a crime occurs instead of the
other kinds of victimology that primarily focus on the victim-offender relationship.
Critical victimologists study how some groups such as women, the lower-class, and
racial minorities are structurally at a higher risk of victimization.
Victimologists who follow this approach believe that society is structured to put
certain groups at higher risk rather than the victim influencing criminal behavior. A
homeless man, for example, has a greater chance of being victimized than the general
population. While it can be stated that the homeless man is “putting himself at risk”
by sleeping on the street, it’s not logical to only take his actions into account. Critical
victimologists take the “big picture” into account when analyzing why an individual is
more likely to be victimized. They look at the structural factors that contributed to
the individual being in that situation and how they cause certain groups to have a
higher chance of being a victim.
Critical victimology attempts to step away from the “victim-blaming” tendencies
of the other approaches by explaining how social forces contribute to an individual’s
probability of being victimized. By moving away from theories that state victims share
responsibility for a crime, this approach recognizes the need for victim’s rights within
the criminal justice system if our society wants to see an improvement in
victimization rates.
Studying Victimization Scientifically
Subject approach
Issues are approached from standpoint of morality, ethics, philosophy,
personalized reactions, and intense emotions.
Objective approach
Requires observer to be fair, open-minded, evenhanded, dispassionate, neutral
and unbiased.
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Why should victimologists not be pro-victim?
Ideal type: person who suffered harm was weaker in comparison to the apparent
aggressor, acting virtuously or not looking for trouble or breaking any laws, and TOPIC2: Types of Victimization
wrongdoer was a complete stranger acting illegally and was unprovoked.

Victims or Offenders? Objective:

Who is the victim and who is the offender?
The dynamics between victims and offenders need to be sorted out an even- • To know how to prevent victimization.
handed and open-minded manner.
Nature of Victimization
Criminals a Victims
Victims not always “innocent” Victim Characteristics
Example: Victim of repeated domestic abuse found guilty of aggravated assault
 Gender
after firing warning shots. Or a battered woman who killed her husband.
The designations “victim” and “offender” are not always at opposite poles but  Males are more likely to be victims of violent crime that females,
sometimes can be pictured as overlapping. except for rape and sexual assault.

 Females are more likely to be victimized by someone they know,

Learning Tasks 1 whereas males are more likely to be victimized by strangers.
1. Why Criminology students have to study Victimology?
 Age
2. Why victimologist should not be a pro-victim?
3. Among the forerunner of Victimology who among the  Young people are more at risk of victimization than older people
victimologists for you has a great contribution?
 People over 65 only account for 1 percent of violent victimizations
(most being frauds and scams)

Learning Taks 2 Types of Victimization

1. “the designations “victim” and “offender” are not
Sexual Misconduct is an umbrella term that includes any non-consensual sexual
always at apposite poles but sometimes can be
activity that is committed by force or fear or mental or physical incapacitation,
pictured as overlapping” discuss and explain this statement.
including through the use of alcohol or drugs. Sexual misconduct can vary in its
2. what is your stand on the statement “ victim is not always
severity and consists of a range of behavior, including rape, statutory rape (sexual
innocent” explain.
contact with a person under 18 years old), sexual touching, sexual exploitation, sexual

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harassment, and conduct suggestive of attempting to commit any of the
aforementioned acts.
Engaging in any sexual activity, clear consent must be given.
Rape — Rape is the sexual penetration (however slight) of the victim’s vagina, mouth,
or rectum without consent. Rape involves penetration with (a) the use of force/fear
or the threat of force/fear; or (b) with a person who is otherwise incapable of giving
consent, including situations where the individual is under the influence of alcohol or
drugs and this condition was or should have reasonably been known to the accused.
Sexual Touching — Sexual touching, also known as sexual battery, is the act of
making unwanted and sexually offensive contact (clothed or unclothed) with an
intimate body part of another person or action, which causes immediate
apprehension that sexual touch will occur. Intimate body parts include sexual organs,
the anus, the groin, breasts or buttocks of any person. Sexual touching includes
situations in which the accused engages in the contacts described with a person who
is incapable of giving consent.
Sexual Exploitation — Sexual exploitation is the taking advantage of a non-
consenting person or situation for personal benefit or gratification or for the benefit
of anyone other than the alleged victim; and the behavior does not constitute rape,
sexual touching or sexual harassment. Sexual exploitation includes, but is not limited
to:
Sexual Harassment — Sexual Harassment is any unwelcome sexual conduct or
behavior that creates an intimidating, hostile or offensive working or educational
environment. A comprehensive list of prohibited behaviors can be found in the Tiger
Lore.
Stalking — Stalking is prohibited. It is willful, malicious and repeated following of a
person or harassing behaviors against another person, putting the person in
reasonable fear for his or her personal safety, or the safety of his or her family. This
includes use of notes, mail, gifts, communication technology (e.g. voicemail, text
messages, internet and social networking sites - using any electronic or
telecommunication is also known as cyber-stalking) to harass or convey a threat. This
offense may also be treated as a type of sexual misconduct in certain situations.
Physical Assault/Battery — Physical assault or battery is prohibited. It is to touch or
strike a person against his or her will or to threaten violence against that person.
Dating/Relationship/Domestic Violence — Dating/Relationship/Domestic Violence is
prohibited. This type of violence may be emotional, verbal, physical and/or sexual
abuse by an intimate partner, family members or parties in a dating relationship.
Theft — Theft is the unlawful and unauthorized removal of any personal property for
ones own use.
Threat of Harm — Conveyances of threats, which result in, or may result in, harm to
any person by willful and deliberate means is prohibited.
Benjamin Mendelsohn typology consists of the following six categories:
1. completely innocent victim (typically children or those who
are attacked while unconscious);
2. Victim with minor guilt (often victimized because of ignorance);
3. voluntary victim, whose guilt is equal to that of the offender
suicide pact, for example);
4. victim more guilty than offender -- one who provokes or induces another
to commit crime; A woman flirts with her date in a bar all evening when he
takes her home, he forces her to have sexual relations with him.
5. victim who alone is guilty -- attacker who is killed in self-defense;
6. the imaginary victim -- who has suffered nothing at all but who accuses
another falsely.
Crime prevention to victimization prevention
Crime prevention strategies require the collective efforts of an entire society, using
the instrument of government, to achieve ambitious goals like the reduction of
poverty, homelessness, and unemployment; the strengthening of key institutions
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such as families, schools, and neighborhoods; and adequately funding effective to his , girlfriend, live-in partner or wife, regardless their a case filed
treatment and rehabilitation programs. or none)
2. Prepare a consent letter and explain it to your subject regarding the
Victimization prevention strategies are not intended to tackle the social roots of purpose of your study
crime or to solve social problems like urban decay and drug abuse. Victimization 3. Use voice recorder in documenting the interview
prevention strategies are undertaken by formal organizations (such as colleges or 4. Transcribe the recorded interview in verbatim.
airports), small groups (like gated communities or tenant patrols), and fearful 5. Conduct an interview with your subject following these interview
individuals. Victimization prevention involves risk assessments, security audits to guide format:
locate points of vulnerability, target hardening to make the criminal’s tasks more Personal Circumstances
difficult, and other tactics to reduce a target’s attractiveness to attackers. 1. How old are you?
2. What degree have you finished?
3. What is your work?
4. Marital Status
Learning Tasks 3
Main Question;
1. On Dacera case, you as a member of Netizens what is your first
impression and opinion on the; 1. What are experiences of the informants in different stages of life
to predispose violence?
a) Case; 2. What are the different circumstances that the informants can’t
b) Dacera and prevent himself to be violent?
3. What are the antecedents that prodded the informants to
c) Friends. commit violence?
4. What are the experiences of the informants during the act of
2. What theories of victimology can be applied on Dacera’s case?
doing violence?
3. Based on typology of Mendelsohn what type of victim is Dacera? 5. What are the feelings of the informant after doing the act of
violence?

Note: You can add some follow up questions to gather more relevant
Final – Term Activity information. Follow the protocol. Always wear face mask and face
Human Behavior and Victimology Assessment shield and maintain social distancing during the conduct of
interview.
Conduct a case study to determine the different factors of victimization.
5. Prepare a Case study following this format:

Instruction: Title: (Provide your own title based on provided statement

1. Identify a notable person within your barangay who have a previous of the problem)
case of domestic violence. (inflicting domestic violence at least twice I. Introduction (Explain what you will examine in the case study)

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 II. Background. (Provide background information and the most relevant facts of
your study based on the statements of your subject)
III. Case Evaluation (Your evaluation and analysis to the causes and factors that
influenced your subject in committing such violence)
IV. Proposed Solutions/Recommendation (Present a practical and realistic
solution or recommendation to solve the issue)
V. Conclusion. (Discuss your conclusion and results of your analysis based on the
case)
Note: Submit the following;
 The case studies
 Consent form with signature (without name just a signature) of the respondent
 Audio recorded interview
 Transcription of interview
(no need to take picture of the respondent)

References

1. Ricardo M. Guevara, Human Behavior and Crisis Management. Second Edition

2. Marcelino M. Cutamora, Human Behavior and Crisis Management: The Core. (Theories,
Practice, Management and Applicable Laws)

---We are given with Primitive Instinct and Power which we can Barely Control, so we
must be able to effectively and wisely Control these Instinct and Power ----

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