CRIMINOLOGY 5 a.
Duration – how long in terms of function of time
Human Behavior
Definition
Anything an organism does that involves self-
initiated action and/or reaction to given stimulus. It is
composed of adoptive adjustment people make as they
cope with one another, with problems, with opportunities,
and with working together-aspects, ina given situation.
It is the sum total of man’s reaction to his
environment
A. Two Basic Types of Behavior
a. Inherited behavior
These are inborn behavior, any behavior reactions
or reflexes exhibited by people because of their
inherited capabilities or the process of natural
section e.g. the survival of species that are
dependent on behavior like breathing, digesting
food, mating and depending oneself.
b. Learned behavior
These are operant behavior which involves knowing
or taking into account, adaptations that enhance a
human being’s ability to cope with changes in the
environment in ways which improve the chances of
survival e.g. good command of English, logical
problem solving technique, job skills, and other
learned expertise that give people more control
over their lives. It is this behavior that sets human
being apart from other animals.
B. Classification of Human Behavior (HICS)
a. Habitual = refers to motorized behavior usually
manifested in language and emotion.
b. Instinctive = they are generally unlearned and
simply comes out, out of man’s instinct, which can
be seen among instinct-instinct survival behavior.
c. Symbolic = are behavior that are usually carried out
by means of unsaid words, and shown through
symbols or body signs.
d. Complex = are those behaviors that combines two
or more of the classified ones.
C. Causes of Human Behavior (SPA)
a. Sensation = is the feeling or impression created by
given stimulus or cause, that leads to a particular
reaction or behavior, in short, the effects e.g. Visual
(sight), Olfactory (hearing), gustatory (taste).
b. Perception = refers to the person’s knowledge of a
given stimulus which largely help to determine the
actual behavioral response in a given situation.
c. Awareness = refers to the psychological activity
based in interpretation or past experience with a
given stimulus or object.
D. Characteristics of Behavior
a. Primarily negative or primarily learned
b. Evoked by External stimuli or internal need
c. Automatic, voluntary, conscious or motorized
E. Attributes of behavior
b. Extensity – size, distance and location
c. Intensity – magnitude, whether mild, strong and
disintegrated
d. Quantity – whether normal, abnormal, misleading
or unacceptable
Abnormal Behavior
= “A.B.” is Latin initials which means “away from”,
Abnormal behavior then can be defines as a behavior which
is away from or deviating from the normal behavior. Normal
Behavior on the other hand, is one that is within the
concept of a person’s as his own behavior which he or she
sees normal, and that people who behave as they do, are
likewise normal and those that do not behave similarly are
abnormal. Abnormal behavior most of the time referred to
as “sick” behavior. It is associated to mental illness.
Behavior which are ineffective, self-defeating, self-
destructive and which separates the individuals from those
who are important to him, are regarded as abnormal.
Guidelines for judging abnormal behavior
1. Appropriateness (includes assessment of not only
the behavior itself but also the situation in which it
is happening).
2. Flexibility (Normal behavior tends to be flexible as a
sign of healthy behavior).
3. Impulsitivity (normal behavior is more likely to be a
result of a consideration of its consequences, with
being given careful thought before implementation)
Abnormal behavior, being uncontrolled or partially
controlled needs and drives, tend to be impulsive.
Causes of Human Behavior:
1. Sensation – feeing or impression of stimulus (Visual,
olfactory, cutaneous, auditory, gustatory)
2. Perception – knowledge of the stimulus
3. Awareness – refers to psychological activity based
on the interpretation and experience of the object
or stimulus
How people interact:
People interact by three psychological position or
behavioral patterns called ego states:
Parent-ego states – protective, idealistic,
evaluation, righteous, refers to law, rules and standard.
Adult-ego states – more upon reason, factual,
flexible, views other as co-equal, and reasonable.
Child-ego-states – dependent, rebellious, selfish,
demanding, impatient and emotional.
How people transact:
Complimentary – if stimulus and response pattern
from one ego state to another are parallel.
Non-complimentary – if stimulus and response
pattern from one ego state to another are hot
parallel.
1. The Biological background of Behavior
The HEE is the product of hereby environment, and
education (training). At birth, man is consider black except
for reflexes which are necessary for his survival. Some of
these reflexes are the following, sucking, swallowing, crying
and others.
Man’s eight (8) stages of growth:
1. Pre-natal stage – which is composed of:
a. Ovum period – first two weeks
b. Embryo period – second week to second month
c. Fetus period – second moth to birth
2. Infancy stage – first two weeks after birth
3. Babyhood – second week to two years old
4. Childhood – which is divided into: (early childhood,
2-6 yrs old and late childhood, 7 to eleven yrs)
5. Puberty – end of childhood and beginning of
adolescence
6. Adolescence – which is divided into: (early
adolescence, puberty to 17 yrs. And late
adolescence, 17 to 21 yrs)
a. Adulthood – 21 to forty yrs old.
b. Middle age – forty to sixty yrs. Old
c. Old age – sixty and above
Developmental Tasks
Every stage of life has its accompanying
development tasks. They are task imposed on the individual
by maturation and culture that prepare him for the next
stage of life.
THEORIES OF LEARNING
Connectionism Theory – by Thorndike states that
practice strengthens the association between stimuli an
response can be strengthens further by means or reward or
satisfaction but can be weakened by punishment or
dissatisfaction, through the use of the 3 law of effect. This
theory in learning assumed that if a thing is to be learned,
there should be frequent repetitions of stimulus and
response.
Classical or Respondent Conditioning – by Pavlov
which states that the association between a conditioned
stimulus and response is strengthened by repeated
presentation with the unconditional stimulus.
Instrumental or Operant Conditioning – wherein
the learning or stimulus response relationship is
strengthened by immediately making a follow-up of the
thing learned.
FACTOR AFFECTING LEARNING:
1. Motivation – arouse interest, provides an objective
and direct towards a goal, thus if facilitates learning.
2. Reinforcement – can be made through the use of
audio-visual aid, reviews, drills, and other means.
3. Extinction – means to let something die out or be
forgotten by disuse if it will not facilitate learning.
4. Association – meaning the more connection are
made with a subject, the better it will be learned
and retained.
5. Interest – in a lesson will facilitate learning and
serve as its own motivation aside from having the
one teaching making the topic interesting.
6. Rewards or punishments – should be immediate
for it to be effective and make learning easy.
7. Regency – means that learning should be made
recent in the minds of learners for them not forget
what they have learned.
MOTIVATION
Motivation – is defined as behavior instigated by
needs within the individual and directed towards a goal can
satisfy the needs. Motivation may also be regarded as
explanation for action which influences behavior in many
ways. All definitions of motivation have certain things in
common such as; it comes from within; it is directed
towards a goal; and it arouses interest in the activity.
Motivation is important because it controls and
directs behavior. Behavior must be controlled for the good
of the individual and society for human happiness, it is
necessary to control behavior. Motivation is also
important in all aspects of man’s life.
Classification of Motives:
1. Biological drives – includes physiological, basic and
primarily unlearned motives e.g. water, food and
other survival motives.
2. Psychological or social drives – they are secondary,
acquired, learned, and derived e.g. motives to be
rich popular, balanced and other acquisition of
achievements.
3. Unconscious motives – includes mostly general
drives such as curiosity, maternal instinct and just
being nice as a natural drive.
PERSONALITY
Personality is defined as a pattern of habits,
attitudes and trials that defines as individual’s
characteristics, behavior and qualities.
= A stable set of characteristics and tendencies that
determine the similarities and differences in the
psychological behavior such as thoughts, feeling, and
actions, of people. It can be introvert, extrovert or ambivert,
an introvert is one characterized by direction of interest
toward oneself and ones’ inner world of experience; the
extrovert characterized by interest directed towards the
external environment of people and things rather than
toward inner experiences and oneself; the ambivert is a
mixture of between an extrovert and introvert
Personality is defined as a pattern of habits,
attitudes and traits that defines an individual’s
characteristics, behaviors and qualities. Personality is more
than charm, poise, or physical appearance, this includes
the following;
a) Habits – reactions so often repeated that becomes
a person’s fixed characteristic or tendency.
b) Attitudes – may either be positive or negative,
favorable or unfavorable, learned or acquired.
c) Physical traits – this includes facial appearance,
height, weight, physical, defects, complexion,
strength and health.
 d) Mental traits – includes our ability to control the
mind
Mental abilities:
1. Problem solving ability
2. Memory and learning ability
3. Perceptual ability
4. Constructive imagination
5. Special; imagination
6. Soundness of judgment
7. General adaptability
e) Emotional traits – gives an individual the capacity
to face different situations in life and still maintain
composure
f) Social traits – the individual’s ability to get along
fine with others.
g) Moral and religious traits – the standards of a
person’s action and behaviors.
Social Learning theories
This theory advocate that personality traits are the
result of learning as one interacts with people. Personality is
mainly composed of habits and learned responses to stimuli
in the environment.
Masiov’s self-actualization theory
Maslov maintains that man is naturally good and
that self-actualization is his goal. And blocking this goal
makes man frustrated and neurotic. Aggressions and
destruction are not natural, but they are the result of an
environment that prevents the attainment of goals. This
theory makes human needs comes first, followed by safety
needs, then belongingness. Self-esteem and self-
actualization comes last.
Human needs – arises out of person’s biological and
psychological makeup. They are the following:
1. Biogenic needs – refers to the needs of the body
existing primarily for the maintenance of health and
protection of the body against physical injuries. E.g.
need for food, air, rest, sex and avoidance of pain.
2. Psychogenic or sociogenic needs – includes the
need for love, affection, security growth and
achievement, and recognition from others.
According to A.H. Maslow, who introduced the hierarchy of
needs which ascends from the basic biological needs
present at birth to the more complex psychological needs
which becomes important only after the more basic needs
have been satisfied.
Frustration occurs when a person is blocked in the
satisfaction of need. Man becomes anxious and restless and
tries to seek means of relieving these anxieties. So he tries
to engage in various forms of activities intended to satisfy hi
needs and reduces his tensions.
Reaction to Frustration
People differ in the way they react to frustration. An
individual’s way of reacting to frustration is known as
coping mechanism. Generally reacting to one or two ways;
by fighting the problem in a constructive way and direct
way by means of breaking down the obstacles that stop a
persons from reaching his goal; or by getting angry and
becoming aggressive; or by running away from the problem
or fight by sulking, retreating, becoming indifferent, and
giving up without a fight. These reactions to frustration are
called fight-flight reactions.
Frustration tolerance
Individuals also differ in their capacity to tolerate
unadjusted states or tolerance to frustration. Some people
are able to withstand prolonged periods of tension without
showing signs of abnormality. Other become neurotic or
psychotic, or convert their frustration into anti-social acts or
become alcoholics or drug addicts. Most people react to
frustration in the following ways;
1. Direct approach
2. Detour or change direction
3. Substitution
4. Withdrawal or retreat
5. developing feelings of inferiority
6. aggressions, and
7. use of defense mechanism
Defense mechanism
They are unconscious psychological processes that
serve as safety valves to provide relief from emotional
conflict and anxiety. Defense mechanisms are forms of self
deception which a person may not be aware of they are
resorted to whenever psychological equilibrium is
threatened by severe emotional injury arising from
frustration. Among the most common defense mechanism
used are the following:
1. Identification – a process whereby an individual’s
without awareness, satisfies, frustrated desires by
psychologically assuming the role of another
person.
2. Substitution – is resorted to, when an unattainable
or unacceptable goal, emotion, or object is replaced
by one that is attainable or acceptable.
3. Compensation – a process whereby one makes up
for some real o imaginary inadequacy by doing well
in another activity.
4. Rationalization – it is a fallacious thinking intended
to justify ideas and behavior in a way that seems
reasonable to oneself, although, they are
intellectually justified and often socially
disapproved as well.
5. Displacement – this is where one transfer his
emotion connected with one person or thing.
6. Fantasy or daydreaming – this is where an
imagined sequence of events or mental images that
serves to express unconscious conflicts to gravity
unconscious wishes or to prepare for an anticipated
future event.
7. Projection – manifest feelings and ideas which are
unacceptable to oneself, but projected onto others
so that they may seem to have these feelings or
 ideas, that free the individuals from the guilt and
anxiety associated with them.
8. Reaction formation – is defined as the development
of a trait or traits which are the opposite of
tendencies that we do not want to recognize. It is
shown, when an individual is motivated to act in a
certain way, but behaves in the opposite way, and
be able to keep his urges and impulses under
control.
9. Denial – when a person uses this mechanism, he
refuses to recognize and deal with reality because
of strong inner needs.
10. Repression – is an unconscious process where
unacceptable urges or painful, traumatic
experiences are completely prevented from
entering consciousness.
11. Suppression – is a conscious activity by which an
individual attempts to forget emotionally disturbing
thoughts and experiences by pushing them out of
one’s mind such as, when a person attempts to
forget emotional pain by losing himself in his work.
12. Regression – when a person employs this defense
mechanism, he goes back to a pattern of feeling,
thinking or behavior which was appropriate to an
earlier stage of development, such as when a
person demands for something from others and
when denied, uses tantrums to get it., as what he or
she has done in early childhood when parents give
to demands of children by the use of tantrums.
13. Sublimation – is the changing of unacceptable id
impulses or needs into socially and culturally
acceptable channels or means. It is also a positive
and constructive mechanism for defending against
otherwise unacceptable impulses and needs. Such
as when a homosexual works as a physical therapist
and find sexual satisfaction in performing his job, in
meeting his needs and impulses.
When a person is frustrated in his attempts to
adjust himself to difficult situation over a long period
of time, he may try to escape from conflicts by
suffering from any of the following mental disorders;
1. Neurosis – a condition where a person
compromises with reality by developing imaginary
ailment, phobia, obsession or compulsion:
2. Psychosis – a mental condition where the person
may withdraw from the real world into the world of
fantasy and make-believe; where a person’s hidden
or unexpressed desires can be fulfilled;
3. Psychopath or sociopath with an antisocial
personality – a mental disorder where one, instead
of compromising with reality, withdraw into his
shell. The person may become very aggressive and
cruel in his antisocial behavior comes in conflict
with the law, he becomes a criminal.
4. Psychoneurotic person – are those in the twilight
zone between normality and abnormality. They are
not insane, but neither are they normal. The
neurotic is always tense, restless, and anxious.
Frequently, they have obsession, compulsion,
phobia, and in some cases, amnesia. Anxiety is the
dominant characteristic.
Unhealthy Reactions to Frustration
Some individuals are incapable of making effective
adjustment to their frustration. They have not learned
healthy and effective adjustment habits; hence, they are not
emotionally ready to cope with difficult problems
confronting them. As a result, they may react to frustration
in random, impulsive and inadequate manner that, does not
relieve them of tension, but in fact increases the
maladjustment. Among these behavior pattern considered
as unhealthy reactions to frustration are the following;
1. Anxiety – manifest through apprehension, tension,
and uneasiness fromanticipation of danger the
source of which is largely unknown or
unrecognized.
2. Phobia – an irrational fear which is fixed, intense,
uncontrollable, and most of the times has no
reasonable foundation.
3. Obsession – is an idea that persistently recurs in a
person’s mind sometimes against his wish, though it
may have no basis at all.
4. Compulsion – is an irresistible impulse to perform
certain acts that are repetitive and ritualistic.
e.g. pyromania – the irresistible urge to set fire,
dipsomania – compulsive desire to take alcoholic
drinks,
kleptomania – the urge to steal
5. Regression – a behavior pattern wherein a person
returns to state of former adjustment and attempts
to experience them again in memory.
6. Memory disorder or amnesia – caused by painful
memories associated with some shocking
experiences which are repressed and cannot be
recalled.
7. Delusion – a false belief firmly held despite
incontrovertible proof of evidence to the contrary.
8. Hallucination – a sensory perception in the absence
of an actual external stimulus.
9. Schizophrenia or dementia praecox – is
characterized by disturb thinking.
Sexual Deviancy – a sexual behavior that seeks
stimulation and sexual gratification by means other
than heterosexual relation.
Sexuality or heterosexuality – the only normal sexual
relation between members of the opposite sex that
could lead to reproduction.
Different deviant sexual behaviors:
1. Masochism – sexual gratification is attained
through the pain inflicted upon oneself.
2. Sadism – sexual gratification is attained through
the pain inflicted upon the sexual partner.
3. Exhibitionism – sexual gratification is attained
by exposing some private parts of the body.
 4. Voyeurism – sexual gratification is attained by
witnessing a nude manand women in the actual
sexual act. The sexually deviant person is also
known as Peeping Tom.
5. Transvertism – gratification is taken from
wearing clothes of the opposite sex and acting
their opposite roles.
6. Fetishism – sexual gratification is attained by
substituting an inanimate object of love.
7. Lesbianism – sexual relation between a woman
to a woman.
8. Homosexuality – sexual gratification is attained
by having a sexual relationship with members of
the same sex.
9. Incest – sexual relation between persons with
blood relationship.
10. Pedophilia – a child molester that victimizes
young boys that could lead to sodomy.
11. Bestiality – sexual relation with a living animal.
12. Necrophilia – sexual relation with a newly dead
body.
Class A (distrust, suspicious to social detachment)
1. Paranoid P.D. = recurrent suspicions without
justification, preoccupied by unjustified doubts,
hostility, oversensitivity, tends to see oneself as
blameless.
2. Schizoid P.D. = pervasive detachment from social
relationship, restricts expression of emotion,
neither enjoy nor desire close relationship, inability
to form social relationship and lack of interest to do
so.
3. Schizotypal P.D. = reduced capacity for close
relationship, have old beliefs and magical thinking
such as superstitions, telepathy etc.
Cass B (dramatic, emotional erratic)
1. Antisocial P.D. = fail to conform to social norms with
respect to lawful behavior as indicated be repeated
acts that are grounds from arrest. Unable to control
their impulse, perform violent and harmful acts
without experiencing a bit of guilty.
2. Borderlines P.D. = instability of interpersonal
relationship, instability of mood, self-image and
affects and marked impulsivity, may have recurrent
suicidal behavior. Their mood may shift rapidly and
inexplicably from depression to anxiety to anger
over a pattern of several hours.
3. Histrionic P.D. = pervasive pattern of excessive
emotionality and attention seeking. Overly
concerned with their appearance and exaggerated
impression of emotion.
4. Narcissistic P.D. = exaggerated sense of self-
importance, a preoccupation with being admired
and lack of empathy for the feeling of others.
5. Hypchondriasis = chronic about health
Class C (anxiety and fearfulness)
1. Avoidant P.D. = feeling of inadequacy,
hypersensitive to negative evaluation timid and shy
but do wish to have friends uncomfortable and
afraid of rejection or criticism. Unlike schizoid they
don’t enjoy being alone.
2. Dependent P.D. = difficulty in making everyday
decision without an excessive amount af advise and
reassurance from others, lack self confidence in
judgment uncomfortable and helpless when alone.
3. Obsessive – Compulsive P.D. = pervasive pattern of
preoccupation with orderliness perfectionism and
mental and interpersonal control, preoccupied with
trivial details and rules and do not appreciate
changes and routine.
CRISIS MANAGEMENT
Crisis management – is simply good management under
pressure.
Ten (10) steps to take during crisis;
1. Asses the situation – by knowing the following
what is happening and why; what is likely to happen
and how quick the response should be avoid further
damage in all aspect; who are involve and who else;
and resources at hand.
2. Draw primarily plan of action –step by step and
have contingency plan for a eventualities.
3. Line up a crisis management team – deal with the
situation
4. Set up a crisis management center
5. Set up a communication system – to have an
immediate acces to all members of the team
6. Prioritize matters
7. Face problems one-at-a time
8. Prepare detailed plans
9. Continuously monitor what exactly is happening
10. Evaluate actions and reaction.
HOSTAGE NEGOTIATION
In hostage situation the general tendency of the
hostage taker is to hostage a prominent personality in order
to gain needed leverage in the negotiation. What is
important in this situation is improved communication and
the efficiency of the police in responding to the call of
emergency.
Priorities in hostage situation;
1. Preservation of life – hostage, hostage taker, public
etc.
2. Arrest of the hostage-taker, recover and protect
property
3. Successfully negotiate – to do this, there must be; a
need on the part of the hostage-taker to live and
release the hostage.
Principles to be followed;
The hostage has no value to the hostage taker. His
only value is as a tool to get what the hostage-taker wants,
not from the hostage, but from the authorities. Violence
should be avoided for the sake of the hostage, if it cannot
be avoided, the authorities should be the victor.
To successfully negotiate, there must be a need to
live, on the part of the hostage-taker, because a hostage-
taker who is bent in killing himself and has no intention of
releasing the hostage, is a case of non-negotiable, which the
police should ascertain.
Characteristics of hostage –takers:
1. Mentally deranged – suffer form delusion and
hallucination, and they;
a) Sets the rule;
b) Reacts on overwhelming stress, forcing
them to take action to relieve stress; may
even
c) Take members of their family as hostage.
2. Severe depression – suffers also some mental
aberration which is an answer to life stress that
could lead to self-destruction as in suicide.
3. Personality disorder – with anti-social and
maladaptive patterns of behavior that brings him
repeatedly in conflict with society. If he demands
for member of his family, do not grant, family could
be the cause of being what he is.
4. Paranoid – he feels threatened and persecute,
highly suspicious of people and impulsive.
5. Sociopathic personality – highly impulsive and
unable to delay gratification so that if hostage is a
women raping her is a probability.
6. Terrorist – with political purpose or agenda. They
use threats and harassment to create an
atmosphere of fear, disregarding women and
children as victims, they are only loyal to
themselves and other allied groups and willing to
give life as part of martyrdom.
Upon arrival at the scene of the incident. Negotiator
should act immediately on the following:
1. Containment – control of area and people;
2. Establish contact – if several hostage-takers are
involved, talk with leader only. If recognize as an
officer of the law, never tell rank, since hostage-
taker may ask for demands that he thinks can be at
once granted. If deceit has to be used do not get
caught and bluff.
3. Time lengthening – this will give more time to the
police to organize and coordinate plan of action. It
could also lead to the hostage takers loss of
objectivity;
4. Telephone negotiation technique – be the caller,
plan and prepare and be ready with what has to be
negotiated. Discipline oneself to listen. For
whatever demand granted hold on to a concessions,
and try to get something in return e.g. release of
children and women hostage.
5. On a face-to-face negotiation – observe the rules;
do not be over anxious, prepare for a psychological,
physical and emotional confrontation. Wear body
armor, have a weapon, but if ask to come without
one, ensure that they too, should lay down firearms
before you enter the place of negotiation. Coming
on face-to-face situation, observe prescribed
distance as in personal distance, it should be one to
three feet, and while in intimae about 6 inches. In
getting out face hostage-taker; slowly walk out of
the door with good cover or tactical backup.
On surrender approach – start with a position approach an
act as if the hostage-taker will surrender. Do not talk too
much, talk detail of surrender process, and explain why now
is better than later.
Positive Effects of Time
a) Hostage-taker will wear down emotionally and
psychologically.
b) Hostage-takerhave more demand for food, water
and drinks.
c) Anxiety reduce, hostage-taker given chance to
organize his true self.
d) Hostage takers rationality increases.
e) Hostage-taker – negotiate relationship gets
improve.
f) Hostage-takers demands may be reduced
g) Stockholm Syndrome may developed – which
refers to the unusual development of a mutual
positive feelings between the hostage and hostage-
taker for each other that eventually results to
negative feelings against the authorities.
What is negotiable?
- Money, food, drinks, transportation or even
swapping of prisoners.
What is non-negotiable?
-weapons and ammunitions
Cardinal rule in negotiation
“Commander should not negotiate, negotiator
should not command.”
Reasons:
a) Hostage-taker will have sense of importance
b) May make impossible demands knowing that he is
dealing with commander;
c) Conflict with n being a negotiator and commander
of the same time and will have no more fall back;
Note: in case hostage-taker refuse to talk motivate him by
touching on possible topics related to his act, if he opens up
stop talking and listen and continue the negotiation.
Advantages of telephone negotiations:
a) Easier to say NO to some demands:
b) Easier to end and conclude the negotiation:
c) Conversations is quicker:
d) Important items can easily be committed:
e) Negotiator has the advantage and less risk:
Disadvantage:
- Impersonal – hostage’s reaction cannot be
observed.
Hostage taker – negotiator relationship c) Use protective armor
Trust and rapport should be established, but while d) Do not ask for demands – hostage-takers may
is there, be aware of it; not have demand
If deceit is to be used, tell lies but don’t get caught. e) Give room to negotiate – do not be excited,
Walkie talkies – set in single frequency are still considered nervous, and irritated
to be one of the best in telephone f) Be clam and relax
Negotiation and in giving orders. g) Talk to hostage taker leader only
If attack has been decided upon, it should be carried within h) Elicit a promise
seven (7) seconds upon decision. i) Make sure you have a good cover hidden or
otherwise
Designation and duties of personnel in a negotiating team: j) Conserve concession – hold giving in to
1. Field negotiator – (all members of the team should demand. Delay works in favor of authorities.
know him) his duties re;
a) Takes charge of all members; On life and death negotiation;
b) Establish contact with hostage-taker; a) Keep in mind that one hostage-taker, show of force
c) Over-see containment processes such as is unnecessary
evacuation of civilians and scaling off the place; b) Speak firmly but not in threatening manner
d) Regular consultation with commanding officer c) Do not be over friendly it may be interpreted as a
(highest quality) weakness
e) Operational aide; d) Hostage-taker should not driven to desperation
a. Report to the field negotiator; (give hope, security, etc.)
b. Set up temporary headquarters
c. Coordinate assignment of off-duty
personnel arriving at the scene;
d. Assessed unit as necessary; and
e. Relay orders or information to
personnel involved.
f) Administrative aide:
a. Report to field negotiator
b. Supervise temporary headquarters
c. Maintain records of operation of all
units at the scene
g) Patrol personnel (with one leader)
a. Sharpshooters (snipers)
b. Chemical agent

What is important in a hostage taking situation?

1. Dry run or constant practice to ensure the unit’s
capabilities of control over the situation.
2. Considerable screening of all members.
Team members should given free hand in handing
and evaluating the situations they are in.
3. Patrol units, assault units, and all units concerned
should know exactly whose command they are
under.
4. A rescue effort has to run strictly from top, down to
the last member.
5. If chemicals are to be used in the assaults, it should
be enough only to main the perpetrators in order to
incapacitate to disable them.
6. Assault when decided upon should be carried out
within 7 seconds.
7. Presence of a linguist is necessary, if negotiator is
not.

Implementation of Method to Deal with Hostage Situation

Behavior guidelines during negotiation:
a) Be the caller
b) Use civilian clothes

Crisis Management - is the process by which an organization
deals with a major event that threatens to harm the
organization or the general public.
Crisis - is any event that is expected to lead to an unstable and
dangerous situation affecting an individual, group, community
or society.
Risk Management - involves assessing potential threats and
finding the best ways to avoid those threats.
Crisis Management - dealing with threats after they have
occurred.Crises Management is occasionally referred as
incident management.
Crisis Negotiation - is a technique for law enforcement to
communicate with people who are threatening violence
including barricaded subject, hostage taker, stalkers, threats,
workplace violence or person threatening suicide.
Forensic Psychology - forensic discipline that evaluates
behavioral patterns and how they relate to crime.
Hostage Negotiation - a negotiation conducted between law
enforcement agencies, diplomatic or other governmental
representatives for the release of a person held hostage
against their will by criminal, terrorist or other elements.
Crises Management Plan - crises management methods of a
business or organization.
3 Elements of Crises Management
  1. threat to the organization or public
  2. element of surprise
  3. short decision time
Types of Crises
  1. Natural Disaster
  2. Technological Crises
  3. Confrontation
  4. Malevolence
  5. Organizational Misdeeds
  6. Work place violence
  7. Rumors
  8. Terrorist attacks/Man made disasters
Natural Disaster - considered acts of god - such as
environmental phenomena as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions,
floods, landslides, storms, tsunamis and droughts that
threaten life, property and the environment itself.
Technological Crises - are caused by human application of
science and technology.
Confrontation Crises - occur when discontented individuals
and/or groups, fight business, government and various interest
groups to winacceptance of their demands and expectations.
Common Type of Confrontation Crises
  1. Boycott
  2. Picketing
  3. Sit-ins
  4. blockade
  5. Occupation of buildings
  6. Resisting/Disobeying police
  7. Ultimatums to those in authority
Crises of malevolence - opponents or miscreants individuals
use criminal means or other extreme tactics for the purpose of
expressing hostility or anger toward a company or country
with aim of destabilizing or destroying it.
ex. product tampering, kidnapping, terrorism, espionage.
Crises of Organizational Deeds - occurs when management
takes actions it knows will harm stakeholders without
adequate precaution.
3 Types of Organizational Misdeeds
  1. Crises of skewed management values
  2. Crises of Deception
  3. Crises of Management Misconduct
Human Behavior - refers to the range of behaviors exhibited
by humans and which are influenced by culture, attitudes,
emotions, values, ethics, authority, rapport, hypnosis,
persuasion, coercion and genetics.
Factors Affecting Human Behavior
  1. Genetics
  2. Attitude
  3. Social Norms
  4. Perceive behavioral control
  5. Core faith
  6. Survival instinct
Psychiatric Disorders Associated with Criminal Behavior
1. Anxiety Disorders
2. Delirium
3. Delusional Disorder
4. Dementia
5. Impulse Control Disorder
6. Intoxication or withdrawal from medication or drugs
7. Malingering
8. Mood disorders such as major depression, anxiety disorders
and 
    bipolar disorders
9. Personality disorders, especially anti social personality
disorder
10.Pervasive developmental disorder (autism)
11.Psychotic disorder
12.Schizophrenia
13.Schizo-afflective disorder
14.Schizophreniform disorder
15.Substance dependence and abuse
16.Traumatic brain injury
Mental Illness/Mental Disorder - a health conditions that
changes a persons thinking, feelings or behavior and that
causes the person distress and difficulty in functioning.
Schizophrenia - a long term mental disorder of a type involving
a breakdown in the relation between thought, emotion and
behavior, leading to faulty perception, inappropriate actions
and feelings,withdrawal from reality and personal
relationships into fantasy and delusion and a sense of mental
fragmentation.
Autism - a mental condition present from early childhood
characterized by great difficulty in communicating and forming
relationship with other people and in using language and
abstractconcepts.
Hypnosis - the induction of a state of consciousness in which a
person apparently losses the power of voluntary action and is
highly responsive to suggestions or directions.
Stalking - is a term used to refer to unwanted and obsessive
attention by an individual or group to another person.