HUMAN BEHAVIOR and CRISIS MANAGEMENT

By: ALFRED R. FAUVEL (PNP-RET), Subject Code: Criminology 5, Subject Course

Title: Human Behavior and Crisis Management Course Description:

The course focuses on understanding abnormal behavior in relation to crime and

the adoption of strategies and tactics in dealing with potential and actual
crises. It includes the art of negotiation and the application of appropriate force
during an emergency situation.

INTRODUCTION: These subjects provide the study of behavior which are

abnormal or might not be abnormal and when taken into account might be a crime in
itself or the cause of the commission of the crime.

Criminologist and policeman are less concern of normal behaviour since it might not
violet any legal code or disrupt the peacefulness of the society. It is a variable
from day to day and not nonpersons are exactly alike.

The application of behavioral science in law enforcement is indispensable since man

is considered as the focal point in the study of the crime. The free will that
is present in every man is disrupted when the suffer mental deficiencies and their
relation to crime, criminal responsibility and its determinants;

Application of psychiatric and psychological techniques in negotiating for

hostage/barricaded persons situation that is considered an important matter in
the study of this subject human behavior and crisis management.

OBJECTIVES OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR:

 
Aims to understand others

To determine how and why people behave the way they do.

Is a complicated phenomenon influenced by many factors?

A collection of activities influenced by culture, attitude, emotions, values, ethics,

authority, rapport, hypnosis, persuasion and coercion.Definition of terms:

Human Behavior - is refers to the manner, the way in which a human react to his
environment.

Criminal Behavior- is intentional behavior that violates a criminal code; intentional

in that it did not occurs accidentally or under duress Deviant Behavior- a behavior
that deviates from the norms and standards of the society. It is not criminal
behavior but it has the tendency to become abnormal behavior, it will
become criminals when it violates the provision of the criminal law.

Criminal Psychiatry- a branch of psychiatry that deals with the evaluations,

prevention and cure of criminal behavior.

Criminal Sociology- a branch of sociology that studies about the criminal and to its
relation to the social structure or organization of society as well the process on

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how the criminal learn the behavior, both criminal and non-criminal. Structural-
studies crime as it relatives to the social structure or organization of the society.

Processual- the process on how people become criminal.

Criminal Psychology- a branch of psychology that deals with the study of behavior
and mental processes of the criminal.

The study of human behavior can be approached from several viewpoints, to wit:
Neurological- emphasizes human actions in relation to events taking place inside
the body, especially the brain and nervous system.

Behavioral- focuses on those external activities of the organism that can be

observed and measured.

Cognitive- concerned with the way the brain processes and transforms information
in various ways.

Psychoanalytical- emphasizes unconscious motives stemming from repressed sexual

and aggressive impulses in childhood.

Humanistic-focuses on the subject’s experience, freedom of choice and motivation

towards self –actualization Psychology of Human Adjustment:
Most of mans behavior can be trace to his attempts to satisfy his needs.
All of us have certain fundamental needs that we seek to satisfy.
These needs create tensions in the human body.
When we are able to satisfy our needs, the tension disappears, adjustment has
been made.

Adjustment- is defined as the satisfaction of a need.

Three (3) Elements of the Adjustment Processes: a need which arises
Purposive behavior- leading towards a goal- which satisfies the need Classifications
of Human Behavior;

1. Conscious - State of awareness of thoughts, feelings, perception and what

is going on in the environment. Unconscious
 –
 2. Overt - Open to public observation Covert- Unseen objects such as thoughts,
feelings or responses which are not easily seen.

3. Rational - Pertaining to reason, influenced or guided by reason rather

than emotion.
•Irrational –Illogical

4. Voluntary - Intentional
•Involuntary –Doing something against your will, action made without intent or
carried out despite an attempt to preventthem.

5. Simple –Ex. What you see is what you get.

•Complex- compound complicated behavior. Ex. Drinking alcohol

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Two Classification of Behavior Normal Behavior Abnormal Behavior What is Normal
Behavior?
-Normal behavior (adaptive or Adjusted behavior) is the standard behavior, the
totally accepted behavior because they follow the standard norm of the society.

Characteristics of normal person are;

OBJECTIVES OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR:

Aims to understand others

To determine how and why people behave the way they do.

Is a complicated phenomenon influenced by many factors?

A collection of activities influenced by culture, attitude, emotions, values, ethics,

authority, rapport, hypnosis, persuasion and coercion.

Definition of terms:

Human Behavior -is refers to the manner, the way in which a human react to his
environment.

Criminal Behavior- is intentional behavior that violates a criminal code; intentional in that
it did not occurs accidentally or under duress

Deviant Behavior- a behavior that deviates from the norms and standards of the society.
It is not criminal behavior but it has the tendency to become abnormal behavior, it will
become criminals when it violates the provision of the criminal law.
Criminal Psychiatry- a branch of psychiatry that deals with the evaluations, prevention
and cure of criminal behavior.

Criminal Sociology- a branch of sociology that studies about the criminal and to its
relation to the social structure or organization of society as well the process on how the
criminal learn the behavior, both criminal and non-criminal.

Structural- studies crime as it relatives to the social structure or organization of the

society.

Processual- the process on how people become criminal.

Criminal Psychology- a branch of psychology that deals with the study of behavior and
mental processes of the criminal.
The study of human behavior can be approached from several viewpoints, to wit:

Neurological- emphasizes human actions in relation to events taking place inside the
body, especially the brain and nervous system.

Behavioral- focuses on those external activities of the organism that can be observed
and measured.

Cognitive- concerned with the way the brain processes and transforms information in
various ways.

Psychoanalytical- emphasizes unconscious motives stemming from repressed sexual

and aggressive impulses in childhood.

Humanistic- focuses on the subject’s experience, freedom of choice and motivation

Towards self-actualization Psychology of Human Adjustment:

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Most of mans behavior can be trace to his attempts to satisfy his needs. All of us have
certain fundamental needs that we seek to satisfy.

These needs create tensions in the human body. When we are able to satisfy our
needs, the tension disappears, adjustment has been made.

Adjustment- is defined as the satisfaction of a need.

Three (3) Elements of the Adjustment Processes: a need which arises

Purposive behavior-leading towards a goal which satisfies the need

Classifications of Human Behavior

1. Conscious- State of awareness of thoughts, feelings, perception and what is going on

in the environment.

Unconscious–

2. Overt- Open to public observation

•Covert- Unseen objects such as thoughts, feelings or responses which are not easily
seen.

3. Rational- Pertaining to reason, influenced or guided by reason rather than emotion.

•Irrational–Illogical

4. Voluntary-Intentional

•Involuntary –Doing something against your will, action made without intent or carried
out despite an attempt to prevent them.

5. Simple–ex. What you see is what you get.

•Complex -compound complicated behavior. ex. Drinking alcohol

Two Classification of Behavior

Normal Behavior

Abnormal Behavior

What is Normal Behavior?

-Normal behavior (adaptive or adjusted behavior) is the standard behavior, the totally
accepted behavior because they follow the standard norm of the society.

Characteristics of normal person are:

Efficient perception of reality Self- knowledge Ability to exercise voluntary control over
his behaviour Self- Esteem and Acceptance Productivity Ability to form affectionate
relationship with others

What is Abnormal Behavior? Abnormal behavior (Maladaptive/ Maladjusted behavior) is

a group of behaviors that are deviant from social expectation because they go against
the norms or standard behavior of society.

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A maladaptive (abnormal) person may be understood by the following criteria are used
to determine whether a person’s behaviors behavior is abnormal or not:

1. Deviation from statistical norm- the word abnormal means away from the norm;
many population facts are measured such as height, weight and intelligence, but a few
are abnormally stupid, but according to this definition, a person who is extremely
intelligent would be classified as abnormal. Thus in defining abnormal we must consider
more.

2. Deviation from social norms- every vulture has certain standards for acceptable
behavior; behavior that deviates from that standard is considered to be
Abnormal behavior.
But those standards can change with time and vary from one society to another.

3.Maladaptiveness of behavior- this third criterion is how the behavior affects the well-
being of the individual and /or social group. Examples are a man who attempts suicide;

An alcoholic who drinks so heavily that he or she cannot keep a job or a paranoid
individual who tries to assassinate national leaders.

In the type of abnormality called neurosis, personal distress may be the only symptoms,
because the individual’s behaviour seems normal.

Note: None of these definitions provides a complete description of abnormal behavior.

The legal definition of abnormality declares a person insane when he is not able to
judge between right and wrong, but this criterion is not used by psychologists

DESCRIPTION OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR

1. Human behavior is motivated motivation–driving force behind all action of an

organism

2. Human behavior has multiple causes-Influenced by culture

3. Human behavior can be adaptive and maladaptive (situation)

•Human are social beings

•Any person depend upon each other for survival

•People need interaction

4. People play an integral part in creating their experience

5. Human lives are continuous process of change.

6. Every person is different yet the same.

7. Individual is a unique person.

Theoretical approaches about the factors that cause, maintain, alter behavior, and
mental process:

1. PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH–Is based on the belief that childhood experiences

greatly influence the development of late personality traits and psychological problems.
It also stresses the influence of unconscious fears, desires and motivations on thoughts
and behavior.

2. HUMANISTIC APPROACH–Emphasizes that each individual has great freedom in

Directing his/her future, a large capacity for personal growth, a considerable amount of
intrinsic worth &enormous potential for self- fulfilment.

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3.BEHAVIORAL APPROACH–Studies how organism learn new behavior or modify
existing ones, depending on whether events in their environment reward of punish these
behavior.

4.COGNITIVE APPROACH–Examines how we process, store, and use information, and

how this information influences what we attend to, perceive,learn, remember believe
and feel.

5. BIOLOGICAL APPROACH–Focuses on how genes, hormones & nervous system

interact with the environment to influence learning, personality,memory, motivation,
emotions at coping techniques.

Theories that explain motivation to Human Behavior

The Needs According to Maslow:

Human needs arise out of a person’s biological or psychological makeup.

They can be biogenic needs, which are the needs of the body which exist for the
maintenance of health and protection of the body against physical injuries.

These include the need for food, air, water, rest, sex, avoidance of pain.

They can also be psychogenic (Having a Psychological Origin) or sociogenic ()needs such as:
Need for love and affection, for security, for growth and achievement, and recognition
From another human beings.

According to A.H. Maslow, there is hierarchy of needs ascending from the basic
biological needs that became important only after the more basic needs have been
Satisfied. Hierarchy of needs theory It is human nature for people to seek to know more
about themselves and to strive to develop their capacities to the fullest Most people are
in a constant state of striving. Very few people fully attain a state of self-actualization
hierarchy of Human Needs:

1. PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS
•Needs such as air, food, water, shelter, rest, sleep, activity and temperature
maintenance are crucial for survival.

2. SAFETY AND SECURITY NEEDS

• The need for safety has both physical and psychological aspects. The person needs to
feel safe both in the physical environment and in relationship.

3. LOVE AND BELONGING NEEDS

• The third level needs include giving and receiving affection, attaining a place in group,
and maintaining the feeling of belonging.

4. SELF- ESTEEM NEEDS

•The individual needs both self-esteem (ex. Feelings of independence, competence,
and self-respect) and esteem from others (ex. Recognition, respect, and appreciation)

5. SELF-ACTUALIZATION
•When the need for self-esteem is satisfied, the individual strives for self-actualization,
the innate need to develop one’s maximum potential and realize one’s abilities and
qualities.

Note: Human needs cannot always be satisfied. Obstacles and difficulties sometimes
stand in the way between the individual and his goal. These obstacles may lie in the
individual himself.

Reason why Some People Fail to Reach their Goal:

Unrealistic goal-when a person’s level of aspiration is much higher than his level of
achievement, he is bound to fail. Harmful or antisocial goal Conflicting goal

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Environment difficulties, including force majeure PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
(Sigmund Freud)

•This theory explained that human behavior is motivated by an inner force called the
human mind. This theory was introduced by SIGMUND FREUD

•SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939) was an Austrian physician who worked as a

neurologist. Early in his career, he used hypnosis to treat people with physical and
emotional problem. From his work with these patients, he began to conceptualize a
theory of human behavior.

•Freud theorized that people have two (2) basic instincts–SEXUAL and AGGRESSION.
These two (2) basic instincts are not always socially acceptable.
When people do not exhibit behavior that is nor acceptable, they often experience
punishment, guilt and anxiety (pagkabalisa).

•Freud’s theory describes a conflict between a person’s instinctual needs for

gratification and the demands of society for socialization.

For Freud, a person’s core tendency is to maximize instinctual gratification while

minimizing punishment and guilt.–Addresses the relationship among inner experience,
behavior, social roles & functioning.

This theory proposes that conflicts among unconscious motivating factors affect
behavior

LEVEL OF AWARENESS–CONSCIOUS– aware of here and now, in contact with

reality.

•It functions only when the person is awake.

PRECONSCIOUS / SUBCONSCIOUS

•Contains the partially forgotten memories that can be recalled at will. Preconscious
serves as the “watchman” by preventing unacceptable & anxiety producing memories
from reaching the conscious awareness.

UNCONSCIOUS–The largest part of the personality that is often compared to the

hidden iceberg under the water that contains memory that is forgotten & cannot be
brought back to consciousness at will

ORGANIZATION OF THE MIND Three components of personality:

•ID–represents psychological energy, or libido and it operates on pleasure principles

which can be understood as a demand to take care of needs immediately.
The ID only knows that what it wants and what it wants right away regardless of the
present circumstances.

Does not care about morals, society and other individuals–starts from birth to 6 months–
demanding, unrealistic, primitive, instinctual, uncivilized, undisciplined

•EGO–is the one that relates to the world or reality to satisfy the demands of the ID. The
ego operates by reality principle & uses problem solving based on how it judges reality.
It controls the demands of & mediates between the ID and the Superego according to
the demands of the reality.

Operates on conscious level–begins in the first 6 or 8 months of life and fairly well
developed at age 2 or 3 years–serves to control and guide actions of an individual
•SUPEREGO-is the one that rewards the moral behavior and punishes actions that are
not acceptable by creating guilt. The superego is our conscience, a residue of
internalized values &moral training of early childhood.

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•operates on both conscious and unconscious
•functions on MORAL PRINCIPLE
•develops around the age of 3-4 or 4-5 and fairly well developed at age 10 years Ego
Ideal–rewards the person with feeling of well-being and pride when a person conforms
to the demands of the superego.

•Concern with what is believe to be morally or basically right.

•Conscience–punishes the person with guilt feelings when person–deviates from the
demands of the superego.–concern with what is believe to be morally or basically
wrong.

Biological theory (evolution) Assumes that the natural laws that apply to plant and
animal life also apply to humans It emphasizes:

The importance of biological forces in directing growth and the gradual modification of
behavior as a product of biological adaptation to the environment Cultural theory
(cultural expectations) Assumes that individual development is predominantly a product
of cultural expectations Cultural determinism refers to the notion that culture shapes
individual experience.

Biological factors are relatively unimportant. There are some universal experiences
across cultures (e.g..dependent children become independent adults) but these
transitions can be smooth or stressful depending upon the culture-cultural continuity
cultural discontinuity Cognitive Development Theory Cognition = how a person
organizes and makes meaning out of experience “Knowing" is a product of continuous
interaction between the person and the environment Moral development theory
Kohlberg this theory is built upon Piaget's work in the field of cognitive development
moral judgment represents a naturally developing cognitive process.

Piaget assumed that cognition (thought) and affect (feeling) develop on parallel tracks
Moral Judgment Moral judgment is the "weighing" of claims of others against one's own
claims Role taking ability is at the heart of moral judgment Kolhberg determined a
person's stage of moral development by administering the Moral Judgment Interview
Moral Judgment Interview Moral Judgment Interview consists of 3 hypothetical
dilemmas, each involving a character who finds himself in a difficult situation and has to
choose between two conflicting values the subject is asked how the character ought to
solve the problem and why the choice was the correct one Psychosexual theory
(psychoanalytic) All behavior is motivated (it does not occur randomly) There are two
basic motives:

Sexuality aggression
FREUD’S STAGES OF PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
•Oral-0-18 months–The infants pleasure is believed to center around gratification from
using his mouth for sucking and satisfying hunger.

Feeling and activities are focused on & expressed by the mouth and are orally
dominated.

•Anal-18 mos.-3 years–Begins w/ the attainment of neuromuscular control of the anal

sphincter.–Toilet training is the crucial issue requiring delayed gratification in
compromising between enjoyment of bowel function and limitations set by social
expectations for the toddler.

•Phallic (Pagtayo ng EtitS. )-3 to 6 years–Increased curiosity re: the genitals,

questioning and self-stimulation or masturbation.

•Latent (nakatago) ( Existing but not yet developed or manifest )-6–12 years–The child
realizes that desires directed to the parent of opposite sex are not feasible, and become
occupied with socializing with peers, refining roles and relationships.

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•Genital (Pag-aari)-12-20 years *adult sexuality–Develops awareness of body & sexual
part.–Represents an emergence of sexual interest w/c cannot be expressed in an overt
heterosexual relationship.

SOCIAL THEORY

• The developmental theory of Erik Erikson (1963) was based on Freud’s work. Erikson
expanded Freud’s theory to include cultural and social influences in addition to biologic
processes. He believed there was an interrelationship between such variables that
impact the psychosocial development of an individual throughout life. Psychosocial
theory human development is a product of the interaction between individual needs and
abilities and societal needs and demands focuses on stages of development and
psychosocial crises.
.
As observed in the above discussion, analyzing the perpetrator’s demand type is
crucial. In fact, analyzing the types of demands being made by the perpetrator is
another way of understanding and classifying a crisis incident.

DEMAND TYPOLOGIES GENERAL CATEGORY DESCRIPTION Instrumental Demand

characteristics best described as “objective”,e.g., money, transportation, food, liquor,
drugs. Expressive Demand characteristics best described as “subjective”,e.g.,
perpetrator wants to talk to family member, perpetrator want to make statement to the
media regarding delusional beliefs. Substantive Victims are threatened to obtain
concessions from a third party, the demands may be instrumental or expressive. Non
Substantive Demands are not made, or, if they are, they are trivia land not related to the
reason(s) the victim(s) are threatened.

There are instrumental demands, expressive demands, substantive demands, and non
substantive demands. Basically, the crisis negotiator has bargaining power only if the
perpetrator has substantive demands.

Substantive demands may be either instrumental or expressive. Anecdotal (researched)

report suggests that one sign of imminent lethality is the determination that the
perpetrator is Not demanding anything from a third party to release the hostage/victim
(Fuselier, Van Zandt & Lanceley, 1991).Finally, one last way the crisis negotiator can
classify the crisis situation is based upon understanding hostage taker typology(Call,
1996).

HOSTAGE TAKER TYPOLOGIES (psychology-ugali )

GENERAL CATEGORY POSSIBLE SUBTYPES Emotionally Disturbed

1. Brain Damaged
2. Elderly/Senile ( katandaan/ulianin )
3. Depressed (nalulungkot), Various Types(ibat-ibang uri)
4. Paranoid (paranoia), Various Types
5. Schizophrenic (long-term mental disorder)
6. Substance Abuser
7. Family Disputes Political Extremists (fanatical political or religious views)

1. Reluctant Captors (mabigat ang loob)

2. Deliberate Hostage Takers

Religious Fanatics Criminals;

1. Antisocial Personality Disorder/Trapped Criminal

2. Antisocial Personality Disorder/Kidnapper Prison Inmates Antisocial Personality

Disorder Combination Objective of Crisis Management

1. Resolve without further incident.

2. Safety of all participants.

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3. Apprehension of all perpetrators.
4. Accomplish the task within the framework of current community standards.

Theory of Crisis Management

1. Contain and negotiate.

2. Protect the innocent from harm.
3. Allow the passage of time so that the perpetrators can be reasoned with through
negotiation.
4. Allow the passage of time so that the response force can avail of the following:

a. Evaluate the situation;

b. Gather information;
c. Explore alternative, and;
d. Formulate a plan of action.

Crisis Management Model Four stages:

1. Prediction-this stage involves foretelling of the likelihood of crises occurring either

natural or man-made through the continuous assessment of all possible threats and
threat groups as well as the analysis of developing or reported events and incidents.

2. Prevention- this stage involves the institution of passive and active security
measures,as well as the remedy or solution of destabilizing factors and/or security flaws
leading to such crisis/emergencies.

3. Preparation-entails planning, organizing, training and stock piling of equipments and

supplies needed for such crises/emergencies.

4. Performance-which is the actual execution or implementation of any of contingency

plan when a crisis situation occurs despite the pro-active measures.
Phases of Crisis Management Crisis management is continuing activity that has two
distinct phases:

1. The Proactive Phase- designed to predict or prevent the probability of occurrence

of crises at the same time prepares to handle them when they occur. It
encompasses the first3p’s of the 4p’s Crisis Management Model:
2. prediction, prevention and preparation.2.The Re-active Phase-This phase covers
the last of the 4 P’s, Performance, of Crisis Management Model.41The objectives
in this stage are:

1. To ensure a high probability of success in neutralizing the perpetrator(s),

2. To minimize, or cushion the adverse effects of the crisis incident, and
3. To ensure a smooth and speedy rehabilitation or return to normalcy.
The performance of crisis management action for terrorist-based crises/management is
done in three stages:

1.Initial action-includes monitoring of the progress of the incident, securing the

scene, protecting itself, establishing perimeter security, evacuating innocent civilians, if
possible, preventing the escape of the perpetrators, until the designated security and
Tactical elements/unit augments its units as they arrive
.
2. Contain and Negotiate Negotiator Objectives and Tactics the primary objectives of
a negotiator are:

3. Prolong the situation ensure the safety of the hostages keep things calm
4. Foster the growth of relationships between negotiator and hostage-taker and
between hostage-taker and hostages
5.making a deal
6.not aking a deal Crisis Management Techniques

1. Locate

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2. Isolate
3. Evacuate
4. Evaluate
5. Eliminate

Five Categories of hostage-Takers

1. Persons in Crisis Are people who take hostages during a period of prolonged
frustration, despair and problem.

2. Psychotics Are mentally-ill people who take hostage during a period of psychiatric
disturbance.

3. Common Criminals Are people who take hostages for personal, rather than
ideological, reasons?

4. Prisoners Are people who take hostages because of dissatisfaction and discontent
regarding their living conditions in prison.

5. Political Terrorists Are ideologically-inspired individuals or groups of people who take

hostages because of political and ideological beliefs.

Mind Barriers in Dealing with Hostages-Takers

1. Law enforcers will have to discover the hostage-takers intentions.

2. The demands and needs of the hostage-taker must be determined.
3. Negotiations means to talk. Stalling and taking may actually help.
4. In most cases time has been found to be anally because of the following reasons:

a. The more time elapses, the more time the hostage-taker will have to think about
his Predicament
b. With little persuasion, the hostage-taker may feel downrightuncomfortable.43
c. Time reduces anxiety for as long as overt acts are committed.
d. The hostage-taker can be starved out and sleep will eventually catch up onhim.
e. The hostages might even take advantage of such lapses and may attempt to
escape on their own.

Reasons Why Common Criminals take Hostages Criminals have three common
demands:

1. Escape
2. Money
3. Transportation

Characteristics of Negotiable Incidents

1. There has to be a need to live on the part of the hostage taker.

2. There has to be a threat of force on the part of the Authorities.
3. There must be demands by the hostage takers.
4. The negotiator must be seen by the hostage taker as a person who can hurt the
hostage taker but who is willing to help him.
5. There must be time to negotiate.
6. A reliable channel of communication has to exist between the hostage taker and the
negotiator.
7. Both the location and the communications of the incident need to be contained to
encourage negotiation.
8. The negotiator must be able to deal with the hostage taker making the negotiation.

Crisis Management Team

1. The field commander

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2. A tactical Officer
3. Negotiator
4. A traffic/patrol supervisor
5. An intelligence/recorder communication officer Negotiating Team

1. Primary Negotiator (communicates, negotiates)

2. Secondary Negotiator (documents, coordinates info)
3. Tertiary Negotiator (carries out task)
4. Intelligence officer
5. Police Psychologist

People Involved in the Situation Inside:

-hostage taker
-hostage outside:
-Commander
-Tactical team
-Negotiating Team
-Police Psychologist
-Patrol team
-Media team

Negotiating Steps:

RULES OF ENGAGEMENT the PNP Rules of Engagement 1997 lists the following
steps to be taken during a hostage situation:

1. There shall be an organized Crisis Management Task Group in every

Region/Province/ Municipality trained and ready for Deployment anytime.
2. There shall be only one ground commander in the area.
3. The incident area shall be cordoned.
4. Negotiators shall be designated and no one shall be allowed to talk to the suspects
without clearance from the negotiating panel/ground commander.
5. Any assault must be well-planned and assaulting teams alerted for deployment in
case the negotiation fails.
6. An ambulance with medical crew and a fire truck shall be detailed atthe incidentarea.
7. Proper coordination with all participating elements shall be done to unify efforts in
solving the crisis.

RULES OF THE POLICE Operating Procedures

Titled “Hostage situations” calls for the formation of a crisis management task group,
isolation of the scene, and denial of entry and exit to unauthorized persons.

Outlines the procedures for hostage negotiations:

1. Stabilize and contain the situation.

2. Select the right time to make contact with the hostage-taker.
3. Take time when negotiating.
4. Allow the hostage-taker to speak.
5. Don’t offer the hostage-taker anything. What he will ask for will be part of the
negotiations.
6. Avoid directing frequent attention to the victims when talking to the hostage-taker.
7. Do not call them hostages. Be as honest as possible, avoid tricks, and be sincere.

8. Never dismiss any request from the hostage-taker as trivial or unimportant.

9. Never say “No.”
10. Soften the demands.
11. Never set a deadline; try not to accept a deadline.
12. Do not make alternate suggestions not agreed upon in the negotiations.

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13. Do not introduce outsiders (non t a deadline; try not to accept a deadline.

-law enforcement officers) into the negotiation process unless their presence is
extremely necessary in the solution of the crisis, and provide they shall be properly
advised on the do’s and don’ts of hostage negotiations.

14. Do not allow any exchange of hostages unless extremely necessary; in particular do
not exchange a negotiator for a hostage.

15. Avoid negotiating face to face.

16. Law enforcement officers without proper training shall not be allowed to participate
in hostage negotiations.

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