BATAAN

HEROES COLLEGE
CRIMINOLOGY DEPARTMENT

CFLM2
Leadership, Decision Making,
Management and
Administration

NB DACASIN

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This module or any portion thereof may not be reproduced, copied, transmitted or distributed in any manner
whatsoever without the express written permission of the college or the Author

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WORK PLAN
A. Preliminaries
Course number : CFLM2
Descriptive title : Leadership, Decision Making, Management and Administration
Segment : 1
Semester & school year : Second Semester SY 20-21

B. Course description and objectives

The course covers the understanding of personal values, characteristics, and
goals including the normative foundations of leading which includes the wide array of
leadership and management approaches and refine their leadership and
management styles. Understand the frames of judgment and skills needed to affect
positive change in a wide array of settings and to transform cultures, organizations,
and institutions through effective leading, management, analysis, and decision-
making in a self-aware manner to think and act strategically. Further this is a three
unit course designed to provide criminology students with a strong foundation
consisting of research theory oriented, and inter-disciplinary approaches such that
they develop their own principles and theories that may provide consistent
guidelines for their leadership, decision making, and management actions

Objectives
1. Translate knowledge of fundamental leadership management and administration
skills.
2. Apply the dynamics and patterns of decision-making through management and
administration through criminalistics or forensic science.
3. Express personal philosophy of leadership set within the context of Criminal Justice
Education.
4. Demonstrate the importance of character formation to social responsibility. 5.
Articulate the principles and discipline that strengthen leadership credibility and decision
making in law enforcement administration public safety and criminal justice.
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C. Intended learning outcome
1. Demonstrate the application of effective leadership.
2. Understand the frames of judgment and skills needed to affect positive change in
a wide array of settings and to transform cultures, organizations, and institutions
through effective leading, management
3. Critically evaluate the distinct difference between Leadership and Management;
4. Familiarize the types of leaders and leadership styles;
5. Apply the principles effective leadership and decision making in law enforcement
administration public safety and criminal justice;
6. Roles of Managers within the Organization: Decisional, interpersonal, and
informational; Effective Management of Organizational Resources
7. Discuss the different theories of Leadership;
8. Understand the fundamental functions of Management: Planning, Organizing,
Leading, Staffing and Controlling.
9. Understand the concept and principles of basics of police administration and
theories of community policing;
10.Be able to deal problem-solving and make wise decisions and understands its
Characteristics and difference

D. Terminal Requirements
✔ No final requirements other than taking the Final examinations and completing the
assigned work sheets.
a. Grades computed as follows;
Self- Forum Quizzes Long Quiz Term Exam TOTAL
assessment/ partici
Comprehensio pa tion
n activity

5 5 30 10 50 100

✔ Typically the number of quizzes per module is three and it comprise 30% of overall
course grade, Self-assessment/ Comprehension activity is 5 %, Long Quiz is also
10% and is given the day before the Term exam, unless there is poor attendance or
behavior in the class. I reserve the right to increase or decrease the quizzes
WITHOUT notice.

✔ Each quiz will cover the course content due that day and/or the class prior, and may
include all lectures, videos covered in class or readings assigned in the required
module.

✔ Class participation points are only awarded to students who positively contribute to
the class. Students who attend class forum via zoom or any media platform that is
convenient to them as students will be more engaged, will synthesize the course
content or topic better, and will have the opportunity to contribute to the interactive
 discussions and earn participation points during the said forum

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✔ While online
participation is graded subjectively the following are taken into
consideration; 1) Positive preparation for class;
2) Involvement in class forums and discussion and;
3) Demonstrated level of enthusiasm for module material
NOTE
That contribution to class discussion
does not simply involve talking but should demonstrate that student have read and und
erstood content of the module. Online forum participation comprises 5 % of overall
course grade.

REFERENCES:

Adair John (1988) Effective Leadership. Pan Books. NCSL

Felkenes, George T. Effective Supervision. San Jose California. San Jose, California:
Prentice hall, 1977

Robert Mallory, Small Unit Leadership

Red E. Fiedler. The Contingency Model: A Theory of Leadership

Effectiveness http://www.thechurning.net/about/what-is-leadership-where-to-

begin/ https://www.chriswirz.com/management/what-is-leadership

https://blog.aiesec.org/is-leadership-a-skill-or-a-quality/

https://slideplayer.com/slide/9825730/

https://spinsucks.com/entrepreneur/define-managers-vs-leaders-

traits/ https://leadthyself.blogspot.com/2018/12/leader-or-

manager.html
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About the faculty:
NB Dacasin is a graduate of BS in Criminology (2011) at Bataan Heroes Memorial
College. Passed the criminology licensure examination for criminology 2012. Joined the
criminology faculty of her alma mater in 2013 up to present. Currently completing her
thesis writing for her Master’s Degree in criminology at Metro Manila College.

Contact Details:
Mobile no. : 0915-719-8380
Email address : dacasinnida1120@gmail.com
FB account : Espinal Bajado
Instagram account : Espinal Bajado

Learning Objectives

1. The Students should be able to differentiate leaders, from managers and

administrators.
2. Students should be able to attribute vision and mission of leaders, managers and
administrators
3. students should be able to the key qualities of effective leadership using techniques
and theories acquired.
4. Students should be able to critique leadership style management and behavior.

Schedule : Week 1
Modality : Mixed
Topics Teaching Learning Assessment
Activities

What is Leadership? What is
Management
Who is a Leader? Who is a
Manager
Leader versus Manager, Can it
be learn? Can it be taught
Types of Leaders and
Leadership Styles.
Components of Effective
Leadership
Read the printed module
available for the week
and take the “self
assessment questions”
Should participate in the
scheduled forum via zoom
or messenger meeting for
interactive discussion;
during the said forum
you are required to
raise
questions for
clarification or
elaboration.
You are required to
answer the pre-test,
quizzes, all the
comprehension and
self assessment
activities
The comprehension
questions will be
5%
graded but intended to
help you well
comprehend the
course. All the self-
assessment activities
are
premeditated to prepare
you successfully pass
the grading quizzes
 and term examination

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LESSON1.1

Theories on Leadership

There are various theories of

leadership. According to the Trait
Theory, certain personality traits may
lead people
spontaneously into leadership roles. A
difficult situation or a crisis may bring
out the latent leadership qualities in a
person, which is referred to as the
Great Events Theory.

The most widely accepted theory

today is the Transformational Leadership
Theory, which states that leadership skills
can be mastered by people who wish to
become leaders. When a person respects
an individual as a leader, he does not take
into account the leader’s attributes but
rather evaluates his actions and makes an
assessment. This observation helps him
learn if he is a trustworthy leader or a
selfish individual.
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What Is Leadership?

Leadership captures the essentials of

being
able and prepared to inspire others.

Effective leadership is based upon

ideas—
both original and borrowed—that are
effectively communicated to others in a
way
that engages them enough to act as
the
leader wants them to act.

A leader inspires others to act while

simultaneously directing the way that they act.
They must be personable enough for others to follow their orders, and they must have
the critical thinking skills to know the best way to use the resources at an organization's
disposal.

Components of Effective Leadership

According to experts, there are two very important components of effective leadership. 1.
One is belief and confidence in leadership, which is an indicator of employee
satisfaction in the organization.
2. The second is effective communication by the leadership in making the employees
understand the business strategy, helping them understand and contribute to the
achievement of the organization’s business objectives and sharing information about
the organization with the employees for their benefit and guidance.

A leader should know what he is, what he knows and what he does. He should
incessantly seek self-improvement. He should be familiar with the tasks and
environment of employees. He should set an example to the rest of the employees.
Inspiring, encouraging and enabling followers to share his vision and improve the
organization’s performance are the tests of successful leadership.

What does it take to lead well in a time of change?

The essence of great leadership is about delivering just two things: inspiration and
results. The best leaders are the ones who inspire us the most. The best leaders
are also the ones who deliver the best results. The truly great leaders are the ones who
somehow manage to combine both inspiration and results.

Always remember “an organization will move forward with or without you” if you want to
move on with an organization, then it’s up to you to prove your leadership skills.
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How Does Leadership Work?

Leadership is a process more than it is a position. It does not always have to be a formal
role that one holds. Good leadership requires the correct application of skills and
practices at a time to help the organization reach its goals.
Leadership skills can be learned and improved.
Based on research, great leaders consistently possess these 10 core leadership
skills: 1. Integrity
2. Ability to
delegate
3. Communication
4. Self-awareness
5. Gratitude
6. Learning agility
7. Influence
8. Empathy
9. Courage
10. Respect

Integrity
The importance of integrity should be obvious. Though it may not necessarily be a
metric in employee evaluations, integrity is essential for the individual and the
organization. It’s especially important for top-level executives who are charting the
organization’s course and making countless other significant decisions. Our research
show that integrity may actually be a potential blind spot for organizations. Make sure
your organization reinforces the importance of integrity to leaders at various levels.
Ability to Delegate
Delegating is one of the core responsibilities of a leader, but it can be tricky to delegate
effectively. The goal isn’t just to free yourself up — it’s also to enable your direct reports,
facilitate teamwork, provide autonomy, lead to better decision-making, and help your
direct reports grow. In order to delegate well, you also need to build trust with your
team.

Communication
Effective leadership and effective communication are intertwined. You need to be able
to communicate in a variety of ways, from transmitting information to coaching your
people. And you must be able to listen to, and communicate with, a wide range of
people across roles, social identities, and more. The quality and effectiveness of
communication across your organization directly affects the success of your business
strategy, too. Learn how better conversations can actually improve your organizational
culture.

Self-Awareness
While this is a more inwardly focused skill, self-awareness is paramount for leadership.
The better you understand yourself, the more effective you can be. Do you know how
other people view you, or how you show up at work?
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Gratitude
Being thankful can make you a better leader. Gratitude can lead to higher self-esteem,
reduced depression and anxiety, and even better sleep. Few people regularly say
“thank you” at work, even though most people say they’d be willing to work harder for an
appreciative boss. Learn how to give thanks and practice more gratitude in the
workplace.

Learning Agility
Learning agility is the ability to know what to do when you don’t know what to do. If
you’re a “quick study” or are able to excel in unfamiliar circumstances, you might
already be learning agile. But anybody can foster learning agility through practice,
experience, and effort. Explore how great leaders are great learners, with strong
learning agility to get started.

Influence
For some people, “influence” feels like a dirty word. But being able to convince people
through logical, emotional, or cooperative appeals is a component of being an inspiring,
effective leader. Influence is quite different from manipulation, and it needs to be done
authentically and transparently. It requires emotional intelligence and trust-building. Find
out how the 4 keys to influencing others.

Empathy
Empathy is correlated with job performance and a critical part of emotional intelligence
and leadership effectiveness. If you show more empathy towards your direct reports,
our research shows you’re more likely to be viewed as a better performer by your boss.
Empathy can be learned, and in addition to making you more effective, it will also
improve work for you and those around you.

Courage
It can be hard to speak up at work, whether you want to voice a new idea, provide
feedback to a direct report, or flag a concern for someone above you. That’s part of the
reason courage is a key skill for good leaders. Rather than avoiding problems or
allowing conflicts to fester, courage enables leaders to step up and move things in the
right direction. A psychologically safe workplace culture encourages speaking the truth.

Respect
Treating people with respect on a daily basis is one of the most important things a
leader can do. It will ease tensions and conflict, create trust, and improve effectiveness.
Respect is more than the absence of disrespect, and it can be shown in many different
ways. Explore how you can cultivate a climate of respect at work.

Leadership is largely an acquired skill. To start with a leader needs intelligence,

positive attitude and a combination of the qualities of courage, shrewdness and
common senses. Successful leaders build on these natural talents as they gain
experience and develop the wide range of skills they need.

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Types of leaders

Charismatic leaders; they rely on their aura, personality, and inspirational qualities.

Autocratic leaders; they impose their decisions and tend to surround themselves with
“yes people”. They use their position to force people to do what they want.

Visionary leaders; they enable and inspire people with the vision of a

future. Guidelines to Effective Leadership

✔ Maintain respect.
✔ Be responsive to the needs of others
✔ Work effectively with people
✔ Have high motivation
✔ Be knowledgeable
✔ Use every available resource
✔ Capitalize on the leadership given to you

Steps How to Practice Leadership

✔ Identify the goal

✔ Make sure that goal is understood
✔ Make a plan to get the goal
✔ Get the activity started
✔ Keep the activity pointed toward the goal
✔ Provide the inspiration and enthusiasm to keep the pace moving
✔ Evaluate the results
✔ Reward those who help you reach the goal

TYPES OF POWER
Legitimate power: Influence based on the leader’s formal position in the organization’s
hierarchy.

EX: “Because I am the boss, you must do as I ask. ”Reward power: is the power
stemming from a leader’s ability to reward follower.

Ex: “If you do what I ask, I will give you a reward.”

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Coercive power: The ability of a leader to punish their follower.
Ex: “ If you do not do what I ask you, I will punish you. ”Expert power: the power based
on a leader’s specialized knowledge.

Ex: As a source of special knowledge and information. Referent power: Power based
on the follower's the desire to identify with or imitate the leader.

Leadership style is the approach a manager uses to influence subordinates. This

influence may take the form of.
Autocratic style A type of leadership whereby the manager centralizes authority and
does not involve others in decision making.
Autocratic Strength The preference for making decision without consulting others is
highly effective when quick decision are critical.
Autocratic Weakness The manager could be more objective or motivate workers
better if he or she were more open to input from others.

Leadership Styles Democratic style

In this type, the manager delegates authority and involves employees in decision
making. Democratic Strength It encourages employee participation and free flow of
communication.
Democratic Weakness Employees may be slow to arrive at decisions, and the leader
may end up having less control over workers.

Leadership Styles Laissez-Faire Style

A type of leadership whereby the manager takes the role of consultant, leaving the
actual decision making up to the employees.

Laissez-Faire Strength It provides encouragement for employee’ ideas, and allows

them the opportunity to express themselves creatively.

Laissez-Faire Weakness The employees may pursue goals that do not match those of
the organization.

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THE EFFECTIVE MANAGER How to make goal-setting work for you Set specific
goals- They lead to higher performance than more generally stated ones, such as
“Do your best.

Set challenging goals- As long as they are viewed as realistic and attainable, more
difficult goals lead to higher performance than do easy goal.

Clarify goal priority- Make sure that expectations are clear as to which goals should
be accomplished first, and why.

Reward goal accomplishment- don’t let positive accomplishments pass unnoticed;

reward people for doing what they set out to do.

Guidelines for Positive Reinforcement and Punishment:

✔ Clearly identify desired work behaviors.

✔ Maintain a diverse inventory of rewards.
✔ Inform everyone of what must be done to get rewards.
✔ Recognize individual differences in allocating rewards.
✔ Follow the laws of immediate reinforcement and contingent reinforcement.

Guidelines for Positive Reinforcement and Punishment:

For Punishment:
✔ Tell the person what is being done wrong.
✔ Tell the person what is being done right.
✔ Make the punishment match the behavior.
✔ Administer the punishment in private.
✔ Follow the laws of immediate reinforcement.

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Leadership vs. Management – is
there
really a difference?
 “To manage” means “to bring about, to
accomplish, to have charge of or
responsibility for, to conduct.”

“To lead”, on the other hand, is

“influencing, guiding in direction, course,
action and opinion while rallying
people
to a better future around a
strategic
vision.”

What is the difference between

management and leadership?
This is a
regularly asked question
amongst many
industries, and it has been
answered in
as many different ways. Let’s look at
what many experts agree is the main
differences between the two titles.
In a sentence, a leader has people follow her/him, whereas a manager has people
answer to her/him.

A genuine leader is not a searcher for consensus but a

molder of consensus.
– Martin Luther King, Jr.
There is a common quote you
may have heard previously about the difference between manager and leader;
“Managers have subordinates, leaders have followers”.

Just look at the original English meanings of the words manage and lead; To
manage means to handle, which implies a high degree of direct involvement.
To lead means to go before and prepare the way.
Managers supervise staff in the day-to-day operations of an organization, whereas
Leaders create change within organizations and inspire others towards greatness.
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5 Ways to be a Leader, Not a Manager
In an article about leadership qualities, titled 5 Ways to be a Leader, Not a Manager,
Jennifer Hill is quoted as stating that a leader has five unique qualities, which are;

1. Listen more and speak less.

2. Consensus is good but… direction and decisiveness create action.
3. Anyone can identify a problem. A leader is part of the solution.
4. Apologize publicly and gloat privately.
5. Give the hard message.

Management is doing things right; leadership is doing the

right things.
– Peter Drucker

7 Things Great Leaders Always Do (but Mere Managers Always Fear) In an article
on Inc.com, Bill Murphy Jr outlines seven differences that he sees between leaders
and managers. They are;
1. A great leader connects daily work with great goals. A mere manager focuses
only on the short-term.
2. A great leader thinks of people as people. A mere manager sees only titles or
organizational charts.
3. A great leader wants to earn respect. A mere manager wants to be liked.
4. A real leader is thrilled when team members achieve great things. A mere
manager is threatened.
5. A great leader empowers people with honesty and transparency. A mere
manager parcels out information as if it costs him personally.
6. A great leader understands that if the team falls short, he is responsible. A mere
manager blames the team.
7. A great leader cares mainly about results. A mere manager is more concerned
with process.

In Summary
Here are a few personality traits that I see great leaders display in their work and
interactions;

1. Leaders give freely

2. Leaders are open and transparent
3. Leaders encourage others to do better
4. Leaders take responsibility
5. Leaders never give up
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