CRIMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH 1 &

2
• Meaning of Research and Criminological Research
• Types of Research
• Sources of Research Problems
• Research Process
• Methods of Research
• Research Designs
• Statistics
• Importance of research in Criminal Justice
• Research is defined as the scientific
investigation of phenomena which includes
collection, presentation, analysis and
interpretation of facts that links an individual’s
speculation with reality. It is the systematic
study of trends or events which involves
careful collection, presentation, analysis and
interpretation of quantitative data or facts
that relates man’s thinking with reality.
• The word research was an offshoot from
the French word reserche, from recherché
to search closely where “chercher” means
“to search”; its literal meaning is to
investigate thoroughly.
 Characteristics of Research:

• 1. Empirical. Research is based on direct experience or observation by the researcher. The

collection of data relies on practical experience without giving consideration to scientific
knowledge or theory.
• 2. Logical. Research is based on valid procedures and principles. Scientific study is done in an
orderly manner so that the investigator has confidence in the results. Systematic examination
of the procedures used in the research enables the investigator to draw valid conclusions.
• 3. Cyclical. Research is a cyclical process because it starts with a problem and ends with a
problem.
• 4. Analytical. Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering the data, whether
historical, descriptive, experimental, and case study.
• 5. Critical. Research exhibits careful and precise judgment. A higher level of confidence must
be established.
• 6. Methodical. Research is conducted in a methodical manner without bias using systematic
methods and procedures.
• 7. Replicability. The research design and procedures are replicated or repeated to enable
the researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results. Similarities and differences of
replicated research can be compared.
• What is a Research Problem?
Research problem is a question that a
researcher wants to answer or a problem
that a researcher wants to solve
 SOURCES OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS FOR
CRIMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH
• CRIME
• CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR
• TREATMENT/REHABILITATION
• CRIME PREVENTION
• LAW ENFORCEMENT
• LAW IMPLEMENTATION
• CRIMINALISTICS/CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
• POLICING
• CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROCESS
• JUVENILE DELINQUENCY
• OTHER RELATED ISSUES AND CONCERNS
• Characteristics of a research problem
1.Simple
2. Measurable
3. Achievable
4. Realistic
5. Time- bounded
 TYPES OF RESEARCH

• There are three types of research. These are (1) basic research,
(2) applied research, and (3) developmental research.
•
1. BASIC RESEARCH – this is also called “fundamental
research” or “pure research”. It seeks to discover basic truths
or principles. It is intended to add to the body of scientific
knowledge by exploring the unknown to extend the
boundaries of knowledge as well as to discover new facts and
learn more accurately the characteristics of known without any
particular thought as to immediate practical utility. In other
words, the results of basic research in theoretical knowledge
have no immediate usefulness or value to man
• 2. APPLIED RESEARCH – this type of research involves seeking new applications
of scientific knowledge to the solution of a problem, such as the development of
a new system or procedure, new device, or new method in order to solve the
problem. In this type of research, the problem is identified and a new system or
new method is applied in order to solve the problem. In other words, applied
research produces knowledge of practical use to man. Another example is the
problem regarding crimes which are perpetuated by riding in tandem. To solve
this problem there should be a research conducted prohibiting the running of
motorcycles with back rides.
•
3. DEVELOPMENTAL RESEARCH – this is a decision-oriented research involving
the application of the steps of the scientific method in response to an immediate
need to improve existing practices. In other words, if a researcher continues to
find practical applications from theoretical knowledge and use this existing
knowledge to produce useful products it is called development research.
 Two Major Research Methods
• Quantitative Research Methods- Concerned
with measuring criminological justice reality
using numerical data.
• Qualitative Research Methods- designed to
capture life as participants who experience it,
rather than in categories predetermined by
the researcher.
• Quantitative Research Methods- involve a
pattern of studying the relationship between sets
of variables to determine cause and effect.
• 1. Survey research- most frequently used mode
of observation within social sciences, including
criminology. It involves the collection of
information from a sample of individuals
through their responses to questions.
• 2. Experimental and Qusi-experimental
research- may be the best type of research to
assess cause and effect. It contains Pre-test
which measures the dependent variables prior to
the experimental invention, and Post-test which
measures the out-come variable after the
experimental group has received the treatment.
• 3. Cross-sectional research- involves studies of
one group at one point in time. (Hirschi’s Theory)
• 4. Longitudinal (examining the same
individuals over a period of time)- Has two
used designs the Panel and Cohort studies.
Both study the same group over a period of
time and are generally concerned with
assessing within- and between-group change.
• A. Panel studies- follow the same group or sample
over time.
• B. Cohort Studies- follow individuals or specific as they
change over time.
• 5. Time Series Design- Involve variations of multiple
observations of the same groups (person, city, area)
over time at successive points in time.

6. Meta-analysis- it is the quantitative analysis of

findings from multiple studies. At it’s core, meta-
analysis involves researhers putting together the
results of several studies and making summary,
empirical statements about some cause and effect
relationship.
 Qualitative research design
• 1. Participant observation- involves variety of
startegies in data gathering in which the
researcher observes a group of participating, to
varying degrees, in the activities of the group.
• 2. Intensive Interviewing- Consist of open-
ended, relatively, unstructured questioning in
which the interviewer seeks in-depth
information on the interviewee’s feelings,
experiences, or perceptions.
• 3. Focus Group- Are groups of unrelated
individuals that are formed by the researcher
and then led in group discussions of topic.
• 4. Case studies- are in-depth, qualitative
studies of one or a few illustrative cases.
 Forms of Objective research
 The objective of the research process is to
produce knowledge, which takes three main
forms:
• Exploratory research, which configures,
organizes and identifies new problems.
• Constructive research, which develops and
elaborates solutions to a problem.
• Empirical research, which tests the probability
or feasibility of a solution using observed
empirical evidence.
 Research Chapters
• CHAPTER 1- THE PROBLEM
• CHAPTER 2- REVIEW OF RELATED LTERATURE
• CHAPTER 3- RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
• CHAPTER 4- PRESENTATION OF DATA
• CHAPTER 5- SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
 IMRAD
• IMRAD Is an acronym, which stands for
Introduction, Method, Results, And
Discussion. It is a format adapted for Scientific
writing and the common organizational
structure or document format
APA (American Pyschological Association)

• A popular standard format used in social

sciences. A writing format for academic
document such as scholarly journal articles
and books.
 THE VARIABLE
A variable is defined as a quantity susceptible of fluctuation or change
in value or magnitude under different conditions. Numerical values
or categories represent these quantities.
TYPES OF VARIABLE
1. Independent variable – this is the stimulus variable which is chosen
by the researcher to determine its relationship to an observed
phenomenon. For example, the researcher wishes to determine the
effect of rank on the job performance of PNP; he may take a group
of high ranking (commissioned police officers), for example a Police
Captain, and observe their performance.
2. Dependent Variable – this is the response variable which is
observed and measured to determine the effect of the independent
variable. It changes when the independent variable varies.
The Components of the Research Process

• The basic components of the research process

are (1) Problem/ Objectives, (2) Hypothesis,
(3) Theoretical/Conceptual Framework, (4)
Assumptions, (5) Review of Related Literature
and Studies, (6) Research Design, (7) Data
Collection, (8) Data Processing and Statistical
Treatment, (9) Analysis and Interpretation,
and (10) Summary, Conclusions and
Recommendations.
• A hypothesis is defined as a wise guess that is
formulated and temporarily adopted to
explain the observed facts covered by the
study. A hypothesis guides the researcher in
that it describes the procedure to follow in
conducting the study. It is important because
it tells the researcher what to do and how to
go about solving a research problem. The
plural term of hypothesis is hypotheses.
 Types of Hypothesis

• 1. Null Hypothesis (Ho) - is a denial of an existence of a trait,

characteristic, quality, value, correlation or difference of the result. Null
hypothesis is always stated in negative form.
• Null Hypothesis (H0). There is no correlation between job-related
problems and job performance of police officers in the City of Cagayan
de Oro.

• 2. Alternative Hypothesis (H1) - is the opposite extreme of the null

hypothesis because the former is stated in positive form. Alternative
hypothesis is an affirmation of the existence of observed phenomena.
• Example: There is a significant difference on the educational
qualification and socioeconomic status of criminology professors in
state universities and colleges in the Philippines.
 Theoretical and Conceptual Framework

• Theoretical Framework shapes the justification

of the research problem/research objectives in
order to provide the legal basis for defining its
parameters. It is a symbolic construction which
uses abstract concepts, facts or laws, variables
and their relations that explain and predict how
an observed phenomenon exists and operates.
"The theoretical framework is the “blueprint”
for the entire dissertation inquiry.
• Conceptual Framework presents specific and
well-defined concepts which are called
constructs. Its functions are similar to
theoretical framework because the constructs
used are derived from abstract concepts of
the theoretical framework.
The significance of the study can be presented
either inductive or deductive..
Inductive- The researcher states the importance
of the study from particular to general.
Deductive- The researcher states the
importance of the study from general to
particular.
• Scope and Limitations of the Study is an
important section of a thesis, dissertation and
research paper. This includes the coverage of
the study area, the subjects, the research
apparatus, equipment or instrument, the
research issues and concerns, the duration of
the study, and the constraints that have direct
bearing on the result of the study.
Review of Related Literature and Studies

• The word related means the legal bases,

literature, and studies which have direct
bearing or relation to the present study. It has
three parts: related legal bases, related
literature and related studies.
 “Research Design”.
• It is a strategy of the study and the plan by
which the strategy is to be carried out. It
specifies the methods and procedures for the
collection, measurement, and analysis of data.
 Four (4) kinds of research designs
• 1. Historical design- a scientific critical inquiry
of the whole truth of past events using the
critical method in the understanding and
interpretation of facts which are applicable to
current issues and problems.
• 2. Descriptive design. The study focuses on
the present condition.
3. Experimental design. It is a problem-solving
approach that the study is described in the
future on what will be when variables are
carefully controlled or manipulated.
4. Case study design. It is a problem-solving
technique wherein the study is described from
the past, present, and future.
• Sampling is defined as the method of getting a
representative portion of a population. The
term population is the aggregate or total of
objects, persons, families, species, or orders of
plants or animals.
Qualities of a Good Research Instrument

• 1. Validity. It means the degree to which a test or

measuring instrument measures what it intends to
measure. In other words, there is veracity or
truthfulness of the responses.
• 2. Reliability. It means the extent to which a research
instrument is dependable, consistent, and stable.
• 3. Usability. It means the degree to which the research
instrument can be satisfactorily used by teachers,
researchers, supervisors, and school managers without
undue expenditure of time, money, and effort. In other
words, usability means practicability.
• Data processing involves input, throughput and
output mechanisms. Input involves the responses
from the research instrument by the subjects of
the study; throughput includes the statistical
procedures and techniques; and output, the
results of the study which are presented in data
matrix form. Data processing is the means also to
convert information either manually or by machine
into quantitative and qualitative forms for use in
research analysis.
Data processing consists of three basic steps:

• 1. Categorization of Data: It refers to the grouping of subjects

under study according to the objectives or purposes of the study.
For example, the study is all about “Edwin Sutherland’s Theory as
Perceived by the Probationers in CDO.” First thing to do is
categorized the profile of the probationers because they are the
respondents of the study as to their: age, sex, civil status,
educational attainment, occupation, and crime committed.
• 2. Coding of Data: It refers to the process of transforming
collected information or observations to a set of meaningful,
cohesive categories. It is also the process of driving codes from
the observed data. In qualitative research the data is either
obtained from observations, interviews or from questionnaires.
• 3. Tabulation of Data: This is done by tallying
and counting the raw data to arrive at
frequency distribution and to facilitate in
organizing them in a systematic order in a
table or several tables. This can be done
manually or by the use of machine
(computer).
Data are individual pieces of factual information recorded and
used for the purpose of analysis. It is the raw information from
which statistics are created. Datum (singular form) - a piece of
information; data (plural form) - multiple pieces of information.
Statistics refers to the practice or science of collecting and
analyzing numerical data in large quantities, especially for the
purpose of inferring proportions in a whole from those in a
representative sample. “Statistics” as defined by the American
Statistical Association (ASA) “is the science of learning from
data, and of measuring, controlling and communicating
uncertainty.” Statistician is a person who collects and studies
statistics.
 Kinds of Statistics:

• 1. Descriptive statistics generally characterizes or describes a set

of data elements by graphically displaying the information or
describing its central tendencies and how it is distributed
example: Mean, Median, Mode
2. Inferential statistics tries to infer information about a
population by using information gathered by sampling. Most of
the major inferential statistics come from a general family of
statistical models known as the General Linear Model. This
includes the t-test, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Analysis of
Covariance (ANCOVA), regression analysis, and many of the
multivariate methods like factor analysis, multidimensional
scaling, cluster analysis, discriminant function analysis, and so
on.
 Types of Descriptive Statistics
• a. The Distribution. The distribution is a
summary of the frequency of individual values
or ranges of values for a variable. The simplest
distribution would list every value of a variable
and the number of persons who had each
value.
• b. Central Tendency
• The central tendency of a distribution is an
estimate of the “center” of a distribution of
values. There are three major types of
estimates of central tendency:
• • Mean
• • Median
• • Mode
• Dispersion refers to the spread of the values
around the central tendency. There are two
common measures of dispersion, the range
and the standard deviation. The range is
simply the highest value minus the lowest
value. In our example distribution, the high
value is 36 and the low is 15, so the range is
36 - 15 = 21.
• The Standard Deviation is a more accurate and detailed estimate of dispersion because an
outlier can greatly exaggerate the range (as was true in this example where the single outlier
value of 36 stands apart from the rest of the values. The Standard Deviation shows the
relation that set of scores has to the mean of the sample. Again let’s take the set of scores:
• 15, 20, 21, 20, 36, 15, 25, 15
• to compute the standard deviation, we first find the distance between each value and the
mean. We know from above that the mean is 20.875. So, the differences from the mean are:
• 15 - 20.875 = -5.875
• 20 - 20.875 = -0.875
• 21 - 20.875 = +0.125
• 20 - 20.875 = -0.875
• 36 - 20.875 = 15.125
• 15 - 20.875 = -5.875
• 25 - 20.875 = +4.125
• 15 - 20.875 = -5.875
“Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation
of Data.”
• Presentation is a way of arranging data into
logical, chronological and significant
categories and classification.
 3 ways of presenting data
• 1. Tabular. Tabular Presentation of data is a method of
presentation of data. It is a systematic and logical
arrangement of data in the form of rows and columns
with respect to the characteristics of data.
2. Graphical. A chart is a graphical representation of data,
in which "the data is represented by symbols, suchas
bars in a bar chart, lines in a line chart, or slices in a pie
chart".
3. Textual. Textual presentation of data means presenting
data in the form of words, sentences and paragraphs.
 ANALYSIS OF DATA
• Analysis of data refers to the skill of the researcher
in describing, delineating similarities and
differences, highlighting the significant findings or
data and ability to extract information or messages
out of the presented data.
• It is also defined as the examination of data or fact
in terms of quantity, quality, attribute, trait, pattern,
trend, relationship among others so as to answer
research questions which involve statistical
techniques and procedures.
 TYPES OF DATA ANALYSIS
• 1. Univariate analysis is the simplest form of analyzing data. “Uni”
means “one”, so in other words your data has only one variable.
• 2. Bivariate analysis is one of the statistical analyses where two
variables are observed. One variable here is dependent while the
other is independent.
• 3. Multivariate data analysis is a set of statistical models that
examine patterns in multidimensional data by considering, at
once, several data variables.
• 4. Normative analysis is the activity of evaluating, and making,
arguments pertaining to questions of right and wrong.
• 5. Status analysis stresses real facts relating to current conditions
in a group of subjects chosen for each study.
• 6. Descriptive analysis merely describes the characteristics, composition,
structure and substructures that occur as units within the larger
structure. He also analyzes what makes the system work and regulate.
• 7. Classification analysis is usually employed in natural science subjects
like Botany, Biology, Zoology, Phycology, Conchology, Mycology and the
like.
• 8. Evaluative analysis is a type of data analysis that appraises carefully
the worthiness of the current study.
• 9. Comparative analysis, the researcher considers at least two entities
and establishes a formal procedure for obtaining criterion data on the
basis of which he can compare and conclude one is better than the other.
• 10. Cost-effective analysis is applicable in comparing the cost between
two or more variables, and to determine which of the variables is most
effective.
 Summary of Findings, Conclusions and
Recommendations
• Summary of Findings summarizes the results
based on Chapter 4. If there are four specific
research questions stated in Chapter 1 and
answered in Chapter 4, there are only four
results summarized in this section and no
presentation of tables and graphs.
• Conclusions should unite with the findings of the
study. If there are four summarized results in the
findings, there are also four conclusions. It is an
important part of the paper; it provides closure
for the reader while reminding the reader of the
contents and importance of the paper. The
conclusion allows you to have the final say on the
issues you have raised in your paper, to synthesize
your thoughts, to demonstrate the importance of
your study.
• Recommendations are based on the conclusions. This
is arranged as they appear in the findings and
conclusions. If there are four research questions in
Chapter 1 and answers these four questions in Chapter
4, summarizing the four findings and conclusions in
Chapter 5, there are five recommendations because
the fifth recommendation is for further research.
• Conclusions interpret the findings or results of an
investigation. Recommendations follow conclusions
and are opinions supported by the report's findings.
 Exam Drill
• 1. This is used when it is impossible to study or
measure the large group of population.
• a. Descriptive statistics
• b. Quantitative research
• c. Qualitative research
• d. Inferential statistics
• 1. This is used when it is impossible to study or
measure the large group of population.
• a. Descriptive statistics
• b. Quantitative research
• c. Qualitative research
• d. Inferential statistics
• 2. It is the most frequently occurring
value in the set of scores.
• a. Mean
• b. Median
• c. Mode
• d. Frequency
• 2. It is the most frequently occurring
value in the set of scores.
• a. Mean
• b. Median
• c. Mode
• d. Frequency
• 3. Mean, median, mode and frequency are
examples of:
• a. Descriptive statistics
• b. Quantitative research
• c. Qualitative research
• d. Inferential statistics
• 3. Mean, median, mode and frequency are
examples of:
• a. Descriptive statistics
• b. Quantitative research
• c. Qualitative research
• d. Inferential statistics
• 4. Analysis of variance and T-test are examples
of:
• a. Descriptive statistics
• b. Quantitative research
• c. Qualitative research
• d. Inferential statistics
• 4. Analysis of variance and T-test are examples
of:
• a. Descriptive statistics
• b. Quantitative research
• c. Qualitative research
• d. Inferential statistics
• 3. Mean, median, mode and frequency are
examples of:
• a. Descriptive statistics
• b. Quantitative research
• c. Qualitative research
• d. Inferential statistics
• 3. Mean, median, mode and frequency are
examples of:
• a. Descriptive statistics
• b. Quantitative research
• c. Qualitative research
• d. Inferential statistics
• 5. Case study is what kind of research study?
• a. Descriptive statistics
• b. Quantitative research
• c. Qualitative research
• d. Inferential statistics
• 5. Case study is what kind of research study?
• a. Descriptive statistics
• b. Quantitative research
• c. Qualitative research
• d. Inferential statistics
• 6. Are you the first researcher to come up with
such a research problem? This statement talks
about:
• a. Originality
• b. Replicability
• c. Usability
• d. Quality
•
• 6. Are you the first researcher to come up with
such a research problem? This statement talks
about:
• a. Originality
• b. Replicability
• c. Usability
• d. Quality
•
• 6. Are you the first researcher to come up with
such a research problem? This statement talks
about:
• a. Originality
• b. Replicability
• c. Usability
• d. Quality
•
• 7. Sometimes people around you could be
tough. Dealing with them is difficult. This
characterizes the quality of a researcher which
is being?
• a. Curious
• c. Creative
• b. Patient
• d. Wise
• 7. Sometimes people around you could be
tough. Dealing with them is difficult. This
characterizes the quality of a researcher which
is being?
• a. Curious
• c. Creative
• b. Patient
• d. Wise
• 8. The following are scopes of Criminological
Research, except:
• a. Criminal Law and Jurisprudence
• b. Forensic Sciences
• c. Criminal Investigation
• d. None of these
• 8. The following are scopes of Criminological
Research, except:
• a. Criminal Law and Jurisprudence
• b. Forensic Sciences
• c. Criminal Investigation
• d. None of these
• 10. Research methods used by the researcher
can be found on what chapter of the paper?
• a. Chapter 1
• b. Chapter 3
• c. Chapter 2
• d. Chapter 4
• 10. Research methods used by the researcher
can be found on what chapter of the paper?
• a. Chapter 1
• b. Chapter 3
• c. Chapter 2
• d. Chapter 4
• 11. What part of the study where you can find
the summary of findings, conclusions and
recommendations of the researcher?
• a. Chapter 2
• b. Chapter 4
• c. Chapter 3
• d. Chapter 5
• 11. What part of the study where you can find
the summary of findings, conclusions and
recommendations of the researcher?
• a. Chapter 2
• b. Chapter 4
• c. Chapter 3
• d. Chapter 5
• 12. What part of the paper where you can see
the signatures of the chairman and panelists?
• a. Dedication
• b. Approval Sheet
• c. Acknowledgment
• d. Title Page
• 12. What part of the paper where you can see
the signatures of the chairman and panelists?
• a. Dedication
• b. Approval Sheet
• c. Acknowledgment
• d. Title Page
• 13. Statement of the problem can be found on
what chapter?
• a. Chapter 1
• b. Chapter 3
• c. Chapter 2
• d. Chapter 4
• 13. Statement of the problem can be found on
what chapter?
• a. Chapter 1
• b. Chapter 3
• c. Chapter 2
• d. Chapter 4
• 14. A research study starts with a problem and
ends with a ____.
• a. solution
• b. decision
• c. theory
• d. problem
• 14. A research study starts with a problem and
ends with a ____.
• a. solution
• b. decision
• c. theory
• d. problem
• 13. Statement of the problem can be found on
what chapter?
• a. Chapter 1
• b. Chapter 3
• c. Chapter 2
• d. Chapter 4
• 13. Statement of the problem can be found on
what chapter?
• a. Chapter 1
• b. Chapter 3
• c. Chapter 2
• d. Chapter 4
• 15. It is the enumeration of all the books,
journals and websites used in the study.
• a. Biography
• b. Bibliography
• c. Curriculum Vitae
• d. Appendices
• 15. It is the enumeration of all the books,
journals and websites used in the study.
• a. Biography
• b. Bibliography
• c. Curriculum Vitae
• d. Appendices
• 16. This part of the paper should contain the
interest of the researcher why he intended to
pursue the study.
• a. Abstract
• b. Introduction
• c. Related Literature
• d. Statement of the Problem
• 16. This part of the paper should contain the
interest of the researcher why he intended to
pursue the study.
• a. Abstract
• b. Introduction
• c. Related Literature
• d. Statement of the Problem
• 17. What characteristic of a researcher
wherein he is always doubtful as to the
veracity of the result?
• a. Prudence
• b. Intellectual curiosity
• c. Intellectual honesty
• d. Healthy criticism
•
• 17. What characteristic of a researcher
wherein he is always doubtful as to the
veracity of the result?
• a. Prudence
• b. Intellectual curiosity
• c. Intellectual honesty
• d. Healthy criticism
•
• 18. It is the important section of the research
study where its coverage of the study are, the
subjects, the instruments, issues and duration
of the study:
• a. Significance of the study
• b. Conceptual framework
• c. Scope and limitations
• d. Theoretical framework
• 18. It is the important section of the research
study where its coverage of the study are, the
subjects, the instruments, issues and duration
of the study:
• a. Significance of the study
• b. Conceptual framework
• c. Scope and limitations
• d. Theoretical framework
• 19. It is also called the “importance of the
study”.
• a. Scope and limitations
• b. Significance of the study
• c. Research instrument
• d. Theoretical framework
•
• 19. It is also called the “importance of the
study”.
• a. Scope and limitations
• b. Significance of the study
• c. Research instrument
• d. Theoretical framework
•
• 20. What symbolic construction which uses
abstract concepts, facts or laws, variables and
their relations that explains and predicts how
an observed phenomenon exists and operates?
• a. Conceptual framework
• b. Alternative hypothesis
• c. Null hypothesis
• d. Theoretical framework
• 20. What symbolic construction which uses
abstract concepts, facts or laws, variables and
their relations that explains and predicts how
an observed phenomenon exists and operates?
• a. Conceptual framework
• b. Alternative hypothesis
• c. Null hypothesis
• d. Theoretical framework
• 21. It presumed as true statements of facts
related to the study:
• a. Assumption
• b. Hypothesis
• c. Conceptual
• d. Operational
• 21. It presumed as true statements of facts
related to the study:
• a. Assumption
• b. Hypothesis
• c. Conceptual
• d. Operational
• 22. What refers to a statement expressed
clearly and vividly in an interrogative or
question form?
• a. Research objectives
• b. Research problem
• c. Theoretical framework
• d. Conceptual framework
• 22. What refers to a statement expressed
clearly and vividly in an interrogative or
question form?
• a. Research objectives
• b. Research problem
• c. Theoretical framework
• d. Conceptual framework
• 23. What is an affirmation of an existence of
phenomena?
• a. Null hypothesis
• b. Conceptual framework
• c. Alternative hypothesis
• d. Theoretical framework
•
• 23. What is an affirmation of an existence of
phenomena?
• a. Null hypothesis
• b. Conceptual framework
• c. Alternative hypothesis
• d. Theoretical framework
•
• 24. “There is no significant difference in the responses of the respondents when
grouped according to age”, is a specific example of:
• a. Null hypothesis
• b. Conceptual framework
• c. Alternative hypothesis
• d. Theoretical framework
• 24. “There is no significant difference in the responses of the respondents when
grouped according to age”, is a specific example of:
• a. Null hypothesis
• b. Conceptual framework
• c. Alternative hypothesis
• d. Theoretical framework
• 25. What part of the research that presents
both the independent and dependent
variables of the study?
• a. Theoretical framework
• b. Conceptual framework
• c. Schema
• d. Statement of the problem
•
• 25. What part of the research that presents
both the independent and dependent
variables of the study?
• a. Theoretical framework
• b. Conceptual framework
• c. Schema
• d. Statement of the problem
•
• 26. It is a statement of purpose for which the
study is to be conducted.
• a. Research objective
• b. Operational definition
• c. Conceptual definition
• d. Research problem
• 26. It is a statement of purpose for which the
study is to be conducted.
• a. Research objective
• b. Operational definition
• c. Conceptual definition
• d. Research problem
• 27. It is the denial of an existence of trait,
quality, characteristics, relationship or
difference of an effect.
• a. Alternative hypothesis
• b. Conceptual framework
• c. Theoretical framework
• d. Null hypothesis
• 27. It is the denial of an existence of trait,
quality, characteristics, relationship or
difference of an effect.
• a. Alternative hypothesis
• b. Conceptual framework
• c. Theoretical framework
• d. Null hypothesis
• 28. It refers to an intelligent guess that is
formulated and temporarily adapted to
explain the observed facts covered by the
study.
• a. Assumption
• b. Theoretical framework
• c. Conceptual framework
• d. Hypothesis
• 28. It refers to an intelligent guess that is
formulated and temporarily adapted to
explain the observed facts covered by the
study.
• a. Assumption
• b. Theoretical framework
• c. Conceptual framework
• d. Hypothesis
• 29. One of the qualities of a good researcher is
that he keeps on inventing unique, new, and
original research.
• a. Resourceful
• b. Creative
• c. Scientific
• d. Efficient
• 29. One of the qualities of a good researcher is
that he keeps on inventing unique, new, and
original research.
• a. Resourceful
• b. Creative
• c. Scientific
• d. Efficient
• 30. The type of research that is also called
“pure research”.
• a. Basic research
• b. Action research
• c. Applied research
• d. Library research
• 30. The type of research that is also called
“pure research”.
• a. Basic research
• b. Action research
• c. Applied research
• d. Library research
• 31. Characteristics of research that starts with
a problem and ends with a problem.
• a. Methodical
• b. Cyclical
• c. Analytical
• d. Logical
• 31. Characteristics of research that starts with
a problem and ends with a problem.
• a. Methodical
• b. Cyclical
• c. Analytical
• d. Logical
• 32. Who will answer the survey questionnaires
being floated by the researcher?
• a. Subjects
• b. Students
• c. Respondents
• d. Statisticians
• 32. Who will answer the survey questionnaires
being floated by the researcher?
• a. Subjects
• b. Students
• c. Respondents
• d. Statisticians
• 33. One of the qualities of a good researcher is
that he is always precise in conducting his
research. Hence, he is:
• a. Scientific
• b. Resourceful
• c. Efficient
• d. Economical
• 33. One of the qualities of a good researcher is
that he is always precise in conducting his
research. Hence, he is:
• a. Scientific
• b. Resourceful
• c. Efficient
• d. Economical
• 34. What refers to the practice or science of
collecting and analyzing numerical data in large
quantities, especially for the purpose of
inferring proportions in a whole from those in a
representative sample?
• a. Statistik
• b. Statistics
• c. Statista
• d. Status
• 34. What refers to the practice or science of
collecting and analyzing numerical data in large
quantities, especially for the purpose of
inferring proportions in a whole from those in a
representative sample?
• a. Statistik
• b. Statistics
• c. Statista
• d. Status
• 35. It is the number of inhabitants in a given
area.
• a. Community
• b. Crime volume
• c. Society
• d. Population
• 35. It is the number of inhabitants in a given
area.
• a. Community
• b. Crime volume
• c. Society
• d. Population
• 36. It is the process of gathering data of
information to solve a particular or specific
problem in a scientific manner.
• a. Survey
• b. Scientific method
• c. Research
• d. Census
• 36. It is the process of gathering data of
information to solve a particular or specific
problem in a scientific manner.
• a. Survey
• b. Scientific method
• c. Research
• d. Census
• 35. It is the number of inhabitants in a given
area.
• a. Community
• b. Crime volume
• c. Society
• d. Population
• 35. It is the number of inhabitants in a given
area.
• a. Community
• b. Crime volume
• c. Society
• d. Population
• 37. It is a summary of the frequency of
individual values or ranges of values for a
variable.
• a. Distribution
• b. Mean
• c. Mode
• d. Standard Deviation
• 37. It is a summary of the frequency of
individual values or ranges of values for a
variable.
• a. Distribution
• b. Mean
• c. Mode
• d. Standard Deviation
• 36. It is the process of gathering data of
information to solve a particular or specific
problem in a scientific manner.
• a. Survey
• b. Scientific method
• c. Research
• d. Census
• 36. It is the process of gathering data of
information to solve a particular or specific
problem in a scientific manner.
• a. Survey
• b. Scientific method
• c. Research
• d. Census
• 38. What refers to the square root of the sum
of the squared deviations from the mean
divided by the number of scores minus one?
• a. Distribution
• b. Mean
• c. Mode
• d. Standard Deviation
• 38. What refers to the square root of the sum
of the squared deviations from the mean
divided by the number of scores minus one?
• a. Distribution
• b. Mean
• c. Mode
• d. Standard Deviation
• 39. What refers to the skill of the researcher in
describing, delineating similarities and
differences, highlighting the significant findings
or data and ability to extract information or
messages out of the presented data?
• a. Presentation of data
• c. Analysis of data
• b. Interpretation of data
• d. All of these
• 39. What refers to the skill of the researcher in
describing, delineating similarities and
differences, highlighting the significant findings
or data and ability to extract information or
messages out of the presented data?
• a. Presentation of data
• c. Analysis of data
• b. Interpretation of data
• d. All of these
• 40. It refers to a person who collects and
studies statistics.
• a. Criminologist
• c. Scientist
• b. Statistician
• d. Psychometrician
• 40. It refers to a person who collects and
studies statistics.
• a. Criminologist
• c. Scientist
• b. Statistician
• d. Psychometrician
• 41. What is an estimate of the “center” of a
distribution of values?
• a. Distribution
• b. Central Tendency
• c. Dispersion
• d. Mode
• 41. What is an estimate of the “center” of a
distribution of values?
• a. Distribution
• b. Central Tendency
• c. Dispersion
• d. Mode
• 43. These provide closure for the reader while
reminding the reader of the contents and
importance of the paper.
• a. Findings
• b. Conclusions
• c. Recommendations
• d. None of these
• 43. These provide closure for the reader while
reminding the reader of the contents and
importance of the paper.
• a. Findings
• b. Conclusions
• c. Recommendations
• d. None of these
• 45. One of the characteristics of
recommendation is that it must be practical
and workable.
• a. Feasible
• b. Relevant
• c. Logical
• d. All of these
• 45. One of the characteristics of
recommendation is that it must be practical
and workable.
• a. Feasible
• b. Relevant
• c. Logical
• d. All of these
• 46. These interpret the findings or results of
an investigation.
• a. Findings
• b. Conclusions
• c. Recommendations
• d. Summary
• 46. Theseinterpret the findings or results of an
investigation.
• a. Findings
• b. Conclusions
• c. Recommendations
• d. Summary
• 47. It is a set of statistical models that examine
patterns in multidimensional data by
considering, at once, several data variables.
• a. Multivariate data analysis
• b. Univariate analysis
• c. Normative analysis
• d. Classification analysis
• 47. It is a set of statistical models that examine
patterns in multidimensional data by
considering, at once, several data variables.
• a. Multivariate data analysis
• b. Univariate analysis
• c. Normative analysis
• d. Classification analysis
• 48. It stresses real facts relating to current
conditions in a group of subjects chosen for
each study.
• a. Status analysis
• b. Evaluative analysis
• c. Comparative analysis
• d. Cost-effective analysis
• 48. It stresses real facts relating to current
conditions in a group of subjects chosen for
each study.
• a. Status analysis
• b. Evaluative analysis
• c. Comparative analysis
• d. Cost-effective analysis
• 49. What is an in-depth study of naturally
occurring behavior within a culture or social
group?
• a. Ethnography
• b. Cross-sectional survey
• c. Longitudinal survey
• d. Cohort Study
• 49. What is an in-depth study of naturally
occurring behavior within a culture or social
group?
• a. Ethnography
• b. Cross-sectional survey
• c. Longitudinal survey
• d. Cohort Study
• 50. It generally refers to a study conducted over
a period of time involving members of a
population which the subject or representative
members come from, and who are united by
some commonality or similarity.
• a. Phenomenology
• b. Cross-sectional survey
• c. Longitudinal survey
• d. Cohort Study
• 50. It generally refers to a study conducted over
a period of time involving members of a
population which the subject or representative
members come from, and who are united by
some commonality or similarity.
• a. Phenomenology
• b. Cross-sectional survey
• c. Longitudinal survey
• d. Cohort Study
• 51. It explores what people experienced and
focuses on their experience of a phenomenon;
multiple ways of interpreting the same
experience.
• a. Phenomenological Study
• c. Cross-sectional survey
• b. Longitudinal survey
• d. Cohort Study
• 51. It explores what people experienced and
focuses on their experience of a phenomenon;
multiple ways of interpreting the same
experience.
• a. Phenomenological Study
• c. Cross-sectional survey
• b. Longitudinal survey
• d. Cohort Study
• 52. It is a type of observational study and is
sometimes referred to as a panel study.
• a. Phenomenological Study
• b. Cross-sectional survey
• c. Longitudinal survey
• d. Cohort Study
• 52. It is a type of observational study and is
sometimes referred to as a panel study.
• a. Phenomenological Study
• b. Cross-sectional survey
• c. Longitudinal survey
• d. Cohort Study
• 53. It contains supplementary material that is not
an essential part of the text itself but which may
be helpful in providing a more comprehensive
understanding of the research problem or it is
information that is too cumbersome to be
included in the body of the paper.
• a. Appendix c. Curriculum Vitae
• b. Curriculum Vitae d. Bibliography
• 53. It contains supplementary material that is not
an essential part of the text itself but which may
be helpful in providing a more comprehensive
understanding of the research problem or it is
information that is too cumbersome to be
included in the body of the paper.
• a. Appendix c. Curriculum Vitae
• b. Curriculum Vitae d. Bibliography
• 54. What is a detailed document highlighting
the researcher’s professional and academic
history?
• a. Appendix c. Resume
• b. Curriculum Vitae d.
Bibliography
• 54. What is a detailed document highlighting
the researcher’s professional and academic
history?
• a. Appendix c. Resume
• b. Curriculum Vitae d.
Bibliography
• 57. What stage of making a research paper is
the tabulation and analysis of data?
• a. Writing stage
• b. Data Processing stage
• c. Planning stage
• d. Oral Examination Stage
• 57. What stage of making a research paper is
the tabulation and analysis of data?
• a. Writing stage
• b. Data Processing stage
• c. Planning stage
• d. Oral Examination Stage
• 54. What is a detailed document highlighting
the researcher’s professional and academic
history?
• a. Appendix c. Resume
• b. Curriculum Vitae d.
Bibliography
• 58. It is the raw form of the facts and figures
behind the statistics, available in the format of
numeric files.
• a. Data c. Statistics
• b. Records d. Files
• 58. It is the raw form of the facts and figures
behind the statistics, available in the format of
numeric files.
• a. Data c. Statistics
• b. Records d. Files
• 59. A numerical value used as a summary
measure for a sample, such as sample mean,
is known as a:
• a. Population parameter
• b. Sample statistics
• c. Sample parameter
• d. Population mean
• 59. A numerical value used as a summary
measure for a sample, such as sample mean,
is known as a:
• a. Population parameter
• b. Sample statistics
• c. Sample parameter
• d. Population mean
• 60. What stage of making a research paper is
the construction and revision of a
questionnaire?
• a. Writing stage
• b. Data Processing stage
• c. Preparing stage
• d. Oral Examination Stage
• 60. What stage of making a research paper is
the construction and revision of a
questionnaire?
• a. Writing stage
• b. Data Processing stage
• c. Preparing stage
• d. Oral Examination Stage
• 59. A numerical value used as a summary
measure for a sample, such as sample mean,
is known as a:
• a. Population parameter
• b. Sample statistics
• c. Sample parameter
• d. Population mean
• 59. A numerical value used as a summary
measure for a sample, such as sample mean,
is known as a:
• a. Population parameter
• b. Sample statistics
• c. Sample parameter
• d. Population mean
• 61. What is the last stage of making a research
paper?
• a. Writing stage
• b. Data Processing stage
• c. Preparing stage
• d. Oral Examination Stage
• 61. What is the last stage of making a research
paper?
• a. Writing stage
• b. Data Processing stage
• c. Preparing stage
• d. Oral Examination Stage
• 62. What does APA stand for?
• a. American Psychological Association
• b. American Psychology Association
• b. Association of Psychologist in America
• d. Association of Psychiatrist in America
• 62. What does APA stand for?
• a. American Psychological Association
• b. American Psychology Association
• b. Association of Psychologist in America
• d. Association of Psychiatrist in America
• 63. Using the APA format, what kind of spacing
is required on both the title page and
throughout the paper?
• a. Single spacing
• b. Double spacing
• c. 1.5 spacing
• d. None of these
• 63. Using the APA format, what kind of spacing
is required on both the title page and
throughout the paper?
• a. Single spacing
• b. Double spacing
• c. 1.5 spacing
• d. None of these
• 64. In writing an academic paper in APA
format, you have to use an ____ inch paper.
• a. 8.5 x 11 c. 8 x 11
• b. 8.5 x 12 d. 8 x 12
• 64. In writing an academic paper in APA
format, you have to use an ____ inch paper.
• a. 8.5 x 11 c. 8 x 11
• b. 8.5 x 12 d. 8 x 12
• 66. The first part of your paper is obviously the
____.
• a. cover sheet c. title page
• b. dedication d. abstract
• 66. The first part of your paper is obviously the
____.
• a. cover sheet c. title page
• b. dedication d. abstract
• 69. What characteristic of research where
research design and procedures are repeated?
• a. Replicability c.
Methodical
• b. Analytical d. Critical
• 69. What characteristic of research where
research design and procedures are repeated?
• a. Replicability c.
Methodical
• b. Analytical d. Critical
• 68. The first part of your paper is obviously the
____.
• a. cover sheet c. title page
• b. dedication d. abstract
• 71. This is a decision-oriented research
involving the application of the steps of the
scientific method in response to an immediate
need to improve existing practices.
• a. Basic c. Applied
• b. Developmental d. Action
•
• 71. This is a decision-oriented research
involving the application of the steps of the
scientific method in response to an immediate
need to improve existing practices.
• a. Basic c. Applied
• b. Developmental d. Action
•
• 72. This type of research involves seeking new
applications of scientific knowledge to the
solution of the problem, such as the development
of a new system or procedure, new device, or
new method in order to solve the problem.
• a. Basic c. Applied
• b. Action d. Developmental
• 72. This type of research involves seeking new
applications of scientific knowledge to the
solution of the problem, such as the development
of a new system or procedure, new device, or
new method in order to solve the problem.
• a. Basic c. Applied
• b. Action d. Developmental
• 73. Research is based on the valid procedures
and principles. It means it is:
• a. logical c. empirical
• b. cyclical d. analytical
• 73. Research is based on the valid procedures
and principles. It means it is:
• a. logical c. empirical
• b. cyclical d. analytical
• 75. It is also known as a blind date with the
unknown.
• a. Research
• c. Data gathering
• b. Research instrument
• d. Statistical Treatment
• 75. It is also known as a blind date with the
unknown.
• a. Research
• c. Data gathering
• b. Research instrument
• d. Statistical Treatment
• 76. “What does the experience mean to the
newly appointed police officers?” If you want
to find answer of this question, then you are
going to conduct a:
• a. Case study
• c. Phenomenological study
• b. Thesis
• d. Longitudinal survey
• 76. “What does the experience mean to the
newly appointed police officers?” If you want
to find answer of this question, then you are
going to conduct a:
• a. Case study
• c. Phenomenological study
• b. Thesis
• d. Longitudinal survey
• 77. Research is derived from the French word
“cerchier” which means to seek or:
• a. search
• b. predict
• c. collect
• d. ask
•
• 77. Research is derived from the French word
“cerchier” which means to seek or:
• a. search
• b. predict
• c. collect
• d. ask
•
• 78. It is an in-depth study of naturally occurring
behavior within a culture or social group. Social
scientists sometimes refer to this as “field
research”.
• a. Survey
• b. Phenomenological study
• b. Cohorts
• d. Ethnographical study
• 78. It is an in-depth study of naturally occurring
behavior within a culture or social group. Social
scientists sometimes refer to this as “field
research”.
• a. Survey
• b. Phenomenological study
• b. Cohorts
• d. Ethnographical study
• 79. It is an in-depth study of a single unit such
as one individual or one group.
• a. Survey c. Case study
• b. Cohorts d. Ethnography
• 79. It is an in-depth study of a single unit such
as one individual or one group.
• a. Survey c. Case study
• b. Cohorts d. Ethnography
• 80. Kian is a child in conflict with the law (CICL). He
was referred to the social welfare office. Mary Ann, a
social worker, would like to have an in- depth
knowledge on Kian regarding his family, friends and
behavior. What is the most appropriate type of
research she should use?
• a. Case study
• c. Phenomenological study
• b. Thesis
• d. Longitudinal survey
• 80. Kian is a child in conflict with the law (CICL). He
was referred to the social welfare office. Mary Ann, a
social worker, would like to have an in- depth
knowledge on Kian regarding his family, friends and
behavior. What is the most appropriate type of
research she should use?
• a. Case study
• c. Phenomenological study
• b. Thesis
• d. Longitudinal survey
• 81. You are new in snatchers – infested areas in Tondo,
Manila. The streets never run out of people – criminals
and potential victims alike. You are interested in finding
out how the criminal and potential victim behave during
the attack. You posted yourself to become a victim. What
is the most appropriate type of research you should use?
• a. Case study
• b. Phenomenological study
• c. Ethnographical study
• d. Longitudinal survey
• 81. You are new in snatchers – infested areas in Tondo,
Manila. The streets never run out of people – criminals
and potential victims alike. You are interested in finding
out how the criminal and potential victim behave during
the attack. You posted yourself to become a victim. What
is the most appropriate type of research you should use?
• a. Case study
• b. Phenomenological study
• c. Ethnographical study
• d. Longitudinal survey
• 79. It is an in-depth study of a single unit such
as one individual or one group.
• a. Survey c. Case study
• b. Cohorts d. Ethnography
• 79. It is an in-depth study of a single unit such
as one individual or one group.
• a. Survey c. Case study
• b. Cohorts d. Ethnography
• 84. It analyzes documents and artifacts to gain
insights into what has happened in the past.
• a. Library research
• b. Historical research
• c. Developmental research
• d. Experimental research
• 84. It analyzes documents and artifacts to gain
insights into what has happened in the past.
• a. Library research
• b. Historical research
• c. Developmental research
• d. Experimental research