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HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND VICTIMOLOGY

Chapter 2

CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR

 What is HUMAN BEHAVIOR

Refers to voluntary or involuntary attitude of a person to adapt and fit

society’s values and ideas of what is right and wrong.

Also refers to a range of actions demonstrated by humans in conjunction with

their environment, and in response to various stimuli whether conscious or
subconscious, internal or external, voluntary or involuntary, and overt or
covert (Human Behavior, n.d).

Two Basic Types of Human Behavior

Type Concept Examples

Inherited These are inborn behavior, any Breathing, ingesting
Behavior behavioral reactions or reflexes food, avoiding waste,
exhibited by people because of mating, and defending
their inherited capabilities or the one’s self
process of natural section.

Learned These behavior which involves Verbal communication,

Behavior knowing or taking into account, logical problem-solving
adaptations that enhance a human techniques, job, and
being’s ability to cope with skills, etc.
changes in the environment in
ways which improve the chances
of survival

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FACTORS THAT AFFECT HUMAN BEHAVIOR

 HEREDITY- determined by genes.

▪ Genes- are segments of cell structures called chromosomes(

made of DNA) by which parents pass on traits to their
offspring.

 ENVIRONMENT- It consist of the conditions and factors that surround

and influence on individual.

 LEARNING- The process by which behavior changes as a result of

experience or practice.

CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR

Classification Behavior
HABITUAL A motorized (automatic/routine) behaviour usually
manifested (show) in language and emotion.

INSTINCTIVE The unlearned and simply comes out, out of man’s

instinct, which can be seen among instinct-instinct
survival behaviors. (response to specific
environment)
SYMBOLIC It carried out by means of unsaid words, and shown
through symbols or body signs a person’s capacity
to respond to or use a system of significant
symbols.
COMPLEX The behaviors that combines two or more of the
classified ones.

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MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS

Self Actualization

Esteem Needs

Love and Belonging Needs

Safety Needs

Physiological Needs

1. Biological and physiological needs: food, drink, air, warmth, sex, sleep
2. SAFETY NEEDS- security, order, law, stability, freedom from fear, protection from the elements
3. LOVE AND BELONGINGNESS NEEDS- affection and love from work group, family, friends, peers;
romantic relationships; friendship; intimacy
4. ESTEEM NEEDS- achievement, independence, mastery, status, dominance, self-respect, prestige,
and respect from others
5. SELF-ACTUALIZATION NEEDS- realization of one’s personal potential and self-fulfillment, seeking
personal growth and peak experiences

COMMON PERSPECTIVES IN THE STUDY OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR

1. NEUROLOGICAL- This perspective emphasizes human actions in relation to events that take place
inside the body, especially the brain and the nervous system

2. BEHAVIORAL- This view focuses on the external activities that can be observed and measured.

3. COGNITIVE- This perspective studies how the brain processes and transforms information in various
ways

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4. PSYCHOANALYTICAL- This view emphasizes unconscious motives stemming from repressed sexual
and aggressive impulses in childhood

5. HUMANISTIC- This perspective focuses on the subject’s experiences, freedom of choice, and strong
motivation to achieve self-actualization

CAUSES OF CONFLICTS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR

Physical Causes-These refers to natural causes, like typhoon, and earthquakes, fire, flood and storm.

Social Conflicts- These are restrictions or rules in the home, school, workplace, and community

Economic Conflicts- These result from one’s inability to acquire material things because of poverty or
other financial obligations.

STIMULANTS OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR

Sensations- These re feelings or impressions of stimuli that may be delivered via the following sources:

 Olfactory – smell
 Cutaneous – touch
 Auditory – hearing
 Gustatory – taste
 Visual – sight

Perception- the person’s knowledge of a given stimulus which largely help to determine the actual
behavioral response in a given situation. (Knowledge of stimulus)

Awareness- the psychological activity that occurs in accordance with the interpretation and experience
of various stimuli.

ATTRIBUTES OF BEHAVIOR

 DURATION- How long it occurs in terms of functions of time

 EXTENSITY- spatial characteristics

 INTENSITY- Magnitude or level

 QUANTITY- Normal or abnormal, un/acceptability

ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR

 “A.B” is a Latin initials which means “away from”

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 As a behavior which is away from or deviating from the normal behaviour

GUIDELINES FOR JUDGING ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR

o APPROPRIATENESS- assessment of not only the behavior itself but also the situation in which it is
happening

o FLEXIBILITY- Normal behavior tends to be flexible as a sign of healthy behavior

o IMPULSIVITY- Normal behavior is more likely to be result of a consideration of its consequences,

with important decisions being given careful thought before implementation. Abnormal behavior
being uncontrolled or partially controlled needs and drives tends to be impulsive.

TYPES OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR

1. Personality Disorder- a type of mental disorder in which you have a rigid and unhealthy pattern of
thinking, functioning and behaving. A person with a personality disorder has trouble perceiving
and relating to situations and people. This causes significant problems and limitations in
relationships, social activities, work and school.

Classification of Personality Disorder

Classification Characteristics

Passive-Aggressive Passively dependent and aggressive due to overindulgence

Hysterical Personality Easily excitable, emotional instability, dramatic need for

Disorder attention, immature, tendency to sexualize contact with
the opposite sex

Compulsive Personality Excessive concern for conformity, perfection, and order

Disorder

Paranoid Personality Hypersensitive, unwarranted suspicion, jealousy, envy, and

feelings of excessive importance

2. Neuroses- Neuroses or psychoneuroses are behavioral disorders that are brought about by
emotional tension resulting from conflicts, repression, frustration, or insecurity.

Understanding the Causes of Neuroses

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As we have learned earlier, human behaviors are influenced by different factors. The following
factors may be considered important considerations when evaluating and individual suffering from
neurosis:

o Predisposing or constitutional factors

o One’s immediate life situation
o Childhood development patterns
o Important cultural factors

3. Hysteria- This disorder is a type of anxiety reaction, in which the individual manifests one or more
symptoms that are often associated with organic disease. Disabilities that may develop from this
disorder include paralysis of the limbs, deafness, blindness, intense aches and pains, continuous
vomiting, loss of voice, and head or hand tremors

Forms of Hysteria

A. AMNESIA- This is a disorder wherein the individual cannot recall his or her name and
remembers little or nothing about the past in varying levels of intensity.

TYPES OF AMNESIA

 Anterograde- this is the inability to retain information, which has just been seen or
read.

 Retrograde- This refers to the inability to recall any event (and details thereof) that
took place during a certain period of time.

 Localized-The inability to recall events and details that are related to a particular
situation.

B. FUGUE- This is a type of amnesia wherein one wanders away from his or her home or usual
surroundings; often, the person has no recollection as to how he/she came to be there when
awareness sets in.

 Multiple Personality- This is a dramatic form of hysteria, in which the patient develops two or
more separated and very distinct personalities.

C. SOMNAMBULISM- This is a dreamlike state in which the person walks about and carries on certain
activities that he eventually fails to remember when he wakes up.

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4. Psychastenia- This is a psychoneurotic condition that is accompanied by a vast range of mental

and emotional symptoms that cannot be controlled. The fear is fear-ridden by obsessions,
compulsion, or unreasonable dread or phobia. Other symptoms of Psychastenia are unreasonable
elation, over inhibition, or constant depression

Forms of Psychastenia

A. PHOBIA- This refers to an irrational o exaggerated fear of an object, person, act or situation.

Examples of Phobias

Phobia Object of Fear

Acrophobia
Aerophobia
Agoraphobia
Ailorophobia
Amaxophobia
Anuptaphobia
Aquaphobia
Arachnophobia
Astraphobia
Airophobia
Biblophobia
Blennophobia
Bogyphobia
Cathisophobia
Cibophobia
Claustrophobia
Coitophobia
Cremnophobia
Cynophobia
Demophobia
Dromophobia
Ecophobia
Entomophobia
Gamophobia
Gephyrophobia
Geascophobia
Gymnophobia
Hamatophobia
Hapephobia
Hamatophobia
Hapephobia
Hematophobia
Hodophobia
Homilophobia

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Kinesophobia
Kopophobia
Lygophobia
Mersophobia
Mysophobia
Microphobia
Nyctophobia
Ocholophobia
Odontiatophobia
Ophiophobia
Opthalomophobia
Onomatophobia
Panophobia
Paralipophobia
Pathophobia
Philophobia
Phobophobia
Pyrophobia
Pyrotophobia
Selenophobia
Telephonophobia
Trophophobia
Thanotophobia
Tryoophobia
Zenophobia
Zoophobia

B. OBSESSION- This refers to an idea or series of ideas that recur very frequently that they
interfere with the ability of an individual to think and/or function normally.

C. COMPULSION- This is an irresistible tendency to perform am act or ritual, which an individual

feels compelled to carry out although it is recognized as irrational; a person must perform an act
and give in to the urge in order to reduce the tension

5. Psychoses- This are serious mental illnesses that are characterized by unpredictable behavior

Forms of Functional Psychosis

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A. SCHIZOPHRENIC DISORDER

 Schizophrenia is a psychotic condition that is characterized by one’s withdrawal

from reality, indifference toward daily problems, and tendency to live in a world of
fantasy.

 The word “schizophrenia” comes from Greek words “schizo” meaning split and “phrene”
meaning mind; hence, the term is used to describe the fragmented state of mind of
people suffering from such a disorder.

Types of Schizophrenia

 Simple Schizophrenia- This manifests in a gradual decline of interest and ambition. The person
withdraws from almost all social contacts and becomes increasingly irritable and inattentive.

 Hebephrenic Schizophrenia- it usually begins in early adolescence and develops gradually in

time. The person may be prone to fits of laughter or childish giggling and grimacing for hour
without apparent reasons.

 Catatonic Schizophrenia- This marked by cycles of psychomotor reactions in stupor (partial or

complete loss of consciousness) and excitement phases.

 Paranoid Schizophrenia- This marked by hallucinations and delusions that are illogical and
loosely organized, as well as grandiose and/or persecutory in nature.

B. AFFECTIVE DISOREDER
 Affective reactions of manic-depressive psychosis are often characterized by periods of
depression or elation or both. Affective Disorder- refer to a set of psychiatric diseases,
the symptoms for which may vary depending on each individual

Types of Affective Disorder

 Depression- This is often characterized by feelings of extreme hopelessness and sadness. This
episodes may last anywhere from several days or even weeks.

 Bipolar Disorder- This refers to a state wherein the person experiences alternating periods of
depression and periods of mania, which is the feeling of being extremely positive and active.

 Anxiety Disorder- The different types of anxiety disorders are all characterized by feelings of
anxiety, fear, and nervousness.

C. Paranoia
 This is another type of psychotic reaction, the main symptom of which is characterized
by suspicion

Types of Paranoia

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 Persecutory Paranoia- This refers to having delusions of persecution. The person believes that
some people are plotting to harm him/her in some way.
 Litigious Paranoia- This refers to having delusions of both persecution and grandeur; a person
may go to great lengths to bring alleged persecutors to court.
 Erotic Paranoia- Also called amorous paranoia, this refers to having delusions that a certain
person is in love with him/her.
 Exalted Paranoia- Having grandiose delusions and believes himself/herself as someone with
great power or importance, usually a social reformer or religious crusader.
 Jealous Paranoia- The state of having extreme and irrational jealousy.

D. Anti-Social Personality
 A person with an anti-social personality is a mentally-disturbed person who is opposed
to the normal principles upon which a society is based.

Characteristics of Anti-Social Personality

 Sociopath
o Refers to a person who dislikes any sense of social or moral responsibility due to mental
illness.
 Psychopath
o Refers to a person with a personality disorder that is characterized by anti-social
behavior, indifference to immorality, and abnormal changes in mood or activity. A
psychopath is a classic manipulator or con artist.

6. SEXUAL DEVIANCY
 Sexuality

o The behavior associated with the relation between sexes and their respective
reproductive organs.

 Normal Sexuality

o Sexual completion that leads to a mature and well-adjusted individual, capable of

entering relationships with a member of the opposite sex, and who is physically and
mentally stable and satisfying heterosexual needs.

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 Abnormal Sexuality/Sexual Deviancy

o A kind of sexual behavior that seeks stimulation and gratification by means of other than
normal, heterosexual norms.

Classification of Sexual Abnormalities

 As to Choice of Sexual Partner

Types of Abnormality Characteristics

Pedophilia Sexual desire towards an immature person.

Bestosexual/ Bestiality Sexual desire towards animals

Autosexual A form of self-abuse or solitary vice carried out without the

cooperation of another person

Gerontophilia Sexual desire towards an elder person

Necrophilia Sexual perversion that is characterized by erotic desire or actual

sexual intercourse with a corpse

Incest Sexual relations between persons who, by reason of blood

relationship, cannot legally marry

 As to Instinctual Sexual Urge

Types Characteristics

Satyriasis Excessive sexual desire of men to perform intercourse

Nymphomania Strong sexual feeling of a woman

Sexual Anesthesia Absence of sexual desire or arousal during sexual act in women

Dyspareunia Painful sexual act in women

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Vaginismus Painful spasm of the vagina during sexual act

 As to the Mode of Sexual Expression or Way of Sexual Satisfaction

Types Characteristics

Oralism (Irrumation) The use of mouth as a way of sexual gratification, such as fellatio,
cunnilingus, and anilingus

Sado-Masochism Pain or cruel acts as a factor for gratification, such as sadism and
(Algolagnia) masochism

Fetishism A form of sexual perversion, in which the real or fantasized presence of

an object or bodily part is necessary for sexual stimulation or
gratification.

Transvetism Refers to the achievement of sexual excitation by dressing as a member

of the opposite sex such a man who wears female apparel

 As to the part of the body

Types Characteristics

Sodomy Sexual act through the anus of another human being

Uranism An act in which sexual gratification is attained by fingering, fondling

the breast, licking parts of the body, etc.

Frottage A form of sexual gratification that is characterized by the compulsive

desire of a person to rub his sexual organ against the body parts of
another person

Pantialism A form of sexual deviation, in which a person has a special affinity to

certain parts of the female bod.

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 As to Visual Stimulus

Types Characteristics
Voyeurism A form of sexual perversion that is characterized by compulsion to
covertly look at a person undress or perform other activities

Mixoscopia (Scaptophilia) Sexual perversion wherein sexual pleasure is attained by watching a

couple undress or during their acts of sexual intimacy

 As to Numbers

Types Characteristics
Froilism A form of sexual perversion, in which three persons participate in the
sexual orgy

Pluralism A form of sexual deviation, in which a group of persons participate in

the sexual orgy

 Other Sexual Deviations

Types Characteristics

Coprolalia A form of sexual deviation that is characterized by the need to

use obscene language to obtain orgasm

Don Juanism A form of sexual deviation that is characterized by promiscuity

and seduction of many women as part of a male’s sexual career

Indecent Exposure Willful exposure of one’s genital organs in public places and in
(Exhibitionism) the presence of other persons, usually those of the opposite
sex.

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